Research Article
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THE EFFECT OF REGIONAL DIFFERENCE AND STORAGE TIME ON ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF PROPOLIS

Year 2019, Volume: 44 Issue: 6, 969 - 979, 06.10.2019
https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD19063

Abstract

Propolis is a mixture of many other bioactive substances
such as phenolic and flavonoid compounds, terpenes and tocopherol used in
traditional medicine. The antioxidant-oxidant parameter measurements of
propolis, obtained from
Apis Mellifera Caucasica bee species in three
different regions, were performed in In June and at the end of 8 months room
temperature storage process in February with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrilhydrazil
(DPPH) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Vitamin B1
(44.24±5.04 - 64.48±5.12 μg / g), vitamin B2 (66.13±2.44 - 104.42±3.85 μg / g),
vitamin A (3.58±0.09 - 17.44±0.25 μg / g), vitamin E (15.88±1.38 - 38.64±2.75
μg / g), malondialdehyde (MDA) (0.381±0.020 - 1.419±0.023 nmol / mL) and DPPH
(95.42±1.22 - 368.22±4.31 mg/L) levels were observed. Results were accepted as
mean±standard deviation and
P <0.05 significance level. Propolis
obtained from high altitude regions showed the best antioxidant properties in
June analysis (
P <0.05). Antioxidant levels are thought to vary in
propolis samples depending on shelf life, climate and environmental conditions.

References

  • 1. Bazmandegan, G., Boroushaki, M. T., Shamsizadeh, A., Ayoobi, F., Hakimizadeh, E., Allahtavakoli, M. (2017). Brown propolis attenuates cerebral ischemia-induced oxidative damage via affecting antioxidant enzyme system in mice. j.biopha, 85:503–510. doi: 10.1016/ 2016.11.057.
  • 2. Baltas, N., Karaoglu, S. A., Tarakci, C., Kolayli, S. (2016). Effect of propolis in gastric disorders: inhibition studies on the growth of Helicobacter pylori and production of its urease. (Supplement 2):46–50. doi: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1186023.
  • 3. Kim, S. B., Jo, Y. H., Liu, Q. (2015). Optimization of extraction condition of bee pollen using response surface methodology: correlation between anti-melanogenesis, antioxidant activity, and phenolic content. Molecules,20(11):19764–19774. doi: 10.3390/201119656.
  • 4. Florio, Almeida J., Reis, A. S., Heldt, L. F. S. (2017). Lyophilized bee pollen extract: a natural antioxidant source to prevent lipid oxidation in refrigerated sausages. j.lwt.;76:299–305. doi: 10.1016/ 2016.06.017.
  • 5. Rzepecka-Stojko, A., Stojko, J., Kurek-Górecka, A. (2015). Polyphenols from bee pollen: structure, absorption, metabolism and biological activity. Molecules, 20(12):21732–21749. doi: 10.3390.
  • 6. Arct, J., Pytkowska, K. (2008). Flavonoids as components of biologically active cosmeceuticals. j.clindermatol, 26(4):347–357. doi: 10.1016.01.004.
  • 7. Panche, A. N., Diwan, A. D., Chandra, S. R. (2016). Flavonoids: an overview. Jns, 5:p. e47. doi: 10.1017.41.
  • 8. Denisow B., Denisow-Pietrzyk, M. (2016). Biological and therapeutic properties of bee pollen: a review. Jsfa, 96(13):4303–4309. doi: 10.1002.7729.
  • 9. Pasupuleti, V. R., Sammugam, L., Ramesh, N., Gan, S. H. (2017). Honey, propolis, and royal jelly: a comprehensive review of their biological actions and health benefits. ;2017:21. doi: 10.1155/2017/1259510.1259510.
  • 10. Bonamigo, T., Campos, J. F., Oliveira, A. S. (2017). Antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of propolis of Plebeia droryana and Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera, Apidae) from the Brazilian Cerrado biome. journal.pone, 12(9, article e0183983) doi: 10.1371/.0183983.
  • 11. Boisard, S., Le Ray, A. M., Gatto, J. (2014). Chemical composition, antioxidant and anti-AGEs activities of a French poplar type propolis. 62(6):1344–1351. doi: 10.1021/jf4053397.
  • 12. Graikou, K., Popova, M., Gortzi, O., Bankova, V., Chinou, I. (2016). Characterization and biological evaluation of selected Mediterranean propolis samples: is it a new type. 2016;65:261–267. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.08.025.
  • 13. Bankova, V. (2005). Chemical diversity of propolis and the problem of standardization. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 100: 114–117. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.05.004.
  • 14. Moreira, L., Dias, L.G., Pereira, J.A., Estevinho, L. (2008). Antioxidant properties, total phenols and pollen analysis of propolis samples from Portugal. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46: 3482–3485. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.08.025
  • 15. Valente, M.J., Baltazar, A.F., Henrique, R., Estevinho, L., Carvalho, M. (2011). Biological activities of Portuguese propolis: Protection against free radical-induced erythrocyte damage and inhibition of human renal cancer cell growth in vitro. Food and Chemical Toxicology.; 49: 86–92. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.10.001
  • 16. Ewnetu, Y., Lemma, N., Birhane, W. (2013). Antibacterial effects of Apis mellifera and stingless bees honeys on susceptible and resistant strains of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. Complementary and Alternative Medicine,13(269): 2–7. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-269
  • 17. Farré, R., Frasquet, I., Sanchez, A. (2004). Propolis and human health. Ars Pharmaceutica,45:21–43.
  • 18. Kutlu, M.A. (2010). Organik Bal Üreticisinin El Kitabı, Genç ilçesi - Bingöl, 77-78s.
  • 19. Alencar, S.M., Oldoni, T.L.C., Castro, M.L., Cabral, I.S.R., Costa-Neto, C.M., Cury, J.A. (2007). Chemical composition and biological activity of a new type of Brazilian propolis: red propolis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 113: 278–283. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.06.005
  • 20. Catignani, G.L. (1983). Simultancous Determination of Retinol and α-Tocopherol in Serum of Plazma by Liquid Chromatography. Clin. Chem, 2914, 708-712.
  • 21. Henning, S.M., Swendseid, M.E., Ivandic, B.T., Liao,F. (1997). Vitamins C, E and A and Hemre oxygenase in rats fed methyl/folate-deficient diets, Free Radic. Biol.Med, 23(6):936-42.
  • 22. Amidzic, R., Brboric, J., Cudina, O., Vladimirov, S. (2005). RP-HPLC Determination of vitamins B1, B3, B6, folic acid and B12 in multivitamin tablets, J. Serb. Chem. Soc,70(10), 1229–1235.
  • 23. Markopoulou, C. K., Kagkadis, K. A., Koundourellis, J. E. (2002). An optimized method for the simultaneous determination of vitamins B1, B6, B12, in multivitamin tablets by high performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 30, 1403- 1410.
  • 24. Karatas, F., Karatepe, M., Baysar, A. (2002). Determination of free malondialdehyde in human serum by high performance liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem, 311: 76-79.
  • 25. Braca, A., Nunziatina, D., Lorenzo, D. B., Cosimo, P., Mateo, P. (2001). Antioxidant principles from Bauhinia terapotensis. Journal of Natural Products, 64, 892–895.
  • 26. Geert V. P., Henk V. B. (1997). Vitamins and cancer. Cancer Letters, 114, 195-202.
  • 27. Halliwell, B. (1996). Vitamin C: Antioxidant or pro-oxidant in vivo.Free Radical Research; Volume 25, Issue 5, Pages 439-454.
  • 28. Zhang, C., Shen, X., Chen, J., Jiang, X., Hu, F. (2017). Identification of free radical scavengers from Brazilian green propolis using off-line HPLC-DPPH assay and LC-MS. ;82(7):1602–1607. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.13730.
  • 29. Betances-Salcedo, E., Revilla, I., Vivar-Quintana, A. M., González-Martín, M. I. (2017). Flavonoid and antioxidant capacity of propolis prediction using near infrared spectroscopy. 17(7) doi: 10.3390/s17071647.
  • 30. Bonamigo, T., Campos, J. F., Alfredo. T. M. (2017). Antioxidant, cytotoxic, and toxic activities of propolis from two native bees in Brazil: Scaptotrigona depilis and Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides. 2017:12. doi: 10.1155/2017/1038153.1038153
  • 31. Socha, R., Gałkowska, D., Bugaj, M., Juszczak, L. (2014). Phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of propolis from various regions of Poland. 29(5):416–422. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2014.949705.
  • 32. Fabris, S., Bertelle, M., Astafyeva, O. (2013). Antioxidant properties and chemical composition relationship of European and Brazilian propolis. 4(1):46–51. doi: 10.4236/pp.2013.41006.
  • 33. Calegari, M. A., Prasniewski, A., Silva, C. D. (2017). Propolis from Southwest of Parana produced by selected bees: influence of seasonality and food supplementation on antioxidant activity and phenolic profile. 89(1):45–55. doi: 10.1590/0001-3765201620160499.
  • 34. Narimane, S., Demircan, E., Salah, A., Ozcelik, B. O., Salah, R. (2017). Correlation between antioxidant activity and phenolic acids profile and content of Algerian propolis: influence of solvent. 30(4):1417–1423.
  • 35. Sun, C., Wu, Z., Wang, Z., Zhang, H. (2015). Effect of ethanol/water solvents on phenolic profiles and antioxidant properties of Beijing propolis extracts. 2015:9. doi: 10.1155/2015/595393.595393.
  • 36. Bittencourt, M. L. F., Ribeiro, P. R., Franco, R. L. P., Hilhorst, H. W. M., Castro, R. D., Fernandez, L. G. (2015).Metabolite profiling, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Brazilian propolis: use of correlation and multivariate analyses to identify potential bioactive compounds.76, Part 3:449–457. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.07.008.
  • 37. Ferreira, D., Rocha, H. C., Kreutz, L. C. (2013). Bee products prevent agrichemical-induced oxidative damage in fish. journal.pone, 8(10, article e74499) doi: 10.1371/.0074499.
  • 38. Bankova, V., Popova, M., Trusheva, B. (2014). Propolis volatile compounds: chemical diversity and biological activity: a review. Chemistry Central Journal, 8(28): 1–8. doi: 10.1186/1752-153X-8-28.
  • 39. Salatino, A, Teixeira, E.W., Negri, G., Message, D. (2005). Origin and Chemical Variation of Brazilian Propolis. Evid-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2(1): 33–38. doi: 10.1093/ecam/neh060
  • 40. Huang, S., Zhang, C.P., Wang. K., Li, G.L., Hu. F.L. (2014). Recent Advances in the Chemical Composition of Propolis. Molecules, 19: 19610–19632. doi: 10.3390/molecules191219610
  • 41. Kumazawa, S., Hamasaka, T., Nakayama, T. (2004). Antioxidant activity of propolis of various geographic origins. Food Chemistry, 84: 329–339. doi: 10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00216-4
  • 42. Ong, T.H., Chitra, E., Ramamurthy, S., Siddalingam, R.P., Yuen, K.H., Ambu, S.P. (2017). Chitosan-propolis nanoparticle formulation demonstrates anti-bacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. Plos one, 12(3): 1–22. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174888
  • 43. Campos, J.F., Santos, U.P., Rocha, P.S., Damião, M.J., Balestieri, J.B.P., Cardoso, C.A.L. (2015). Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatoty, and Cytotoxic Activies of Propolis from the Stingless Bee Tetragonisca fiebrigi (Jataí). Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015: 1–11. doi: 10.1155/2015/296186
  • 44. Funakoshi-Tago, M., Okamoto, K., Izumi, R., Tago, K., Yanagisawa, K., Narukawa, Y. (2015). Anti-inflammatory activity of flavonoids in Nepalese propolis is attributed to inhibition of the IL-33 signaling pathway. International Immunopharmacology, 25: 189–198. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.01.012
  • 45. Lopez, A.G.C, Lourenço, C.C., Alvesa, D.A., Machado, D., Lancellottia, M., Sawaya, C.H.F. (2015). Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of red propolis: an alert as to its safe use. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 119(3): 677–687. doi: 10.1111/jam.12874

BÖLGESEL FARKLILIK VE DEPOLAMA SÜRESİNİN PROPOLİSİN ANTİOKSİDAN ÖZELLİKLERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ

Year 2019, Volume: 44 Issue: 6, 969 - 979, 06.10.2019
https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD19063

Abstract

Propolis, geleneksel tıpta kullanılan fenolik ve
flavonoid bileşikler, terpenler ve tokoferol gibi daha birçok biyoaktif madde
içeren bir karışımdır. Üç farklı bölgede
Apis Mellifera Caucasica arı
türlerinden toplanan propolis örnekleri, Haziran ayında ve 8 ay oda
sıcaklığında depolama süreci sonunda Şubat ayında 1,1-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil
(DPPH) ve yüksek performanslı sıvı kromatografisi (HPLC) ile
antioksidan-oksidan parametre ölçümleri yapılmıştır. B1 vitamini (44.24±5.04 -
64.48±5.12 μg/g), B2 vitamini (66.13±2.44 - 104.42±3.85 μg/g), A vitamini
(3.58±0.09 - 17.44±025 μg/g), E vitamini (15.88±1.38 - 38.64±2.75 μg/g),
malondialdehit (MDA) (0.381±0.020 - 1.419±0.023 nmol/mL) ve DPPH (95.42±1.22 -
368.22±4.31 mg/L) düzeyleri gözlemlenmiştir. Sonuçlar ortalama±standart sapma
ve
P <0.05 anlamlılık düzeyi olarak kabul edilmiştir. Yüksek rakımlı
bölgelerde elde edilen propolisin, Haziran ayında yapılan analizinde en iyi
antioksidan özellik gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir (
P <0.05). Raf ömrü,
iklim ve çevresel koşullara bağlı olarak propolis örneklerinde antioksidan
düzeylerin değişiklik gösterdiği düşünülmektedir. 

References

  • 1. Bazmandegan, G., Boroushaki, M. T., Shamsizadeh, A., Ayoobi, F., Hakimizadeh, E., Allahtavakoli, M. (2017). Brown propolis attenuates cerebral ischemia-induced oxidative damage via affecting antioxidant enzyme system in mice. j.biopha, 85:503–510. doi: 10.1016/ 2016.11.057.
  • 2. Baltas, N., Karaoglu, S. A., Tarakci, C., Kolayli, S. (2016). Effect of propolis in gastric disorders: inhibition studies on the growth of Helicobacter pylori and production of its urease. (Supplement 2):46–50. doi: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1186023.
  • 3. Kim, S. B., Jo, Y. H., Liu, Q. (2015). Optimization of extraction condition of bee pollen using response surface methodology: correlation between anti-melanogenesis, antioxidant activity, and phenolic content. Molecules,20(11):19764–19774. doi: 10.3390/201119656.
  • 4. Florio, Almeida J., Reis, A. S., Heldt, L. F. S. (2017). Lyophilized bee pollen extract: a natural antioxidant source to prevent lipid oxidation in refrigerated sausages. j.lwt.;76:299–305. doi: 10.1016/ 2016.06.017.
  • 5. Rzepecka-Stojko, A., Stojko, J., Kurek-Górecka, A. (2015). Polyphenols from bee pollen: structure, absorption, metabolism and biological activity. Molecules, 20(12):21732–21749. doi: 10.3390.
  • 6. Arct, J., Pytkowska, K. (2008). Flavonoids as components of biologically active cosmeceuticals. j.clindermatol, 26(4):347–357. doi: 10.1016.01.004.
  • 7. Panche, A. N., Diwan, A. D., Chandra, S. R. (2016). Flavonoids: an overview. Jns, 5:p. e47. doi: 10.1017.41.
  • 8. Denisow B., Denisow-Pietrzyk, M. (2016). Biological and therapeutic properties of bee pollen: a review. Jsfa, 96(13):4303–4309. doi: 10.1002.7729.
  • 9. Pasupuleti, V. R., Sammugam, L., Ramesh, N., Gan, S. H. (2017). Honey, propolis, and royal jelly: a comprehensive review of their biological actions and health benefits. ;2017:21. doi: 10.1155/2017/1259510.1259510.
  • 10. Bonamigo, T., Campos, J. F., Oliveira, A. S. (2017). Antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of propolis of Plebeia droryana and Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera, Apidae) from the Brazilian Cerrado biome. journal.pone, 12(9, article e0183983) doi: 10.1371/.0183983.
  • 11. Boisard, S., Le Ray, A. M., Gatto, J. (2014). Chemical composition, antioxidant and anti-AGEs activities of a French poplar type propolis. 62(6):1344–1351. doi: 10.1021/jf4053397.
  • 12. Graikou, K., Popova, M., Gortzi, O., Bankova, V., Chinou, I. (2016). Characterization and biological evaluation of selected Mediterranean propolis samples: is it a new type. 2016;65:261–267. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.08.025.
  • 13. Bankova, V. (2005). Chemical diversity of propolis and the problem of standardization. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 100: 114–117. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.05.004.
  • 14. Moreira, L., Dias, L.G., Pereira, J.A., Estevinho, L. (2008). Antioxidant properties, total phenols and pollen analysis of propolis samples from Portugal. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46: 3482–3485. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.08.025
  • 15. Valente, M.J., Baltazar, A.F., Henrique, R., Estevinho, L., Carvalho, M. (2011). Biological activities of Portuguese propolis: Protection against free radical-induced erythrocyte damage and inhibition of human renal cancer cell growth in vitro. Food and Chemical Toxicology.; 49: 86–92. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.10.001
  • 16. Ewnetu, Y., Lemma, N., Birhane, W. (2013). Antibacterial effects of Apis mellifera and stingless bees honeys on susceptible and resistant strains of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. Complementary and Alternative Medicine,13(269): 2–7. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-269
  • 17. Farré, R., Frasquet, I., Sanchez, A. (2004). Propolis and human health. Ars Pharmaceutica,45:21–43.
  • 18. Kutlu, M.A. (2010). Organik Bal Üreticisinin El Kitabı, Genç ilçesi - Bingöl, 77-78s.
  • 19. Alencar, S.M., Oldoni, T.L.C., Castro, M.L., Cabral, I.S.R., Costa-Neto, C.M., Cury, J.A. (2007). Chemical composition and biological activity of a new type of Brazilian propolis: red propolis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 113: 278–283. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.06.005
  • 20. Catignani, G.L. (1983). Simultancous Determination of Retinol and α-Tocopherol in Serum of Plazma by Liquid Chromatography. Clin. Chem, 2914, 708-712.
  • 21. Henning, S.M., Swendseid, M.E., Ivandic, B.T., Liao,F. (1997). Vitamins C, E and A and Hemre oxygenase in rats fed methyl/folate-deficient diets, Free Radic. Biol.Med, 23(6):936-42.
  • 22. Amidzic, R., Brboric, J., Cudina, O., Vladimirov, S. (2005). RP-HPLC Determination of vitamins B1, B3, B6, folic acid and B12 in multivitamin tablets, J. Serb. Chem. Soc,70(10), 1229–1235.
  • 23. Markopoulou, C. K., Kagkadis, K. A., Koundourellis, J. E. (2002). An optimized method for the simultaneous determination of vitamins B1, B6, B12, in multivitamin tablets by high performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 30, 1403- 1410.
  • 24. Karatas, F., Karatepe, M., Baysar, A. (2002). Determination of free malondialdehyde in human serum by high performance liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem, 311: 76-79.
  • 25. Braca, A., Nunziatina, D., Lorenzo, D. B., Cosimo, P., Mateo, P. (2001). Antioxidant principles from Bauhinia terapotensis. Journal of Natural Products, 64, 892–895.
  • 26. Geert V. P., Henk V. B. (1997). Vitamins and cancer. Cancer Letters, 114, 195-202.
  • 27. Halliwell, B. (1996). Vitamin C: Antioxidant or pro-oxidant in vivo.Free Radical Research; Volume 25, Issue 5, Pages 439-454.
  • 28. Zhang, C., Shen, X., Chen, J., Jiang, X., Hu, F. (2017). Identification of free radical scavengers from Brazilian green propolis using off-line HPLC-DPPH assay and LC-MS. ;82(7):1602–1607. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.13730.
  • 29. Betances-Salcedo, E., Revilla, I., Vivar-Quintana, A. M., González-Martín, M. I. (2017). Flavonoid and antioxidant capacity of propolis prediction using near infrared spectroscopy. 17(7) doi: 10.3390/s17071647.
  • 30. Bonamigo, T., Campos, J. F., Alfredo. T. M. (2017). Antioxidant, cytotoxic, and toxic activities of propolis from two native bees in Brazil: Scaptotrigona depilis and Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides. 2017:12. doi: 10.1155/2017/1038153.1038153
  • 31. Socha, R., Gałkowska, D., Bugaj, M., Juszczak, L. (2014). Phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of propolis from various regions of Poland. 29(5):416–422. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2014.949705.
  • 32. Fabris, S., Bertelle, M., Astafyeva, O. (2013). Antioxidant properties and chemical composition relationship of European and Brazilian propolis. 4(1):46–51. doi: 10.4236/pp.2013.41006.
  • 33. Calegari, M. A., Prasniewski, A., Silva, C. D. (2017). Propolis from Southwest of Parana produced by selected bees: influence of seasonality and food supplementation on antioxidant activity and phenolic profile. 89(1):45–55. doi: 10.1590/0001-3765201620160499.
  • 34. Narimane, S., Demircan, E., Salah, A., Ozcelik, B. O., Salah, R. (2017). Correlation between antioxidant activity and phenolic acids profile and content of Algerian propolis: influence of solvent. 30(4):1417–1423.
  • 35. Sun, C., Wu, Z., Wang, Z., Zhang, H. (2015). Effect of ethanol/water solvents on phenolic profiles and antioxidant properties of Beijing propolis extracts. 2015:9. doi: 10.1155/2015/595393.595393.
  • 36. Bittencourt, M. L. F., Ribeiro, P. R., Franco, R. L. P., Hilhorst, H. W. M., Castro, R. D., Fernandez, L. G. (2015).Metabolite profiling, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Brazilian propolis: use of correlation and multivariate analyses to identify potential bioactive compounds.76, Part 3:449–457. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.07.008.
  • 37. Ferreira, D., Rocha, H. C., Kreutz, L. C. (2013). Bee products prevent agrichemical-induced oxidative damage in fish. journal.pone, 8(10, article e74499) doi: 10.1371/.0074499.
  • 38. Bankova, V., Popova, M., Trusheva, B. (2014). Propolis volatile compounds: chemical diversity and biological activity: a review. Chemistry Central Journal, 8(28): 1–8. doi: 10.1186/1752-153X-8-28.
  • 39. Salatino, A, Teixeira, E.W., Negri, G., Message, D. (2005). Origin and Chemical Variation of Brazilian Propolis. Evid-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2(1): 33–38. doi: 10.1093/ecam/neh060
  • 40. Huang, S., Zhang, C.P., Wang. K., Li, G.L., Hu. F.L. (2014). Recent Advances in the Chemical Composition of Propolis. Molecules, 19: 19610–19632. doi: 10.3390/molecules191219610
  • 41. Kumazawa, S., Hamasaka, T., Nakayama, T. (2004). Antioxidant activity of propolis of various geographic origins. Food Chemistry, 84: 329–339. doi: 10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00216-4
  • 42. Ong, T.H., Chitra, E., Ramamurthy, S., Siddalingam, R.P., Yuen, K.H., Ambu, S.P. (2017). Chitosan-propolis nanoparticle formulation demonstrates anti-bacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. Plos one, 12(3): 1–22. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174888
  • 43. Campos, J.F., Santos, U.P., Rocha, P.S., Damião, M.J., Balestieri, J.B.P., Cardoso, C.A.L. (2015). Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatoty, and Cytotoxic Activies of Propolis from the Stingless Bee Tetragonisca fiebrigi (Jataí). Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015: 1–11. doi: 10.1155/2015/296186
  • 44. Funakoshi-Tago, M., Okamoto, K., Izumi, R., Tago, K., Yanagisawa, K., Narukawa, Y. (2015). Anti-inflammatory activity of flavonoids in Nepalese propolis is attributed to inhibition of the IL-33 signaling pathway. International Immunopharmacology, 25: 189–198. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.01.012
  • 45. Lopez, A.G.C, Lourenço, C.C., Alvesa, D.A., Machado, D., Lancellottia, M., Sawaya, C.H.F. (2015). Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of red propolis: an alert as to its safe use. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 119(3): 677–687. doi: 10.1111/jam.12874
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Naci Ömer Alayunt 0000-0003-2215-0934

Publication Date October 6, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 44 Issue: 6

Cite

APA Alayunt, N. Ö. (2019). BÖLGESEL FARKLILIK VE DEPOLAMA SÜRESİNİN PROPOLİSİN ANTİOKSİDAN ÖZELLİKLERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ. Gıda, 44(6), 969-979. https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD19063
AMA Alayunt NÖ. BÖLGESEL FARKLILIK VE DEPOLAMA SÜRESİNİN PROPOLİSİN ANTİOKSİDAN ÖZELLİKLERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ. The Journal of Food. October 2019;44(6):969-979. doi:10.15237/gida.GD19063
Chicago Alayunt, Naci Ömer. “BÖLGESEL FARKLILIK VE DEPOLAMA SÜRESİNİN PROPOLİSİN ANTİOKSİDAN ÖZELLİKLERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ”. Gıda 44, no. 6 (October 2019): 969-79. https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD19063.
EndNote Alayunt NÖ (October 1, 2019) BÖLGESEL FARKLILIK VE DEPOLAMA SÜRESİNİN PROPOLİSİN ANTİOKSİDAN ÖZELLİKLERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ. Gıda 44 6 969–979.
IEEE N. Ö. Alayunt, “BÖLGESEL FARKLILIK VE DEPOLAMA SÜRESİNİN PROPOLİSİN ANTİOKSİDAN ÖZELLİKLERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ”, The Journal of Food, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 969–979, 2019, doi: 10.15237/gida.GD19063.
ISNAD Alayunt, Naci Ömer. “BÖLGESEL FARKLILIK VE DEPOLAMA SÜRESİNİN PROPOLİSİN ANTİOKSİDAN ÖZELLİKLERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ”. Gıda 44/6 (October 2019), 969-979. https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD19063.
JAMA Alayunt NÖ. BÖLGESEL FARKLILIK VE DEPOLAMA SÜRESİNİN PROPOLİSİN ANTİOKSİDAN ÖZELLİKLERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ. The Journal of Food. 2019;44:969–979.
MLA Alayunt, Naci Ömer. “BÖLGESEL FARKLILIK VE DEPOLAMA SÜRESİNİN PROPOLİSİN ANTİOKSİDAN ÖZELLİKLERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ”. Gıda, vol. 44, no. 6, 2019, pp. 969-7, doi:10.15237/gida.GD19063.
Vancouver Alayunt NÖ. BÖLGESEL FARKLILIK VE DEPOLAMA SÜRESİNİN PROPOLİSİN ANTİOKSİDAN ÖZELLİKLERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ. The Journal of Food. 2019;44(6):969-7.

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