Review
BibTex RIS Cite

Periodontal Hastalıklar: Başlıca Risk Faktörleri

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 501 - 512, 30.12.2023

Tuba Ustaoğlu , Deniz Mıhçıoğlu

https://doi.org/10.51754/cusbed.1296178

Abstract

Periodontal hastalıklar yetişkinlerde yaygın olarak görülen hastalıklar arasındadır. Hastalık prevalansı dünya genelinde %20 ile %50 arasındadır. Diş eti ve dişleri çevreleyen yapıların iltihaplanması ile karakterize olup, tedavi edilmediğinde diş hareketliliğini ve diş kaybı riskini artırabilen bir durum meydana gelebilmektedir. Ağız ve diş hastalıklarının oluşumunda bireyin beslenme durumu ve besin seçimi dahil olmak üzere yaşam tarzı önemli bir etkiye sahiptir. Beslenme alışkanlıkları oral kaviteyi etkilerken aynı zamanda yetersiz ağız sağlığı da yemek yemeyi ve sürdürülebilir beslenmeyi etkileyebilir. Periodontal hastalıklar bakteriler ve konak yanıtı arasındaki sürekli etkileşimleri içeren çok yönlü kronik bir hastalıktır. Periodontal hastalıkların oluşumuna sebep olan çok sayıda risk faktörü bulunmaktadır. Bunlar, sigara kullanımı, yetersiz ağız hijyeni, obezite, gebelik gibi değiştirilebilir risk faktörleri ile genetik hastalıklar, yaş ve kalıtım gibi değiştirilemeyen risk faktörleri olarak alt bölümlere ayrılabilir. Bu derlemede literatür bilgileri doğrultusunda periodontal hastalıkları etkileyen birçok risk faktörü arasından; değiştirilemez etkilerden genetik faktörler ve beslenme başta olmak üzere değiştirilebilir risk faktörlerinden bahsedilmiştir.

Keywords

periodontal hastalıklar genetik beslenme vitamin mineraller

References

  • Åberg, C. H., Kelk, P., & Johansson, A. (2015). Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: virulence of its leukotoxin and association with aggressive periodontitis. Virulence, 6(3), 188-195.
  • Abuse, N. (2020). Are there gender differences in tobacco smoking.
  • Ajani, U. A., Ford, E. S., & Mokdad, A. H. (2004). Dietary fiber and C-reactive protein: findings from national health and nutrition examination survey data. The Journal of nutrition, 134(5), 1181-1185.
  • Alabdulkarim, M., Bissada, N., Al-Zahrani, M., Ficara, A., & Siegel, B. (2005). Alveolar bone loss in obese subjects. Journal of the International Academy of Periodontology, 7(2), 34-38.
  • Alam, M. N., Mishra, P., & Chandrasekaran, S. (2012). Gender basis of periodontal diseases. Indian J Basic Appl Med Res, 2(1), 128-135.
  • Alissa, R., & Oliver, R. J. (2012). Influence of prognostic risk indicators on osseointegrated dental implant failure: a matched case-control analysis. Journal of Oral Implantology, 38(1), 51-61.
  • Alkan, B., & Guzeldemir-Akcakanat, E. (2021). Evaluation of adipokine levels in obese women with periodontitis: A cohort study. American Journal of Dentistry, 34(5), 267-272.
  • Allen, N. E., Appleby, P. N., Davey, G. K., Kaaks, R., Rinaldi, S., & Key, T. J. (2002). The associations of diet with serum insulin-like growth factor I and its main binding proteins in 292 women meat-eaters, vegetarians, and vegans. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 11(11), 1441-1448.
  • Amaliya, A., Laine, M. L., Delanghe, J. R., Loos, B. G., Van Wijk, A. J., & Van der Velden, U. (2015). Java project on periodontal diseases: periodontal bone loss in relation to environmental and systemic conditions. Journal of clinical periodontology, 42(4), 325-332.
  • Anderson, A. C., Rothballer, M., Altenburger, M. J., Woelber, J. P., Karygianni, L., Lagkouvardos, I., Hellwig, E., Al-Ahmad, A. (2018). In-vivo shift of the microbiota in oral biofilm in response to frequent sucrose consumption. Scientific reports, 8(1), 1-13.
  • Bartha, V., Exner, L., Schweikert, D., Woelber, J. P., Vach, K., Meyer, A. L., Basrai, M. , Bischoff, S., Meller, C., Wolff, D. (2022). Effect of the Mediterranean diet on gingivitis: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of clinical periodontology, 49(2), 111-122.
  • Bergström, J. (1989). Cigarette smoking as risk factor in chronic periodontal disease. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 17(5), 245-247.
  • Bergström, J., Eliasson, S., & Dock, J. (2000). A 10‐year prospective study of tobacco smoking and periodontal health. Journal of Periodontology, 71(8), 1338-1347.
  • Borrell, L. N., Beck, J. D., & Heiss, G. (2006). Socioeconomic disadvantage and periodontal disease: the Dental Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. American journal of public health, 96(2), 332-339.
  • Bourgeois, D., Inquimbert, C., Ottolenghi, L., & Carrouel, F. (2019). Periodontal pathogens as risk factors of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease—Is there cause for consideration? Microorganisms, 7(10), 424.
  • Brodzikowska, A., & Górski, B. (2022). Polymorphisms in genes involved in inflammation and periodontitis: A narrative review. Biomolecules, 12(4), 552.
  • Bulut, M., Yıldırım, S., & Ulukapı, I. Diş Macunları ve Fluor. Menteş A, editör. Diş Hekimliğinde Fluor, 1, 42-47.
  • Costa, S. A., Nascimento, G. G., Colins, P. M. G., Alves, C. M. C., Thomaz, E. B. A. F., Carvalho Souza, S. d. F., da Silva, A. A. M. R., C. C. C. (2022). Investigating oral and systemic pathways between unhealthy and healthy dietary patterns to periodontitis in adolescents: A population‐based study. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 49(6), 580-590.
  • D'Aiuto, F., Ready, D., & Tonetti, M. S. (2004). Periodontal disease and C‐reactive protein‐associated cardiovascular risk. Journal of periodontal research, 39(4), 236-241.
  • Dalla Vecchia, C. F., Susin, C., Rösing, C. K., Oppermann, R. V., & Albandar, J. M. (2005). Overweight and obesity as risk indicators for periodontitis in adults. Journal of Periodontology, 76(10), 1721-1728.
  • De Caterina, R., & Basta, G. (2001). n-3 Fatty acids and the inflammatory response—biological background. European Heart Journal Supplements, 3(suppl_D), D42-D49. de Faria Amormino, S. A., Arão, T. C., Saraiva, A. M., Gomez, R. S., Dutra, W. O., da Costa, J. E., Silva, J. d.F.C.,
  • Moreira, P. R. (2013). Hypermethylation and low transcription of TLR2 gene in chronic periodontitis. Human Immunology, 74(9), 1231-1236.
  • De Lima, P. M. N., do Rosário Palma, A. L., Hasna, A. A., Rossoni, R. D., Junqueira, J. C., & de Oliveira, L. D. (2021). The periodontal pathogen Treponema denticola: an atherosclerosis risk factor. Research, Society and Development, 10(1), e25810111637-e25810111637.
  • Deng, H., Liu, F., Pan, Y., Jin, X., Wang, H., & Cao, J. (2011). BsmI, TaqI, ApaI, and FokI polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor gene and periodontitis: a meta‐analysis of 15 studies including 1338 cases and 1302 controls. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 38(3), 199-207.
  • Deo, P. N., & Deshmukh, R. (2019). Oral microbiome: Unveiling the fundamentals. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology: JOMFP, 23(1), 122.
  • Dimou, N. L., Nikolopoulos, G. K., Hamodrakas, S. J., & Bagos, P. G. (2010). Fcγ receptor polymorphisms and their association with periodontal disease: a meta‐analysis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 37(3), 255-265.
  • Ding, C., Ji, X., Chen, X., Xu, Y., & Zhong, L. (2014). TNF‐α gene promoter polymorphisms contribute to periodontitis susceptibility: evidence from 46 studies. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 41(8), 748-759.
  • Donati, M., Berglundh, T., Hytönen, A. M., Hahn‐Zoric, M., Hanson, L. Å., & Padyukov, L. (2005). Association of the− 159 CD14 gene polymorphism and lack of association of the− 308 TNFA and Q551R IL‐4RA polymorphisms with severe chronic periodontitis in Swedish Caucasians. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 32(5), 474-479.
  • Eyre, H., Kahn, R., Robertson, R. M., Committee, A. A. A. C. W., Members, A. A. A. C. W. C., Clark, N. G., . . . Glynn, T. (2004). Preventing cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes: a common agenda for the American Cancer Society, the American Diabetes Association, and the American Heart Association. Circulation, 109(25), 3244-3255.
  • Feinberg, A. P. (2007). Phenotypic plasticity and the epigenetics of human disease. Nature, 447(7143), 433-440.
  • Fridell, S., Ström, E., Agebratt, C., Leanderson, P., Guldbrand, H., & Nystrom, F. H. (2018). A randomised study in young subjects of the effects of eating extra fruit or nuts on periodontal inflammation. BDJ open, 4(1), 1-5.
  • Galchenko, A. V., Takalloabdali, S., & Ranjit, R. (2021). Impact Of Vegetarianism and Veganism On Oral Health. Int J Dentistry Oral Sci, 8(04), 2265-2271.
  • Gasner, N. S., & Schure, R. S. (2022). Periodontal disease StatPearls [Internet]: StatPearls Publishing.
  • Genco, R. J., & Borgnakke, W. S. (2013). Risk factors for periodontal disease. Periodontology 2000, 62(1), 59-94.
  • Genco, R. J., Ho, A. W., Kopman, J., Grossi, S. G., Dunford, R. G., & Tedesco, L. A. (1998). Models to evaluate the role of stress in periodontal disease. Annals of Periodontology, 3(1), 288-302.
  • Genco, R. J., & Sanz, M. (2020). Clinical and public health implications of periodontal and systemic diseases: An overview. Periodontology 2000, 83(1), 7-13.
  • Gondivkar, S. M., Gadbail, A. R., Gondivkar, R. S., Sarode, S. C., Sarode, G. S., Patil, S., & Awan, K. H. (2019). Nutrition and oral health. Disease-a-month, 65(6), 147-154.
  • Grant, W. B. (2011). A review of the role of solar ultraviolet-B irradiance and vitamin D in reducing risk of dental caries. Dermato-endocrinology, 3(3), 193-198.
  • Graziani, F., Discepoli, N., Gennai, S., Karapetsa, D., Nisi, M., Bianchi, L., Rosema, N. A. M., Van der Velden, U. (2018). The effect of twice daily kiwifruit consumption on periodontal and systemic conditions before and after treatment: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of periodontology, 89(3), 285-293.
  • Guh, D. P., Zhang, W., Bansback, N., Amarsi, Z., Birmingham, C. L., & Anis, A. H. (2009). The incidence of co-morbidities related to obesity and overweight: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 9(1), 88.
  • Halime, U., Sümeyye, E., Çatak, J., & Yaman, M. (2020). Vitamin C ve hastalıklar üzerine etkisi. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi(19), 746-756.
  • Han, M.-x., Ding, C., & Kyung, H.-M. (2015). Genetic polymorphisms in pattern recognition receptors and risk of periodontitis: Evidence based on 12,793 subjects. Human Immunology, 76(7), 496-504.
  • Hans, V. M., Mehta, D. S., & Hans, M. (2015). Association of Fc gamma-receptors IIa, IIIa, and IIIb genetic polymorphism with susceptibility to chronic periodontitis in South Indian population. Contemporary Clinical Dentistry, 6(Suppl 1), S141.
  • Harris, C., Warnakulasuriya, K., Johnson, N., Gelbier, S., & Peters, T. (1996). Oral health in alcohol misusers. Community Dental Health, 13(4), 199-203.
  • Hollá, L. I., Fassmann, A., Vašků, A., Znojil, V., Vaněk, J., & Vácha, J. (2001a). Interactions of lymphotoxin α (TNF‐β), angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE), and endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) gene polymorphisms in adult periodontitis. Journal of Periodontology, 72(1), 85-89.
  • Hollá, L. I., Kaňková, K., Fassmann, A., Bučková, D., Halabala, T., Znojil, V., & Vaněk, J. (2001b). Distribution of the receptor for advanced glycation end products gene polymorphisms in patients with chronic periodontitis: a preliminary study. Journal of Periodontology, 72(12), 1742-1746.
  • Hujoel, P. P., & Lingström, P. (2017). Nutrition, dental caries and periodontal disease: a narrative review. Journal of clinical periodontology, 44, S79-S84.
  • Isola, G., Alibrandi, A., Rapisarda, E., Matarese, G., Williams, R. C., & Leonardi, R. (2020). Association of vitamin D in patients with periodontitis: A cross‐sectional study. Journal of periodontal research, 55(5), 602-612.
  • Iwasaki, M., Moynihan, P., Manz, M. C., Taylor, G. W., Yoshihara, A., Muramatsu, K., Watanabe, R., Miyazaki, H. (2013). Dietary antioxidants and periodontal disease in community-based older Japanese: a 2-year follow-up study. Public health nutrition, 16(2), 330-338.
  • Iwasaki, M., Taylor, G. W., Moynihan, P., Yoshihara, A., Muramatsu, K., Watanabe, R., & Miyazaki, H. (2011). Dietary ratio of n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and periodontal disease in community-based older Japanese: a 3-year follow-up study. Prostaglandins, leukotrienes and essential fatty acids, 85(2), 107-112.
  • Iwasaki, M., Yoshihara, A., Moynihan, P., Watanabe, R., Taylor, G. W., & Miyazaki, H. (2010). Longitudinal relationship between dietary ω-3 fatty acids and periodontal disease. Nutrition, 26(11-12), 1105-1109.
  • Jain, P., Hassan, N., Khatoon, K., Mirza, M. A., Naseef, P. P., Kuruniyan, M. S., & Iqbal, Z. (2021). Periodontitis and Systemic Disorder—An Overview of Relation and Novel Treatment Modalities. Pharmaceutics, 13(8), 1175.
  • James, J. A., Poulton, K. V., Haworth, S. E., Payne, D., McKay, I. J., Clarke, F. M., Hughes, F. J., Linden, G. J. (2007). Polymorphisms of TLR4 but not CD14 are associated with a decreased risk of aggressive periodontitis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 34(2), 111-117.
  • Janakiram, C., & Dye, B. A. (2020). A public health approach for prevention of periodontal disease. Periodontology 2000, 84(1), 202-214.
  • Jauhiainen, L., Suominen, A. L., Kanerva, N., Männistö, S., Knuuttila, M., & Ylöstalo, P. (2016). Periodontal pocketing and gingival bleeding in relation to Nordic diet–results from a population‐based survey. Journal of clinical periodontology, 43(12), 1013-1023.
  • Jenzsch, A., Eick, S., Rassoul, F., Purschwitz, R., & Jentsch, H. (2008). Nutritional intervention in patients with periodontal disease: clinical, immunological and microbiological variables during 12 months. British journal of nutrition, 101(6), 879-885.
  • Jia, X.-W., Yuan, Y.-D., Yao, Z.-X., Wu, C.-J., Chen, X., Chen, X.-H., Lin, Y.-M., Meng, X.-Y., Zeng, X.-T., Shao, J. (2017). Association between IL-4 and IL-4R polymorphisms and periodontitis: A meta-analysis. Disease Markers, 2017.
  • Jimenez, M., Giovannucci, E., Kaye, E. K., Joshipura, K. J., & Dietrich, T. (2014). Predicted vitamin D status and incidence of tooth loss and periodontitis. Public health nutrition, 17(4), 844-852.
  • Karimbux, N. Y., Saraiya, V. M., Elangovan, S., Allareddy, V., Kinnunen, T., Kornman, K. S., & Duff, G. W. (2012). Interleukin‐1 gene polymorphisms and chronic periodontitis in adult whites: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of Periodontology, 83(11), 1407-1419.
  • Khammissa, R., Ballyram, R., Jadwat, Y., Fourie, J., Lemmer, J., & Feller, L. (2018). Vitamin D deficiency as it relates to oral immunity and chronic periodontitis. International journal of dentistry, 2018.
  • Khan, M. S., Alasqah, M., Alammar, L. M., & Alkhaibari, Y. (2020). Obesity and periodontal disease: A review. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 9(6), 2650.
  • Khan, Z., Tönnies, J., & Müller, S. (2014). Smokeless tobacco and oral cancer in South Asia: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Journal of Cancer Epidemiology, 2014.
  • Kikuchi, T., Hayashi, J.-i., & Mitani, A. (2022). Next-Generation Examination, Diagnosis, and Personalized Medicine in Periodontal Disease. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 12(10), 1743.
  • Kim, H., Kim, S., & Jung, S. (2020). Instruction of microbiome taxonomic profiling based on 16S rRNA sequencing. Journal of Microbiology, 58, 193-205.
  • Klein, S. L., & Flanagan, K. L. (2016). Sex differences in immune responses. Nature Reviews Immunology, 16(10), 626-638.
  • Kondo, K., Ishikado, A., Morino, K., Nishio, Y., Ugi, S., Kajiwara, S., Kurihara, M., Iwakawa, H., Nakao, K., Uesaki,S., Shigeta, Y., Imanaka, H., Yoshizaki T. , Sekine, O., Makino, T., Maegawa, H., King, G.L., Kashiwagi, A. (2014). A high-fiber, low-fat diet improves periodontal disease markers in high-risk subjects: a pilot study. Nutrition research, 34(6), 491-498.
  • Kulkarni, R., Rampersaud, R., Aguilar, J. L., Randis, T. M., Kreindler, J. L., & Ratner, A. J. (2010). Cigarette smoke inhibits airway epithelial cell innate immune responses to bacteria. Infection and Immunity, 78(5), 2146-2152.
  • Kulkarni, V., Bhatavadekar, N. B., & Uttamani, J. R. (2014). Effect of nutrition on periodontal disease: a systematic review. Journal of the California Dental Association, 42(5), 303-311.
  • Kulshrestha, R., Srinivasa, T., & Biswas, J. (2013). Role of immunoglobulin G and A in periodontitis: A review. Journal of Pure & Applied Microbiology, 7(1), 673-676.
  • Kumar, P. S. (2020). Interventions to prevent periodontal disease in tobacco‐, alcohol‐, and drug‐dependent individuals. Periodontology 2000, 84(1), 84-101.
  • Labriola, A., Needleman, I., & Moles, D. R. (2005). Systematic review of the effect of smoking on nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Periodontology 2000, 37(1), 124-137.
  • Lachenmeier, D. W., & Monakhova, Y. B. (2011). Short-term salivary acetaldehyde increase due to direct exposure to alcoholic beverages as an additional cancer risk factor beyond ethanol metabolism. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Cancer Research, 30, 1-9.
  • Larsen, T., & Fiehn, N. E. (2017). Dental biofilm infections–an update. APMIS, 125(4), 376-384. Lee, M.-R. (2023). Relationship between Diet Quality and Periodontal Disease in South Korean Adults Aged≥ 40 Years. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(6), 5039.
  • Leite, F. R., Enevold, C., Bendtzen, K., Baelum, V., & López, R. (2019). Pattern recognition receptor polymorphisms in early periodontitis. Journal of Periodontology, 90(6), 647-654.
  • LeResche, L., & Dworkin, S. F. (2002). The role of stress in inflammatory disease, including periodontal disease: review of concepts and current findings. Periodontology 2000, 30(1), 91-103.
  • Li, W., Zhu, Y., Singh, P., Ajmera, D. H., Song, J., & Ji, P. (2016). Association of common variants in MMPs with periodontitis risk. Disease Markers, 2016.
  • Li, Y., Feng, G., Deng, Y., & Song, J. (2018). Contribution of Interleukin-10-592 (-590,-597) C> A polymorphisms to periodontitis susceptibility: An updated meta-analysis Based on 18 case-control studies. Disease Markers, 2018.
  • Lipsky, M. S., Su, S., Crespo, C. J., & Hung, M. (2021). Men and oral health: a review of sex and gender differences. American journal of men's health, 15(3), 15579883211016361.
  • Loos, B. G. (2005). Systemic markers of inflammation in periodontitis. Journal of periodontology, 76, 2106-2115.
  • Mahanonda, R., Sa‐Ard‐Iam, N., Eksomtramate, M., Rerkyen, P., Phairat, B., Schaecher, K., Fukuda, M. M.,Pichyangkul, S. (2009). Cigarette smoke extract modulates human β‐defensin‐2 and interleukin‐8 expression in human gingival epithelial cells. Journal of Periodontal Research, 44(4), 557-564. Martinon, P., Fraticelli, L., Giboreau, A., Dussart, C., Bourgeois, D., & Carrouel, F. (2021). Nutrition as a key modifiable factor for periodontitis and main chronic diseases. Journal of clinical medicine, 10(2), 197. Mattuella, L. G., Bernardi, L., Zambra, F. M. B., Campagnaro, M. B., Oppermann, R. V., Xavier, L. L., Chies José, A. B. M., L. A. (2020). Human leukocyte antigen-G polymorphisms in periodontitis. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 78(2), 141-145.
  • Mazur, M., Bietolini, S., Bellardini, D., Lussi, A., Corridore, D., Maruotti, A., Ottolenghi, L., Vozza, I., Guerra, F. (2020). Oral health in a cohort of individuals on a plant-based diet: a pilot study. La Clinica Terapeutica, 171(2), e142-e148.
  • Megha, K., & Mohanan, P. (2021). Role of immunoglobulin and antibodies in disease management. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 169, 28-38.
  • Meisel, P., Schwahn, C., Luedemann, J., John, U., Kroemer, H., & Kocher, T. (2005). Magnesium deficiency is associated with periodontal disease. Journal of dental research, 84(10), 937-941.
  • Merchant, A. T., Pitiphat, W., Franz, M., & Joshipura, K. J. (2006). Whole-grain and fiber intakes and periodontitis risk in men. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 83(6), 1395-1400.
  • Mıhçıoğlu, D. (2019). Epigenetik Mekanizmaların Besinlerin Biyoaktif Bileşenleri ile İlişkisi. Morita, I., Okamoto, Y., Yoshii, S., Nakagaki, H., Mizuno, K., Sheiham, A., & Sabbah, W. (2011). Five-year incidence of periodontal disease is related to body mass index. Journal of Dental Research, 90(2), 199-202.
  • Murthykumar, K., Arjunkumar, R., & Jayaseelan, V. P. (2019). Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism (rs10735810) and chronic periodontitis. Journal of Investigative and Clinical Dentistry, 10(4), e12440.
  • Najeeb, S., Zafar, M. S., Khurshid, Z., Zohaib, S., & Almas, K. (2016). The role of nutrition in periodontal health: an update. Nutrients, 8(9), 530.
  • Nazir, M., Al-Ansari, A., Al-Khalifa, K., Alhareky, M., Gaffar, B., & Almas, K. (2020). Global prevalence of periodontal disease and lack of its surveillance. The Scientific World Journal, 2020.
  • Nielsen, S. J., Trak-Fellermeier, M. A., Joshipura, K., & Dye, B. A. (2016). Dietary fiber intake is inversely associated with periodontal disease among US adults. The Journal of nutrition, 146(12), 2530-2536.
  • Nikolopoulos, G. K., Dimou, N. L., Hamodrakas, S. J., & Bagos, P. G. (2008). Cytokine gene polymorphisms in periodontal disease: a meta‐analysis of 53 studies including 4178 cases and 4590 controls. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 35(9), 754-767.
  • Nishida, M., Grossi, S. G., Dunford, R. G., Ho, A. W., Trevisan, M., & Genco, R. J. (2000). Calcium and the risk for periodontal disease. Journal of periodontology, 71(7), 1057-1066.
  • Nishimura, F., Iwamoto, Y., Mineshiba, J., Shimizu, A., Soga, Y., & Murayama, Y. (2003). Periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus: the role of tumor necrosis factor‐α in a 2‐way relationship. Journal of Periodontology, 74(1), 97-102.
  • Offenbacher, S., Lieff, S., Boggess, K., Murtha, A., Madianos, P., Champagne, C., McKaig, R.G., Jared, H.L., Mauriello, S.M., Auten Jr, R., Herbert, W.N.P., Beck, J.D. (2001). Maternal periodontitis and prematurity. Part I: Obstetric outcome of prematurity and growth restriction. Annals of Periodontology, 6(1), 164-174.
  • Ohyama, H., Takashiba, S., Oyaizu, K., Nagai, A., Naruse, T., Inoko, H., Kurihara, H., Murayama, Y. (1996). HLA Class II genotypes associated with early‐onset periodontitis: DQB1 molecule primarily confers susceptibility to the disease. Journal of Periodontology, 67(9), 888-894.
  • Park, E., Na, H. S., Kim, S. M., Wallet, S., Cha, S., & Chung, J. (2014). Xylitol, an anticaries agent, exhibits potent inhibition of inflammatory responses in human THP‐1‐derived macrophages infected with Porphyromonas gingivalis. Journal of periodontology, 85(6), e212-e223.
  • Pavlesen, S., Mai, X., Wactawski‐Wende, J., LaMonte, M. J., Hovey, K. M., Genco, R. J., & Millen, A. E. (2016). Vitamin D Status and tooth loss in postmenopausal females: The buffalo osteoporosis and periodontal disease (OsteOperio) study. Journal of periodontology, 87(8), 852-863.
  • Petersen, P. E., & Ogawa, H. (2005). Strengthening the prevention of periodontal disease: the WHO approach. Journal of periodontology, 76(12), 2187-2193.
  • Reichert, S., Altermann, W., Stein, J. M., Schaller, H. G., Machulla, H. K., & Schulz, S. (2013). Individual composition of human leukocyte antigens and periodontopathogens in the background of periodontitis. Journal of Periodontology, 84(1), 100-109.
  • Reynolds, I., & Duane, B. (2018). Periodontal disease has an impact on patients' quality of life. Evidence-based dentistry, 19(1), 14-15.
  • Rosan, B., & Lamont, R. J. (2000). Dental plaque formation. Microbes and infection, 2(13), 1599-1607.
  • Roved, J., Westerdahl, H., & Hasselquist, D. (2017). Sex differences in immune responses: Hormonal effects, antagonistic selection, and evolutionary consequences. Hormones and Behavior, 88, 95-105.
  • Rudick, C. P., Lang, M. S., & Miyamoto, T. (2019). Understanding the pathophysiology behind chairside diagnostics and genetic testing for IL‐1 and IL‐6. Oral Diseases, 25(8), 1879-1885.
  • Samur, G. (2012). Vitamin Mineraller ve Sağlığımız.
  • Santonocito, S., Polizzi, A., Palazzo, G., Indelicato, F., & Isola, G. (2021). Dietary factors affecting the prevalence and impact of periodontal disease. Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dentistry, 283-292.
  • Scannapieco, F. A., Bush, R. B., & Paju, S. (2003). Associations between periodontal disease and risk for atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, and stroke. A systematic review. Annals of Periodontology, 8(1), 38-53.
  • Sculley, D. V., & Langley-Evans, S. C. (2002). Salivary antioxidants and periodontal disease status. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 61(1), 137-143.
  • Sedghi, L. M., Bacino, M., & Kapila, Y. L. (2021). Periodontal disease: The good, the bad, and the unknown. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 11, 1210.
  • Shan, C., Aisaiti, A., Wu, Z. P., Wang, T. T., & Zhao, J. (2020). Association of TLR-2 gene polymorphisms with the risk of periodontitis: a meta-analysis. Disease Markers, 2020.
  • Sheiham, A., & Watt, R. G. (2000). The common risk factor approach: a rational basis for promoting oral health. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology: Commentary, 28(6), 399-406. Shimabukuro, Y., Nakayama, Y., Ogata, Y., Tamazawa, K., Shimauchi, H., Nishida, T., Ito, K., Chikazawa, T.,
  • Shinsuke Kataoka, Murakami, S. (2015). Effects of an Ascorbic Acid–Derivative Dentifrice in Patients With Gingivitis: A Double‐Masked, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial. Journal of periodontology, 86(1), 27-35.
  • Skvortsov, S., & Gabdoulkhakova, A. (2017). Formyl peptide receptor polymorphisms: 27 most possible ways for phagocyte dysfunction. Biochemistry (Moscow), 82, 426-437.
  • Slots, J. (2013). Periodontology: past, present, perspectives. Periodontology 2000, 62(1), 7-19. Slotwinska, S. M. (2013). The interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1-Ra) and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor I (sTNF RI) in periodontal disease.
  • Song, B., Zhang, Y., Chen, L., Zhou, T., Huang, W., Zhou, X., & Shao, L. (2017). The role of Toll‐like receptors in periodontitis. Oral Diseases, 23(2), 168-180.
  • Staufenbiel, I., Weinspach, K., Förster, G., Geurtsen, W., & Günay, H. (2013). Periodontal conditions in vegetarians: a clinical study. European journal of clinical nutrition, 67(8), 836-840.
  • Stein, J. M., Machulla, H. K., Smeets, R., Lampert, F., & Reichert, S. (2008). Human leukocyte antigen polymorphism in chronic and aggressive periodontitis among Caucasians: a meta‐analysis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 35(3), 183-192.
  • Tadjoedin, F. M., Fitri, A. H., Kuswandani, S. O., Sulijaya, B., & Soeroso, Y. (2017). The correlation between age and periodontal diseases. Journal of International Dental and Medical Research, 10(2), 327.
  • Takashiba, S., Ohyama, H., Oyaizu, K., Kogoe‐Kato, N., & Murayama, Y. (1999). HLA genetics for diagnosis of susceptibility to early‐onset periodontitis. Journal of Periodontal Research, 34(7), 374-378.
  • Taylor, G. W. (2001). Bidirectional interrelationships between diabetes and periodontal diseases: an epidemiologic perspective. Annals of Periodontology, 6(1), 99-112.
  • Tonetti, M. S., Greenwell, H., & Kornman, K. S. (2018). Staging and grading of periodontitis: Framework and proposal of a new classification and case definition. Journal of Periodontology, 89, S159-S172.
  • Van Dyke, T. E., & Dave, S. (2005). Risk factors for periodontitis. Journal of the International Academy of Periodontology, 7(1), 3.
  • van Woudenbergh, G. J., Theofylaktopoulou, D., Kuijsten, A., Ferreira, I., van Greevenbroek, M. M., van der Kallen, C. J., Schalkwijk, C. G., Stehouwer, C. D. A, Ocké, M. C., Nijpels, G., Dekker, J. M., Blaak, E.E., Feskens E. J. M. (2013). Adapted dietary inflammatory index and its association with a summary score for low-grade inflammation and markers of glucose metabolism: the Cohort study on Diabetes and Atherosclerosis Maastricht (CODAM) and the Hoorn study. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 98(6), 1533-1542.
  • Vijayalakshmi, R., Thamaraiselvan, J. M., Srinivasan, S., & Kumari, B. N. (2020). Obesity and periodontal disease–An overview. IP International Journal of Periodontology and Implantology, 5(1), 1-5.
  • Vogtmann, E., Graubard, B., Loftfield, E., Chaturvedi, A., Dye, B. A., Abnet, C. C., & Freedman, N. D. (2017). Contemporary impact of tobacco use on periodontal disease in the USA. Tobacco Control, 26(2), 237-238.
  • World Health Organization, Guideline:sugars intake for adults and childeren:World Health Organization,2015
  • Woelber, J. P., Bremer, K., Vach, K., König, D., Hellwig, E., Ratka-Krüger, P., Al-Ahmad, A., Tennert, C. (2017). An oral health optimized diet can reduce gingival and periodontal inflammation in humans-a randomized controlled pilot study. BMC oral health, 17(1), 1-8.
  • Xu, W., Zhou, W., Wang, H., & Liang, S. (2020). Roles of Porphyromonas gingivalis and its virulence factors in periodontitis. Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology, 120, 45-84.
  • Yoshie, H., Kobayashi, T., Tai, H., & Galicia, J. C. (2007). The role of genetic polymorphisms in periodontitis. Periodontology 2000, 43(1), 102-132.
  • Zacarias, J. M. V., de Alencar, J. B., Tsuneto, P. Y., Souza, V. H. d., Silva, C. O., Visentainer, J. E. L., & Sell, A. M. (2019). The influence of TLR4, CD14, OPG, and RANKL polymorphisms in periodontitis: a case-control study. Mediators of Inflammation, 2019.
  • Zhang, S., Crivello, A., Offenbacher, S., Moretti, A., Paquette, D. W., & Barros, S. P. (2010). Interferon‐gamma promoter hypomethylation and increased expression in chronic periodontitis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 37(11), 953-961.
  • Zhu, W., & Lee, S.-W. (2016). Surface interactions between two of the main periodontal pathogens: Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. Journal of periodontal & implant science, 46(1), 2-9.
  • Zong, G., Holtfreter, B., Scott, A. E., Völzke, H., Petersmann, A., Dietrich, T., Newson, R. S., Kocher, T. (2016). Serum vitamin B12 is inversely associated with periodontal progression and risk of tooth loss: a prospective cohort study. Journal of clinical periodontology, 43(1), 2-9.

Periodontal Diseases: Major Risk Factors

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 501 - 512, 30.12.2023

Tuba Ustaoğlu , Deniz Mıhçıoğlu

https://doi.org/10.51754/cusbed.1296178

Abstract

Periodontal diseases are among the common diseases in adults. The prevalence of the disease is between 20% and 50% worldwide. It is characterised by inflammation of the structures surrounding the gums and teeth, which can increase tooth mobility and the risk of tooth loss when left untreated. Lifestyle, including nutritional status and food selection has an important effect on the formation of oral and dental diseases. While dietary habits affect the oral cavity, poor oral health can also affect eating and sustainable nutrition. Periodontal disease is a multifaceted chronic disease involving continuous interactions between bacteria and host response. There are many risk factors that contribute to the development of periodontal disease. These can be subdivided into modifiable risk factors such as smoking, inadequate oral hygiene, obesity, pregnancy and non-modifiable risk factors such as genetic diseases, age and heredity. In this review, among the many risk factors affecting periodontal diseases in line with the literature; Among the non-modifiable effects, modifiable risk factors, especially genetic factors and nutrition, were mentioned.

Keywords

periodontal diseases genetics nutrition vitamins minerals

References

  • Åberg, C. H., Kelk, P., & Johansson, A. (2015). Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: virulence of its leukotoxin and association with aggressive periodontitis. Virulence, 6(3), 188-195.
  • Abuse, N. (2020). Are there gender differences in tobacco smoking.
  • Ajani, U. A., Ford, E. S., & Mokdad, A. H. (2004). Dietary fiber and C-reactive protein: findings from national health and nutrition examination survey data. The Journal of nutrition, 134(5), 1181-1185.
  • Alabdulkarim, M., Bissada, N., Al-Zahrani, M., Ficara, A., & Siegel, B. (2005). Alveolar bone loss in obese subjects. Journal of the International Academy of Periodontology, 7(2), 34-38.
  • Alam, M. N., Mishra, P., & Chandrasekaran, S. (2012). Gender basis of periodontal diseases. Indian J Basic Appl Med Res, 2(1), 128-135.
  • Alissa, R., & Oliver, R. J. (2012). Influence of prognostic risk indicators on osseointegrated dental implant failure: a matched case-control analysis. Journal of Oral Implantology, 38(1), 51-61.
  • Alkan, B., & Guzeldemir-Akcakanat, E. (2021). Evaluation of adipokine levels in obese women with periodontitis: A cohort study. American Journal of Dentistry, 34(5), 267-272.
  • Allen, N. E., Appleby, P. N., Davey, G. K., Kaaks, R., Rinaldi, S., & Key, T. J. (2002). The associations of diet with serum insulin-like growth factor I and its main binding proteins in 292 women meat-eaters, vegetarians, and vegans. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 11(11), 1441-1448.
  • Amaliya, A., Laine, M. L., Delanghe, J. R., Loos, B. G., Van Wijk, A. J., & Van der Velden, U. (2015). Java project on periodontal diseases: periodontal bone loss in relation to environmental and systemic conditions. Journal of clinical periodontology, 42(4), 325-332.
  • Anderson, A. C., Rothballer, M., Altenburger, M. J., Woelber, J. P., Karygianni, L., Lagkouvardos, I., Hellwig, E., Al-Ahmad, A. (2018). In-vivo shift of the microbiota in oral biofilm in response to frequent sucrose consumption. Scientific reports, 8(1), 1-13.
  • Bartha, V., Exner, L., Schweikert, D., Woelber, J. P., Vach, K., Meyer, A. L., Basrai, M. , Bischoff, S., Meller, C., Wolff, D. (2022). Effect of the Mediterranean diet on gingivitis: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of clinical periodontology, 49(2), 111-122.
  • Bergström, J. (1989). Cigarette smoking as risk factor in chronic periodontal disease. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 17(5), 245-247.
  • Bergström, J., Eliasson, S., & Dock, J. (2000). A 10‐year prospective study of tobacco smoking and periodontal health. Journal of Periodontology, 71(8), 1338-1347.
  • Borrell, L. N., Beck, J. D., & Heiss, G. (2006). Socioeconomic disadvantage and periodontal disease: the Dental Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. American journal of public health, 96(2), 332-339.
  • Bourgeois, D., Inquimbert, C., Ottolenghi, L., & Carrouel, F. (2019). Periodontal pathogens as risk factors of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease—Is there cause for consideration? Microorganisms, 7(10), 424.
  • Brodzikowska, A., & Górski, B. (2022). Polymorphisms in genes involved in inflammation and periodontitis: A narrative review. Biomolecules, 12(4), 552.
  • Bulut, M., Yıldırım, S., & Ulukapı, I. Diş Macunları ve Fluor. Menteş A, editör. Diş Hekimliğinde Fluor, 1, 42-47.
  • Costa, S. A., Nascimento, G. G., Colins, P. M. G., Alves, C. M. C., Thomaz, E. B. A. F., Carvalho Souza, S. d. F., da Silva, A. A. M. R., C. C. C. (2022). Investigating oral and systemic pathways between unhealthy and healthy dietary patterns to periodontitis in adolescents: A population‐based study. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 49(6), 580-590.
  • D'Aiuto, F., Ready, D., & Tonetti, M. S. (2004). Periodontal disease and C‐reactive protein‐associated cardiovascular risk. Journal of periodontal research, 39(4), 236-241.
  • Dalla Vecchia, C. F., Susin, C., Rösing, C. K., Oppermann, R. V., & Albandar, J. M. (2005). Overweight and obesity as risk indicators for periodontitis in adults. Journal of Periodontology, 76(10), 1721-1728.
  • De Caterina, R., & Basta, G. (2001). n-3 Fatty acids and the inflammatory response—biological background. European Heart Journal Supplements, 3(suppl_D), D42-D49. de Faria Amormino, S. A., Arão, T. C., Saraiva, A. M., Gomez, R. S., Dutra, W. O., da Costa, J. E., Silva, J. d.F.C.,
  • Moreira, P. R. (2013). Hypermethylation and low transcription of TLR2 gene in chronic periodontitis. Human Immunology, 74(9), 1231-1236.
  • De Lima, P. M. N., do Rosário Palma, A. L., Hasna, A. A., Rossoni, R. D., Junqueira, J. C., & de Oliveira, L. D. (2021). The periodontal pathogen Treponema denticola: an atherosclerosis risk factor. Research, Society and Development, 10(1), e25810111637-e25810111637.
  • Deng, H., Liu, F., Pan, Y., Jin, X., Wang, H., & Cao, J. (2011). BsmI, TaqI, ApaI, and FokI polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor gene and periodontitis: a meta‐analysis of 15 studies including 1338 cases and 1302 controls. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 38(3), 199-207.
  • Deo, P. N., & Deshmukh, R. (2019). Oral microbiome: Unveiling the fundamentals. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology: JOMFP, 23(1), 122.
  • Dimou, N. L., Nikolopoulos, G. K., Hamodrakas, S. J., & Bagos, P. G. (2010). Fcγ receptor polymorphisms and their association with periodontal disease: a meta‐analysis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 37(3), 255-265.
  • Ding, C., Ji, X., Chen, X., Xu, Y., & Zhong, L. (2014). TNF‐α gene promoter polymorphisms contribute to periodontitis susceptibility: evidence from 46 studies. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 41(8), 748-759.
  • Donati, M., Berglundh, T., Hytönen, A. M., Hahn‐Zoric, M., Hanson, L. Å., & Padyukov, L. (2005). Association of the− 159 CD14 gene polymorphism and lack of association of the− 308 TNFA and Q551R IL‐4RA polymorphisms with severe chronic periodontitis in Swedish Caucasians. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 32(5), 474-479.
  • Eyre, H., Kahn, R., Robertson, R. M., Committee, A. A. A. C. W., Members, A. A. A. C. W. C., Clark, N. G., . . . Glynn, T. (2004). Preventing cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes: a common agenda for the American Cancer Society, the American Diabetes Association, and the American Heart Association. Circulation, 109(25), 3244-3255.
  • Feinberg, A. P. (2007). Phenotypic plasticity and the epigenetics of human disease. Nature, 447(7143), 433-440.
  • Fridell, S., Ström, E., Agebratt, C., Leanderson, P., Guldbrand, H., & Nystrom, F. H. (2018). A randomised study in young subjects of the effects of eating extra fruit or nuts on periodontal inflammation. BDJ open, 4(1), 1-5.
  • Galchenko, A. V., Takalloabdali, S., & Ranjit, R. (2021). Impact Of Vegetarianism and Veganism On Oral Health. Int J Dentistry Oral Sci, 8(04), 2265-2271.
  • Gasner, N. S., & Schure, R. S. (2022). Periodontal disease StatPearls [Internet]: StatPearls Publishing.
  • Genco, R. J., & Borgnakke, W. S. (2013). Risk factors for periodontal disease. Periodontology 2000, 62(1), 59-94.
  • Genco, R. J., Ho, A. W., Kopman, J., Grossi, S. G., Dunford, R. G., & Tedesco, L. A. (1998). Models to evaluate the role of stress in periodontal disease. Annals of Periodontology, 3(1), 288-302.
  • Genco, R. J., & Sanz, M. (2020). Clinical and public health implications of periodontal and systemic diseases: An overview. Periodontology 2000, 83(1), 7-13.
  • Gondivkar, S. M., Gadbail, A. R., Gondivkar, R. S., Sarode, S. C., Sarode, G. S., Patil, S., & Awan, K. H. (2019). Nutrition and oral health. Disease-a-month, 65(6), 147-154.
  • Grant, W. B. (2011). A review of the role of solar ultraviolet-B irradiance and vitamin D in reducing risk of dental caries. Dermato-endocrinology, 3(3), 193-198.
  • Graziani, F., Discepoli, N., Gennai, S., Karapetsa, D., Nisi, M., Bianchi, L., Rosema, N. A. M., Van der Velden, U. (2018). The effect of twice daily kiwifruit consumption on periodontal and systemic conditions before and after treatment: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of periodontology, 89(3), 285-293.
  • Guh, D. P., Zhang, W., Bansback, N., Amarsi, Z., Birmingham, C. L., & Anis, A. H. (2009). The incidence of co-morbidities related to obesity and overweight: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 9(1), 88.
  • Halime, U., Sümeyye, E., Çatak, J., & Yaman, M. (2020). Vitamin C ve hastalıklar üzerine etkisi. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi(19), 746-756.
  • Han, M.-x., Ding, C., & Kyung, H.-M. (2015). Genetic polymorphisms in pattern recognition receptors and risk of periodontitis: Evidence based on 12,793 subjects. Human Immunology, 76(7), 496-504.
  • Hans, V. M., Mehta, D. S., & Hans, M. (2015). Association of Fc gamma-receptors IIa, IIIa, and IIIb genetic polymorphism with susceptibility to chronic periodontitis in South Indian population. Contemporary Clinical Dentistry, 6(Suppl 1), S141.
  • Harris, C., Warnakulasuriya, K., Johnson, N., Gelbier, S., & Peters, T. (1996). Oral health in alcohol misusers. Community Dental Health, 13(4), 199-203.
  • Hollá, L. I., Fassmann, A., Vašků, A., Znojil, V., Vaněk, J., & Vácha, J. (2001a). Interactions of lymphotoxin α (TNF‐β), angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE), and endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) gene polymorphisms in adult periodontitis. Journal of Periodontology, 72(1), 85-89.
  • Hollá, L. I., Kaňková, K., Fassmann, A., Bučková, D., Halabala, T., Znojil, V., & Vaněk, J. (2001b). Distribution of the receptor for advanced glycation end products gene polymorphisms in patients with chronic periodontitis: a preliminary study. Journal of Periodontology, 72(12), 1742-1746.
  • Hujoel, P. P., & Lingström, P. (2017). Nutrition, dental caries and periodontal disease: a narrative review. Journal of clinical periodontology, 44, S79-S84.
  • Isola, G., Alibrandi, A., Rapisarda, E., Matarese, G., Williams, R. C., & Leonardi, R. (2020). Association of vitamin D in patients with periodontitis: A cross‐sectional study. Journal of periodontal research, 55(5), 602-612.
  • Iwasaki, M., Moynihan, P., Manz, M. C., Taylor, G. W., Yoshihara, A., Muramatsu, K., Watanabe, R., Miyazaki, H. (2013). Dietary antioxidants and periodontal disease in community-based older Japanese: a 2-year follow-up study. Public health nutrition, 16(2), 330-338.
  • Iwasaki, M., Taylor, G. W., Moynihan, P., Yoshihara, A., Muramatsu, K., Watanabe, R., & Miyazaki, H. (2011). Dietary ratio of n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and periodontal disease in community-based older Japanese: a 3-year follow-up study. Prostaglandins, leukotrienes and essential fatty acids, 85(2), 107-112.
  • Iwasaki, M., Yoshihara, A., Moynihan, P., Watanabe, R., Taylor, G. W., & Miyazaki, H. (2010). Longitudinal relationship between dietary ω-3 fatty acids and periodontal disease. Nutrition, 26(11-12), 1105-1109.
  • Jain, P., Hassan, N., Khatoon, K., Mirza, M. A., Naseef, P. P., Kuruniyan, M. S., & Iqbal, Z. (2021). Periodontitis and Systemic Disorder—An Overview of Relation and Novel Treatment Modalities. Pharmaceutics, 13(8), 1175.
  • James, J. A., Poulton, K. V., Haworth, S. E., Payne, D., McKay, I. J., Clarke, F. M., Hughes, F. J., Linden, G. J. (2007). Polymorphisms of TLR4 but not CD14 are associated with a decreased risk of aggressive periodontitis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 34(2), 111-117.
  • Janakiram, C., & Dye, B. A. (2020). A public health approach for prevention of periodontal disease. Periodontology 2000, 84(1), 202-214.
  • Jauhiainen, L., Suominen, A. L., Kanerva, N., Männistö, S., Knuuttila, M., & Ylöstalo, P. (2016). Periodontal pocketing and gingival bleeding in relation to Nordic diet–results from a population‐based survey. Journal of clinical periodontology, 43(12), 1013-1023.
  • Jenzsch, A., Eick, S., Rassoul, F., Purschwitz, R., & Jentsch, H. (2008). Nutritional intervention in patients with periodontal disease: clinical, immunological and microbiological variables during 12 months. British journal of nutrition, 101(6), 879-885.
  • Jia, X.-W., Yuan, Y.-D., Yao, Z.-X., Wu, C.-J., Chen, X., Chen, X.-H., Lin, Y.-M., Meng, X.-Y., Zeng, X.-T., Shao, J. (2017). Association between IL-4 and IL-4R polymorphisms and periodontitis: A meta-analysis. Disease Markers, 2017.
  • Jimenez, M., Giovannucci, E., Kaye, E. K., Joshipura, K. J., & Dietrich, T. (2014). Predicted vitamin D status and incidence of tooth loss and periodontitis. Public health nutrition, 17(4), 844-852.
  • Karimbux, N. Y., Saraiya, V. M., Elangovan, S., Allareddy, V., Kinnunen, T., Kornman, K. S., & Duff, G. W. (2012). Interleukin‐1 gene polymorphisms and chronic periodontitis in adult whites: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of Periodontology, 83(11), 1407-1419.
  • Khammissa, R., Ballyram, R., Jadwat, Y., Fourie, J., Lemmer, J., & Feller, L. (2018). Vitamin D deficiency as it relates to oral immunity and chronic periodontitis. International journal of dentistry, 2018.
  • Khan, M. S., Alasqah, M., Alammar, L. M., & Alkhaibari, Y. (2020). Obesity and periodontal disease: A review. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 9(6), 2650.
  • Khan, Z., Tönnies, J., & Müller, S. (2014). Smokeless tobacco and oral cancer in South Asia: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Journal of Cancer Epidemiology, 2014.
  • Kikuchi, T., Hayashi, J.-i., & Mitani, A. (2022). Next-Generation Examination, Diagnosis, and Personalized Medicine in Periodontal Disease. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 12(10), 1743.
  • Kim, H., Kim, S., & Jung, S. (2020). Instruction of microbiome taxonomic profiling based on 16S rRNA sequencing. Journal of Microbiology, 58, 193-205.
  • Klein, S. L., & Flanagan, K. L. (2016). Sex differences in immune responses. Nature Reviews Immunology, 16(10), 626-638.
  • Kondo, K., Ishikado, A., Morino, K., Nishio, Y., Ugi, S., Kajiwara, S., Kurihara, M., Iwakawa, H., Nakao, K., Uesaki,S., Shigeta, Y., Imanaka, H., Yoshizaki T. , Sekine, O., Makino, T., Maegawa, H., King, G.L., Kashiwagi, A. (2014). A high-fiber, low-fat diet improves periodontal disease markers in high-risk subjects: a pilot study. Nutrition research, 34(6), 491-498.
  • Kulkarni, R., Rampersaud, R., Aguilar, J. L., Randis, T. M., Kreindler, J. L., & Ratner, A. J. (2010). Cigarette smoke inhibits airway epithelial cell innate immune responses to bacteria. Infection and Immunity, 78(5), 2146-2152.
  • Kulkarni, V., Bhatavadekar, N. B., & Uttamani, J. R. (2014). Effect of nutrition on periodontal disease: a systematic review. Journal of the California Dental Association, 42(5), 303-311.
  • Kulshrestha, R., Srinivasa, T., & Biswas, J. (2013). Role of immunoglobulin G and A in periodontitis: A review. Journal of Pure & Applied Microbiology, 7(1), 673-676.
  • Kumar, P. S. (2020). Interventions to prevent periodontal disease in tobacco‐, alcohol‐, and drug‐dependent individuals. Periodontology 2000, 84(1), 84-101.
  • Labriola, A., Needleman, I., & Moles, D. R. (2005). Systematic review of the effect of smoking on nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Periodontology 2000, 37(1), 124-137.
  • Lachenmeier, D. W., & Monakhova, Y. B. (2011). Short-term salivary acetaldehyde increase due to direct exposure to alcoholic beverages as an additional cancer risk factor beyond ethanol metabolism. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Cancer Research, 30, 1-9.
  • Larsen, T., & Fiehn, N. E. (2017). Dental biofilm infections–an update. APMIS, 125(4), 376-384. Lee, M.-R. (2023). Relationship between Diet Quality and Periodontal Disease in South Korean Adults Aged≥ 40 Years. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(6), 5039.
  • Leite, F. R., Enevold, C., Bendtzen, K., Baelum, V., & López, R. (2019). Pattern recognition receptor polymorphisms in early periodontitis. Journal of Periodontology, 90(6), 647-654.
  • LeResche, L., & Dworkin, S. F. (2002). The role of stress in inflammatory disease, including periodontal disease: review of concepts and current findings. Periodontology 2000, 30(1), 91-103.
  • Li, W., Zhu, Y., Singh, P., Ajmera, D. H., Song, J., & Ji, P. (2016). Association of common variants in MMPs with periodontitis risk. Disease Markers, 2016.
  • Li, Y., Feng, G., Deng, Y., & Song, J. (2018). Contribution of Interleukin-10-592 (-590,-597) C> A polymorphisms to periodontitis susceptibility: An updated meta-analysis Based on 18 case-control studies. Disease Markers, 2018.
  • Lipsky, M. S., Su, S., Crespo, C. J., & Hung, M. (2021). Men and oral health: a review of sex and gender differences. American journal of men's health, 15(3), 15579883211016361.
  • Loos, B. G. (2005). Systemic markers of inflammation in periodontitis. Journal of periodontology, 76, 2106-2115.
  • Mahanonda, R., Sa‐Ard‐Iam, N., Eksomtramate, M., Rerkyen, P., Phairat, B., Schaecher, K., Fukuda, M. M.,Pichyangkul, S. (2009). Cigarette smoke extract modulates human β‐defensin‐2 and interleukin‐8 expression in human gingival epithelial cells. Journal of Periodontal Research, 44(4), 557-564. Martinon, P., Fraticelli, L., Giboreau, A., Dussart, C., Bourgeois, D., & Carrouel, F. (2021). Nutrition as a key modifiable factor for periodontitis and main chronic diseases. Journal of clinical medicine, 10(2), 197. Mattuella, L. G., Bernardi, L., Zambra, F. M. B., Campagnaro, M. B., Oppermann, R. V., Xavier, L. L., Chies José, A. B. M., L. A. (2020). Human leukocyte antigen-G polymorphisms in periodontitis. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 78(2), 141-145.
  • Mazur, M., Bietolini, S., Bellardini, D., Lussi, A., Corridore, D., Maruotti, A., Ottolenghi, L., Vozza, I., Guerra, F. (2020). Oral health in a cohort of individuals on a plant-based diet: a pilot study. La Clinica Terapeutica, 171(2), e142-e148.
  • Megha, K., & Mohanan, P. (2021). Role of immunoglobulin and antibodies in disease management. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 169, 28-38.
  • Meisel, P., Schwahn, C., Luedemann, J., John, U., Kroemer, H., & Kocher, T. (2005). Magnesium deficiency is associated with periodontal disease. Journal of dental research, 84(10), 937-941.
  • Merchant, A. T., Pitiphat, W., Franz, M., & Joshipura, K. J. (2006). Whole-grain and fiber intakes and periodontitis risk in men. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 83(6), 1395-1400.
  • Mıhçıoğlu, D. (2019). Epigenetik Mekanizmaların Besinlerin Biyoaktif Bileşenleri ile İlişkisi. Morita, I., Okamoto, Y., Yoshii, S., Nakagaki, H., Mizuno, K., Sheiham, A., & Sabbah, W. (2011). Five-year incidence of periodontal disease is related to body mass index. Journal of Dental Research, 90(2), 199-202.
  • Murthykumar, K., Arjunkumar, R., & Jayaseelan, V. P. (2019). Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism (rs10735810) and chronic periodontitis. Journal of Investigative and Clinical Dentistry, 10(4), e12440.
  • Najeeb, S., Zafar, M. S., Khurshid, Z., Zohaib, S., & Almas, K. (2016). The role of nutrition in periodontal health: an update. Nutrients, 8(9), 530.
  • Nazir, M., Al-Ansari, A., Al-Khalifa, K., Alhareky, M., Gaffar, B., & Almas, K. (2020). Global prevalence of periodontal disease and lack of its surveillance. The Scientific World Journal, 2020.
  • Nielsen, S. J., Trak-Fellermeier, M. A., Joshipura, K., & Dye, B. A. (2016). Dietary fiber intake is inversely associated with periodontal disease among US adults. The Journal of nutrition, 146(12), 2530-2536.
  • Nikolopoulos, G. K., Dimou, N. L., Hamodrakas, S. J., & Bagos, P. G. (2008). Cytokine gene polymorphisms in periodontal disease: a meta‐analysis of 53 studies including 4178 cases and 4590 controls. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 35(9), 754-767.
  • Nishida, M., Grossi, S. G., Dunford, R. G., Ho, A. W., Trevisan, M., & Genco, R. J. (2000). Calcium and the risk for periodontal disease. Journal of periodontology, 71(7), 1057-1066.
  • Nishimura, F., Iwamoto, Y., Mineshiba, J., Shimizu, A., Soga, Y., & Murayama, Y. (2003). Periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus: the role of tumor necrosis factor‐α in a 2‐way relationship. Journal of Periodontology, 74(1), 97-102.
  • Offenbacher, S., Lieff, S., Boggess, K., Murtha, A., Madianos, P., Champagne, C., McKaig, R.G., Jared, H.L., Mauriello, S.M., Auten Jr, R., Herbert, W.N.P., Beck, J.D. (2001). Maternal periodontitis and prematurity. Part I: Obstetric outcome of prematurity and growth restriction. Annals of Periodontology, 6(1), 164-174.
  • Ohyama, H., Takashiba, S., Oyaizu, K., Nagai, A., Naruse, T., Inoko, H., Kurihara, H., Murayama, Y. (1996). HLA Class II genotypes associated with early‐onset periodontitis: DQB1 molecule primarily confers susceptibility to the disease. Journal of Periodontology, 67(9), 888-894.
  • Park, E., Na, H. S., Kim, S. M., Wallet, S., Cha, S., & Chung, J. (2014). Xylitol, an anticaries agent, exhibits potent inhibition of inflammatory responses in human THP‐1‐derived macrophages infected with Porphyromonas gingivalis. Journal of periodontology, 85(6), e212-e223.
  • Pavlesen, S., Mai, X., Wactawski‐Wende, J., LaMonte, M. J., Hovey, K. M., Genco, R. J., & Millen, A. E. (2016). Vitamin D Status and tooth loss in postmenopausal females: The buffalo osteoporosis and periodontal disease (OsteOperio) study. Journal of periodontology, 87(8), 852-863.
  • Petersen, P. E., & Ogawa, H. (2005). Strengthening the prevention of periodontal disease: the WHO approach. Journal of periodontology, 76(12), 2187-2193.
  • Reichert, S., Altermann, W., Stein, J. M., Schaller, H. G., Machulla, H. K., & Schulz, S. (2013). Individual composition of human leukocyte antigens and periodontopathogens in the background of periodontitis. Journal of Periodontology, 84(1), 100-109.
  • Reynolds, I., & Duane, B. (2018). Periodontal disease has an impact on patients' quality of life. Evidence-based dentistry, 19(1), 14-15.
  • Rosan, B., & Lamont, R. J. (2000). Dental plaque formation. Microbes and infection, 2(13), 1599-1607.
  • Roved, J., Westerdahl, H., & Hasselquist, D. (2017). Sex differences in immune responses: Hormonal effects, antagonistic selection, and evolutionary consequences. Hormones and Behavior, 88, 95-105.
  • Rudick, C. P., Lang, M. S., & Miyamoto, T. (2019). Understanding the pathophysiology behind chairside diagnostics and genetic testing for IL‐1 and IL‐6. Oral Diseases, 25(8), 1879-1885.
  • Samur, G. (2012). Vitamin Mineraller ve Sağlığımız.
  • Santonocito, S., Polizzi, A., Palazzo, G., Indelicato, F., & Isola, G. (2021). Dietary factors affecting the prevalence and impact of periodontal disease. Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dentistry, 283-292.
  • Scannapieco, F. A., Bush, R. B., & Paju, S. (2003). Associations between periodontal disease and risk for atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, and stroke. A systematic review. Annals of Periodontology, 8(1), 38-53.
  • Sculley, D. V., & Langley-Evans, S. C. (2002). Salivary antioxidants and periodontal disease status. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 61(1), 137-143.
  • Sedghi, L. M., Bacino, M., & Kapila, Y. L. (2021). Periodontal disease: The good, the bad, and the unknown. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 11, 1210.
  • Shan, C., Aisaiti, A., Wu, Z. P., Wang, T. T., & Zhao, J. (2020). Association of TLR-2 gene polymorphisms with the risk of periodontitis: a meta-analysis. Disease Markers, 2020.
  • Sheiham, A., & Watt, R. G. (2000). The common risk factor approach: a rational basis for promoting oral health. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology: Commentary, 28(6), 399-406. Shimabukuro, Y., Nakayama, Y., Ogata, Y., Tamazawa, K., Shimauchi, H., Nishida, T., Ito, K., Chikazawa, T.,
  • Shinsuke Kataoka, Murakami, S. (2015). Effects of an Ascorbic Acid–Derivative Dentifrice in Patients With Gingivitis: A Double‐Masked, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial. Journal of periodontology, 86(1), 27-35.
  • Skvortsov, S., & Gabdoulkhakova, A. (2017). Formyl peptide receptor polymorphisms: 27 most possible ways for phagocyte dysfunction. Biochemistry (Moscow), 82, 426-437.
  • Slots, J. (2013). Periodontology: past, present, perspectives. Periodontology 2000, 62(1), 7-19. Slotwinska, S. M. (2013). The interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1-Ra) and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor I (sTNF RI) in periodontal disease.
  • Song, B., Zhang, Y., Chen, L., Zhou, T., Huang, W., Zhou, X., & Shao, L. (2017). The role of Toll‐like receptors in periodontitis. Oral Diseases, 23(2), 168-180.
  • Staufenbiel, I., Weinspach, K., Förster, G., Geurtsen, W., & Günay, H. (2013). Periodontal conditions in vegetarians: a clinical study. European journal of clinical nutrition, 67(8), 836-840.
  • Stein, J. M., Machulla, H. K., Smeets, R., Lampert, F., & Reichert, S. (2008). Human leukocyte antigen polymorphism in chronic and aggressive periodontitis among Caucasians: a meta‐analysis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 35(3), 183-192.
  • Tadjoedin, F. M., Fitri, A. H., Kuswandani, S. O., Sulijaya, B., & Soeroso, Y. (2017). The correlation between age and periodontal diseases. Journal of International Dental and Medical Research, 10(2), 327.
  • Takashiba, S., Ohyama, H., Oyaizu, K., Kogoe‐Kato, N., & Murayama, Y. (1999). HLA genetics for diagnosis of susceptibility to early‐onset periodontitis. Journal of Periodontal Research, 34(7), 374-378.
  • Taylor, G. W. (2001). Bidirectional interrelationships between diabetes and periodontal diseases: an epidemiologic perspective. Annals of Periodontology, 6(1), 99-112.
  • Tonetti, M. S., Greenwell, H., & Kornman, K. S. (2018). Staging and grading of periodontitis: Framework and proposal of a new classification and case definition. Journal of Periodontology, 89, S159-S172.
  • Van Dyke, T. E., & Dave, S. (2005). Risk factors for periodontitis. Journal of the International Academy of Periodontology, 7(1), 3.
  • van Woudenbergh, G. J., Theofylaktopoulou, D., Kuijsten, A., Ferreira, I., van Greevenbroek, M. M., van der Kallen, C. J., Schalkwijk, C. G., Stehouwer, C. D. A, Ocké, M. C., Nijpels, G., Dekker, J. M., Blaak, E.E., Feskens E. J. M. (2013). Adapted dietary inflammatory index and its association with a summary score for low-grade inflammation and markers of glucose metabolism: the Cohort study on Diabetes and Atherosclerosis Maastricht (CODAM) and the Hoorn study. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 98(6), 1533-1542.
  • Vijayalakshmi, R., Thamaraiselvan, J. M., Srinivasan, S., & Kumari, B. N. (2020). Obesity and periodontal disease–An overview. IP International Journal of Periodontology and Implantology, 5(1), 1-5.
  • Vogtmann, E., Graubard, B., Loftfield, E., Chaturvedi, A., Dye, B. A., Abnet, C. C., & Freedman, N. D. (2017). Contemporary impact of tobacco use on periodontal disease in the USA. Tobacco Control, 26(2), 237-238.
  • World Health Organization, Guideline:sugars intake for adults and childeren:World Health Organization,2015
  • Woelber, J. P., Bremer, K., Vach, K., König, D., Hellwig, E., Ratka-Krüger, P., Al-Ahmad, A., Tennert, C. (2017). An oral health optimized diet can reduce gingival and periodontal inflammation in humans-a randomized controlled pilot study. BMC oral health, 17(1), 1-8.
  • Xu, W., Zhou, W., Wang, H., & Liang, S. (2020). Roles of Porphyromonas gingivalis and its virulence factors in periodontitis. Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology, 120, 45-84.
  • Yoshie, H., Kobayashi, T., Tai, H., & Galicia, J. C. (2007). The role of genetic polymorphisms in periodontitis. Periodontology 2000, 43(1), 102-132.
  • Zacarias, J. M. V., de Alencar, J. B., Tsuneto, P. Y., Souza, V. H. d., Silva, C. O., Visentainer, J. E. L., & Sell, A. M. (2019). The influence of TLR4, CD14, OPG, and RANKL polymorphisms in periodontitis: a case-control study. Mediators of Inflammation, 2019.
  • Zhang, S., Crivello, A., Offenbacher, S., Moretti, A., Paquette, D. W., & Barros, S. P. (2010). Interferon‐gamma promoter hypomethylation and increased expression in chronic periodontitis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 37(11), 953-961.
  • Zhu, W., & Lee, S.-W. (2016). Surface interactions between two of the main periodontal pathogens: Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. Journal of periodontal & implant science, 46(1), 2-9.
  • Zong, G., Holtfreter, B., Scott, A. E., Völzke, H., Petersmann, A., Dietrich, T., Newson, R. S., Kocher, T. (2016). Serum vitamin B12 is inversely associated with periodontal progression and risk of tooth loss: a prospective cohort study. Journal of clinical periodontology, 43(1), 2-9.
There are 131 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Review
Authors

Tuba Ustaoğlu 0000-0003-1137-0368

Deniz Mıhçıoğlu 0000-0003-2355-8026

Early Pub Date December 26, 2023
Publication Date December 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023Volume: 8 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Ustaoğlu, T., & Mıhçıoğlu, D. (2023). Periodontal Hastalıklar: Başlıca Risk Faktörleri. Instıtute of Health Sciences Journal, 8(3), 501-512. https://doi.org/10.51754/cusbed.1296178
 Download Cover Image

   ici2.png    logo.png        asos-index.png       crossref-logo-landscape-200.png     logo.png       search-result-logo-horizontal-TEST.jpg 

     

logo.png    scilit.jpg     goole_scholar.jpg       logo.png    logo.png


f9ab67f.png                    download