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Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs from Aydin and Izmir Provinces, Turkey

Year 2020, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 711 - 715, 06.12.2020

Hakan Sarali Tülin Karagenç Hüseyin Bilgiç Serkan Bakırcı

Abstract

Mosquito-borne nematodes, Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens are among the most important filarial parasites of dogs. D. immitis is the causal agent of heartworm that primarily infects domestic and wild canids. Rarely, humans become accidental hosts to this parasite. D. repens, which is the main agent of human dirofilariosis, usually causes a non-pathogenic, subcutaneous infection in dogs. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of Dirofilaria spp. in the owned dogs in Aydin and Izmir regions using four different diagnostic techniques. To this end, blood samples were collected from 150 dogs in Aydin (n: 122) and Izmir (n: 28) provinces. The presence of the microfilariae of the parasite in the blood samples were examined by wet blood film method, modified Knott’s test, membrane filtration-acid phosphatase staining techniques and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A commercial antigen test kit (HESKA Solo Step CH Batch Test Strips) was also used to detect adult D. immitis antigens in serum samples. The overall prevalence of D. immitis was % 10,0 as determined by both PCR and the antigen test kit. While the presence of the parasite determined by the modified Knott’s and membrane filtration tests was 4,67%, only four animals were determined to be positive by direct microscopic examination (2,67%). All positive samples were detected in Aydin, majority in the Germencik district. The prevalence of D. immitis was higher in male dogs (% 11,93) when compared to female dogs (%4,87). In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that canine dirofilariosis is prevalent in Aydın province (10,0%) of Turkey, even though the positivity is confined to a small area. Reliable epidemiological data is crucial to implement preventive control measures in order to decrease the incidence of canine dirofilariosis, which should be considered under the “One Health” concept in endemic areas.

Keywords

Dirofilaria immitis prevalence dog diagnosis epidemiology

Supporting Institution

Adnan Menderes University Research Foundation.

Project Number

VPR-YL-2009-0001

References

  • Acevedo, R.A., Ciencias, L., Theis, J.H., Kraus, J.F., & Longhurst, W.M. (1981). Combination of filtration and histochemical stain for detection and differentiation of Dirofilaria immitis and Dipetalonema reconditum in the dog. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 42, 537–540. PMID: 7196718
  • Agaoglu, Z., Akgul, Y., Ceylan, E., & Akkan, H. (2000). The incidence of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in Van province. Journal of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Yüzüncü Yıl 11, 41–43. DOI: 10.1501/Vetfak_0000002586
  • Baneth, G., Thamsborg, S.M., Otranto, D., Guillot, J., Blaga, R., Deplazes, P., & Solano-Gallego, L. (2016). Major parasitic zoonoses associated with ogds and cats in Europe. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 155(1 Suppl 1):S54-74. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.10.179.
  • Capelli, G., Genchi, C., Baneth, G., Bourdeau, P., Brianti, E., Cardoso, L., Danesi, P., Fuehrer, H.P., Giannelli, A., Ionică, A.M., Maia, C., Modrý, D., Montarsi, F., Krücken, J., Papadopoulos, E., Petrić, D., Pfeffer, M., Savić, S., Otranto, D., Poppert, S., & Silaghi, C. (2018). Recent advances on Dirofilaria repens in dogs and humans in Europe. Parasites Vectors 11, 663. DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3205-x
  • Cringoli, G., Rinaldi, L., Veneziano, V., Capelli, G., 2001. A prevalence survey and risk analysis of filariosis in dogs from the Mt. Vesivius area of southern Italy. Veterinary Parasitology 102, 243–252. DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(01)00529-5
  • Doganay, A. (1983). Ankara köpeklerinde görülen helmint türleri, bunlarin yayilisi ve halk sagligi yönündenönemi (Prevalence of Helminths in Ankara dogs and their potential public health significance). Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 30 (4), 550-561.
  • Favia, G., Bazzocchi, C., Cancrini, G., Genchi, C., Bandi, C. (2000). Unusual organization of the 5S ribosomal spacer in Dirofilaria repens: absence of a canonical spliced leader 1 sequence. Parasitology Research, 86, 497–499. DOI: 10.1007/s004360050700
  • Guven, E., Avcioglu, H., Cengiz, S., & Hayirli, A. (2017). Vector-borne pathogens in stray dogs in Northeastern Turkey. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases,17(8), 610-617. DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2128
  • Hendrix, C. M. (1998). Diagnostic Veterinary Parasitology (2nd ed.). Mosby, St. Louis, Mo, USA,.
  • Hou, H., Shen, G., Wu, W., Gong, P., Liu, Q., You, J., Cai, Y., Li, J., & Zhang, X. (2011). Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs from Dandong, China. Veterinary Parasitology, 29;183(1-2),189-93. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.06.016
  • Johnson, W.E., & Harrel, L. (1986). Further study on the potential vectors of Dirofilaria in Macon Country, Alabama. Journal of Parasitology, 72, 955–956. PMID: 3819971
  • Martin, T.E., & Collins, G.H. (1985). Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis and Dipetalonema reconditum in greyhounds. Australian Veterinary Journal, 62, 159–163. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1985.tb07278.x
  • Montoya, J.A., Morales, M., Ferrer, O., Molina, J.M. & Corbera, J.A. (1998). The prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis in Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain (1994–1996). Veterinary Parasitology, 75, 221–226. DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(97)00175-1
  • Oge, H., Doganay, A., Oge, S., & Yildirim, A. (2003). Prevalence and distribution of Dirofilaria immitis in domestic dogs from Ankara and vicinity in Turkey. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, 110, 69–72. PMID: 12666502
  • Otranto, D., Cantacessi, C., Dantas-Torres, F., Brianti, E., Pfeffer, M., Genchi C, et al. (2015). The role of wild canids and felids in spreading parasites to dogs and cats in Europe. Part, II: Helminths and arthropods. Veterinary Parasitolology, 213, 24–37. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.04.020
  • Pampiglione, S., & Rivasi, F. (2000). Human dirofilariasis due to Dirofilaria (Nochtiella) repens: an update of world literature from 1995 to 2000. Parassitologi, 42:231–54. PMID: 8778658
  • Peribáñez, M.A., Lucientes, J., Arce, S., Morales, M., Castillo, J.A., & Gracia, M.J. (2001). Histochemical differentiation of Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilaria repens and Acanthocheilonema dracunculoides microfilariae by staining with a commercial kit, Leucognost-SP. Veterinary Parasitology, 102(1-2)173-175. DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(01)00516-7
  • Rhee, J.K., Yang, S.S., & Kim, H.C. (1998). Periodicity exhibited by Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae identified in dogs of Korea. The Korean Journal of Parasitology, 36(4):235-239. doi: 10.3347/kjp.1998.36.4.235. DOI: 10.3347/kjp.1998.36.4.235
  • Rishniw, M., Barr, S.C., Simpson, K.W., Frongillo, M.F., Franz, M., & Alpizar, J.L.D. (2006). Discrimination between six species of canine microfilariae by a single polymerase chain reaction, Veterinary Parasitology, 135,303-314. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.10.013
  • Simón, F., Siles-Lucas, M., Morchón, R., González-Miguel, J., Mellado, I., Carretón, E., et al. (2012). Human and animal dirofilariasis: the emergence of a zoonotic mosaic. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 25, 507–544. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00012-12
  • Simsek, S., Ozkanlar, Y., Balkayaö I., & Aktas, M.S. (2011). Microscopic, serologic and molecular surveys on Dirofilaria immitis in stray dogs, Turkey. Veterinary Parasitology, 183,109–113. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.06.012
  • Song, K.H., Lee, S.E., Hayasaki, M., Shiramizu, K., Kim, D.H. & Cho, K.W. (2003). Seroprevalence of canine dirofilariosis in South Korea. Veterinary Parasitology, 114, 231–236. DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(03)00137-7.
  • Soulsby, E.J.L. (1982). Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of Domesticated Animals. (7th ed) Baillere Tindall, London, 809 pp., ISBN 0-7020-0820-6.
  • Tasan, E. (1984). Elazig kirsal yöre köpeklerinde helmintlerin yayilisi ve insan sagligi yönünden önemi (The distribution and public health significance of dog helminths in rural districts of Elazig). Doga Bilim Dergisi, 8, 160-167.
  • Taşci GT, Kilic¸ Y. (2012). Kars ve Iğdır Civarındaki Köpeklerde Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy, 1856)’nin Prevalansı ve Potansiyel Vektör Sivrisinek Türleri Üzerine Arastırmalar. Kafkas Universitesi, Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 18:29–34. DOI: 10.9775/kvfd.2011.5342
  • Yaman, M., Guzel, M., Koltas, I.S., Demirkazik, M., & Aktas, H. (2009). Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs from Hatay province, Turkey. Journal of Helminthology, 83(3), 255-260. DOI: 10.9775/kvfd.2011.5342
  • Yildirim, A., Ica, A., Atalay, O., Duzlu, O. & Inci, A. (2007). Prevalence and epidemiological aspects of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs from Kayseri Province, Turkey. Research in Veterinary Science, 82, 358–363. DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.08.006
  • Wang, S., Zhang, N., Zhang, Z., Wang, D., Yao, Z., Zhang, H., Ma, J., Zheng, B., Ren, H., & Liu S. (2016). Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs in Henan province, central China. Parasite, 23, 43. DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2016054

Year 2020, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 711 - 715, 06.12.2020

Hakan Sarali Tülin Karagenç Hüseyin Bilgiç Serkan Bakırcı

Abstract

Project Number

VPR-YL-2009-0001

References

  • Acevedo, R.A., Ciencias, L., Theis, J.H., Kraus, J.F., & Longhurst, W.M. (1981). Combination of filtration and histochemical stain for detection and differentiation of Dirofilaria immitis and Dipetalonema reconditum in the dog. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 42, 537–540. PMID: 7196718
  • Agaoglu, Z., Akgul, Y., Ceylan, E., & Akkan, H. (2000). The incidence of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in Van province. Journal of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Yüzüncü Yıl 11, 41–43. DOI: 10.1501/Vetfak_0000002586
  • Baneth, G., Thamsborg, S.M., Otranto, D., Guillot, J., Blaga, R., Deplazes, P., & Solano-Gallego, L. (2016). Major parasitic zoonoses associated with ogds and cats in Europe. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 155(1 Suppl 1):S54-74. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.10.179.
  • Capelli, G., Genchi, C., Baneth, G., Bourdeau, P., Brianti, E., Cardoso, L., Danesi, P., Fuehrer, H.P., Giannelli, A., Ionică, A.M., Maia, C., Modrý, D., Montarsi, F., Krücken, J., Papadopoulos, E., Petrić, D., Pfeffer, M., Savić, S., Otranto, D., Poppert, S., & Silaghi, C. (2018). Recent advances on Dirofilaria repens in dogs and humans in Europe. Parasites Vectors 11, 663. DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3205-x
  • Cringoli, G., Rinaldi, L., Veneziano, V., Capelli, G., 2001. A prevalence survey and risk analysis of filariosis in dogs from the Mt. Vesivius area of southern Italy. Veterinary Parasitology 102, 243–252. DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(01)00529-5
  • Doganay, A. (1983). Ankara köpeklerinde görülen helmint türleri, bunlarin yayilisi ve halk sagligi yönündenönemi (Prevalence of Helminths in Ankara dogs and their potential public health significance). Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 30 (4), 550-561.
  • Favia, G., Bazzocchi, C., Cancrini, G., Genchi, C., Bandi, C. (2000). Unusual organization of the 5S ribosomal spacer in Dirofilaria repens: absence of a canonical spliced leader 1 sequence. Parasitology Research, 86, 497–499. DOI: 10.1007/s004360050700
  • Guven, E., Avcioglu, H., Cengiz, S., & Hayirli, A. (2017). Vector-borne pathogens in stray dogs in Northeastern Turkey. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases,17(8), 610-617. DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2128
  • Hendrix, C. M. (1998). Diagnostic Veterinary Parasitology (2nd ed.). Mosby, St. Louis, Mo, USA,.
  • Hou, H., Shen, G., Wu, W., Gong, P., Liu, Q., You, J., Cai, Y., Li, J., & Zhang, X. (2011). Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs from Dandong, China. Veterinary Parasitology, 29;183(1-2),189-93. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.06.016
  • Johnson, W.E., & Harrel, L. (1986). Further study on the potential vectors of Dirofilaria in Macon Country, Alabama. Journal of Parasitology, 72, 955–956. PMID: 3819971
  • Martin, T.E., & Collins, G.H. (1985). Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis and Dipetalonema reconditum in greyhounds. Australian Veterinary Journal, 62, 159–163. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1985.tb07278.x
  • Montoya, J.A., Morales, M., Ferrer, O., Molina, J.M. & Corbera, J.A. (1998). The prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis in Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain (1994–1996). Veterinary Parasitology, 75, 221–226. DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(97)00175-1
  • Oge, H., Doganay, A., Oge, S., & Yildirim, A. (2003). Prevalence and distribution of Dirofilaria immitis in domestic dogs from Ankara and vicinity in Turkey. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, 110, 69–72. PMID: 12666502
  • Otranto, D., Cantacessi, C., Dantas-Torres, F., Brianti, E., Pfeffer, M., Genchi C, et al. (2015). The role of wild canids and felids in spreading parasites to dogs and cats in Europe. Part, II: Helminths and arthropods. Veterinary Parasitolology, 213, 24–37. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.04.020
  • Pampiglione, S., & Rivasi, F. (2000). Human dirofilariasis due to Dirofilaria (Nochtiella) repens: an update of world literature from 1995 to 2000. Parassitologi, 42:231–54. PMID: 8778658
  • Peribáñez, M.A., Lucientes, J., Arce, S., Morales, M., Castillo, J.A., & Gracia, M.J. (2001). Histochemical differentiation of Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilaria repens and Acanthocheilonema dracunculoides microfilariae by staining with a commercial kit, Leucognost-SP. Veterinary Parasitology, 102(1-2)173-175. DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(01)00516-7
  • Rhee, J.K., Yang, S.S., & Kim, H.C. (1998). Periodicity exhibited by Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae identified in dogs of Korea. The Korean Journal of Parasitology, 36(4):235-239. doi: 10.3347/kjp.1998.36.4.235. DOI: 10.3347/kjp.1998.36.4.235
  • Rishniw, M., Barr, S.C., Simpson, K.W., Frongillo, M.F., Franz, M., & Alpizar, J.L.D. (2006). Discrimination between six species of canine microfilariae by a single polymerase chain reaction, Veterinary Parasitology, 135,303-314. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.10.013
  • Simón, F., Siles-Lucas, M., Morchón, R., González-Miguel, J., Mellado, I., Carretón, E., et al. (2012). Human and animal dirofilariasis: the emergence of a zoonotic mosaic. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 25, 507–544. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00012-12
  • Simsek, S., Ozkanlar, Y., Balkayaö I., & Aktas, M.S. (2011). Microscopic, serologic and molecular surveys on Dirofilaria immitis in stray dogs, Turkey. Veterinary Parasitology, 183,109–113. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.06.012
  • Song, K.H., Lee, S.E., Hayasaki, M., Shiramizu, K., Kim, D.H. & Cho, K.W. (2003). Seroprevalence of canine dirofilariosis in South Korea. Veterinary Parasitology, 114, 231–236. DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(03)00137-7.
  • Soulsby, E.J.L. (1982). Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of Domesticated Animals. (7th ed) Baillere Tindall, London, 809 pp., ISBN 0-7020-0820-6.
  • Tasan, E. (1984). Elazig kirsal yöre köpeklerinde helmintlerin yayilisi ve insan sagligi yönünden önemi (The distribution and public health significance of dog helminths in rural districts of Elazig). Doga Bilim Dergisi, 8, 160-167.
  • Taşci GT, Kilic¸ Y. (2012). Kars ve Iğdır Civarındaki Köpeklerde Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy, 1856)’nin Prevalansı ve Potansiyel Vektör Sivrisinek Türleri Üzerine Arastırmalar. Kafkas Universitesi, Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 18:29–34. DOI: 10.9775/kvfd.2011.5342
  • Yaman, M., Guzel, M., Koltas, I.S., Demirkazik, M., & Aktas, H. (2009). Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs from Hatay province, Turkey. Journal of Helminthology, 83(3), 255-260. DOI: 10.9775/kvfd.2011.5342
  • Yildirim, A., Ica, A., Atalay, O., Duzlu, O. & Inci, A. (2007). Prevalence and epidemiological aspects of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs from Kayseri Province, Turkey. Research in Veterinary Science, 82, 358–363. DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.08.006
  • Wang, S., Zhang, N., Zhang, Z., Wang, D., Yao, Z., Zhang, H., Ma, J., Zheng, B., Ren, H., & Liu S. (2016). Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs in Henan province, central China. Parasite, 23, 43. DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2016054
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Veterinary Sciences
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Hakan Sarali 0000-0003-4974-1355

Tülin Karagenç

Hüseyin Bilgiç 0000-0002-9510-259X

Serkan Bakırcı 0000-0002-6033-2205

Project Number VPR-YL-2009-0001
Publication Date December 6, 2020
Submission Date December 5, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Sarali, H., Karagenç, T., Bilgiç, H., Bakırcı, S. (2020). Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs from Aydin and Izmir Provinces, Turkey. Animal Health Production and Hygiene, 9(2), 711-715.
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