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Methanolysis of Gmelina Seed Oil to Biodiesel with KNO3 Activated MgO-ZnO Composite Catalyst

Year 2019, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 335 - 348, 20.10.2019
https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.491458

Abstract




The present study juxtaposes for the first time the heterogeneous
methanolysis of gmelina oil over KNO3 activated MgO-ZnO with a NaOH
base methanolysis for biodiesel production. The conditions for biodiesel
production such as temperature, reaction time, NaOH (or KNO3 dose)
and methanol-gmelina oil ratio were optimised. The 4%w/w KNO3 activated
MgO-ZnO afforded high biodiesel yield (71.5 %) at 65oC predominantly
consisting of C13-C25 cuts of linear fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). This heterogeneous
catalyst was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive
X-ray (EDX) analyser, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform
infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
revealed the selectivity to
petroselinic
acid methyl est
er. The fuel properties of the biodiesel and its blends were consistent with
standards. Relatively, the NaOH process yielded higher biodiesel (96.8%) at 60oC,
90 min, 1.2 % NaOH and 9:1 methanol-oil ratio.




Thanks

Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company (KRPC), Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC)

References

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  • 2. Sun K, Lu J, Ma L, Han Y, Fu Z, Ding J. A comparative study on the catalytic performance of different zeolites for biodiesel production. Fuel. 2015; 158: 848-54.
  • 3. Feyzi M, Shahbazi Z. Preparation, kinetic and thermodynamic studies of Al–Sr nanocatalysts for biodiesel production. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. 2017; 71: 145-155.
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  • 7. Tural S. Zinc perchlorate hexahydrate catalyzed mono- and bis-transesterification of malonic esters. Turkish Journal of Chemistry. 2008; 32: 169-79.
  • 8. Alhassan FH, Rashid U, Taufiq-Yap YH. Biodiesel synthesis catalyzed by transition metal oxide: Ferric-manganese doped tungstated/molybdena nanoparticle catalyst. Journal of Oleo Science.2014; 10: 1-8.
  • 9. Lam MK, Lee KT, Mohamed AR. Homogeneous, heterogeneous and enzymatic catalysis for transesterification of high free fatty acid oil (waste cooking oil) to biodiesel: A review. Biotechnology Advances. 2010; 28: 500-518.
  • 10. Mehra T., process optimization biodiesel production from cedar wood oil (Cerdrus deodara) using response surface methodology, SAE Technical paper 2018-01-0665, 2018.
  • 11. Raita M, Laothanachareon T, Champreda V, Laosiripojana N. Biocatalytic esterification of palm oil fatty acids for biodiesel production using glycine-based cross-linked protein coated microcrystalline lipase. Journal of Molecular Catalysis. B: Enzymatic. 2011; 73: 74-9.
  • 12. Ramachandran K, Suganya T, Nagendra GN, Renganathan S. Recent developments for biodiesel production by ultrasonic assisted transesterification using different heterogeneous catalysts: A review. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2013; 22: 410-418.
  • 13. Istadi I, Prasetyo AP, Nugroho TS. Characterization of K2O/CaO-ZnO catalyst for transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel. Procedia Environmental Science. 2014; 23: 394-9.
  • 14. Abdulkareem-Alsultan G, Asikin-Mijan N, Lee HV, Taufiq-Yap YH. A new route for the synthesis of La-Ca oxide supported on nano activated carbon via vacuum impregnation method for one pot esterification transesterification reaction. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2016; 304: 61–71.
  • 15. Kesić Ž, Lukić I, Brkić D, Rogan J, Zdujić L, Liu H, Skala D. Mechanochemical preparation and characterization of CaO·ZnO used as catalyst for biodiesel synthesis. Applied Catalysis, A: General. 2012; 427: 58– 65.
  • 16. Kesić Ž, Lukić I, Zdujić L, Liu H, Skala D. Mechanochemical synthesis of CaO·ZnO.K2CO3 catalyst:Characterization and activity for methanolysis of sunflower oil. Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly. 2015; 21(1): 1−12.
  • 17. Fuwape JA, Onyekwelu JC, Adekunle, VAJ. Biomass equations and estimation for Gmelina arborea and Nauclea diderrichii stands in Akure forest reserve. Biomass & Bioenergy. 2001; 21: 401-5.
  • 18. Kansedo J, Lee KT. Process optimization and kinetic study for biodiesel production from nonedible sea mango (Cerbera odollam) oil using response surface methodology. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2013; 214: 157-64.
  • 19. Šánek L, Pecha J, Kolomaznik K, Bařinová M. Biodiesel production from tannery fleshings: Feedstock pretreatment and process modeling. Fuel. 2015; 148: 16-24.
  • 20. Okoro LN, Fadila IS, Mukhtar L, Clifford N. Thermodynamic and viscometric evaluation of biodiesel and blends from olive oil and cashew nut oil. Research Journal of Chemical Sciences. 2011; 1(4): 90-7.
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  • 24. Das S, Khushalani D. Nonhydrolytic route for synthesis of ZnO and its use as a recyclable photocatalyst. Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 2010; 114: 2544–50.
  • 25. Etacheri V, Roshan R, Kumar V. Mg-doped ZnO nanoparticles for efficient sunlight-driven photocatalysis. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 2012; 4: 2717-25.
  • 26. Feyzi M, Zinatizdeh AAL, Nouri P, Jafari F. Catalytic performance and characterization of promoted K-La/ZSM-5 nanocatalyst for biodiesel production. Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. 2018; 37(2): 33-44.
  • 27. Feyzi M, Khajavi G. Investigation of biodiesel production using modified strontium nanocatalysts supported on the ZSM-5 zeolite. Industrial Crops and Products. 2014; 58: 298–304.
  • 28. Meher LC, Naik SN, Das LM. Methanolysis of Pongamia pinnata (Karanja) oil for production of biodiesel, Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. 2004; 63: 913-8.
  • 29. Hoekman SK, Broch A, Robbins C, Ceniceros E, Natarajan M. Review of biodiesel composition, properties, and specifications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2012; 16: 143– 69.
  • 30. Rashid U, Anwar F, Moser BR, Knothe G. Moringa oleifera oil: A possible source of biodiesel. Bioresource Technology. 2008; 99: 8175–9.
  • 31. Knothe G. “Designer” Biodiesel: Optimizing fatty ester composition to improve fuel properties. Energy Fuels. 2008; 22: 1358–64.
  • 32. Berman P, Nizri S, Wiesman Z. Castor oil biodiesel and its blends as alternative fuel, Biomass & Bioenergy. 2011; 35: 2861-6.
  • 33. Nautiyal P, Subramanian KA, Dastidar MG. Kinetic and thermodynamic studies on biodiesel production from Spirulina platensis algae biomass using single stage extraction-transesterifcation process. Fuel. 2014; 135: 228-34.
  • 34. Astria DF, Ilvania CV, Fraderico AL, Heiddy MA, Vitor HM. Thermodynamic analysis of the kinetics reaction of the production of FAME and FAEE using Novazyme-435 as catalyst. Fuel Processing Technololgy. 2011; 92: 1007-11.
  • 35. Ahmad AL, Mat Yasin NH, Derek CJC, Lim JK. Kinetic studies and thermodynamics of oil extraction and transesterification of Chlorella sp. for biodiesel production. Environmental Technology. 2014; 35: 881-7.
  • 36. Engel T, Reid P. Physical chemistry. Pearson Education, San Fransisco; 2006.
Year 2019, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 335 - 348, 20.10.2019
https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.491458

Abstract

References

  • 1. Ullah Z, Bustam MA, Man Z. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil by acidic ionic liquid as a catalyst. Renewable Energy. 2015; 77: 521-6.
  • 2. Sun K, Lu J, Ma L, Han Y, Fu Z, Ding J. A comparative study on the catalytic performance of different zeolites for biodiesel production. Fuel. 2015; 158: 848-54.
  • 3. Feyzi M, Shahbazi Z. Preparation, kinetic and thermodynamic studies of Al–Sr nanocatalysts for biodiesel production. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. 2017; 71: 145-155.
  • 4. Ortiz-Martínez PA, Andreo-Martínez P, García-Martínez N, Pérez de le Ríos, Hernández-Fernández FJ, Quesada-Medina J. Approach to biodiesel production from microalgae under supercritical conditions by the PRISMA method. Fuel Processing Technology. 2019; 191: 211-222. 5. Shahir VK, Jawahar CP, Suresh PR, Vinod V. Experimental Investigation on Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Common Rail Direct InjectionEngine Using Animal Fat Biodiesel Blends. Energy Procedia, 2017; 117: 283-290.
  • 6. Goh BHH, Ong HC, Cheah MY, Chen W-H, Yu KL, Mahlia TMI. Sustainability of direct biodiesel synthesis from microalgae biomass: A critical review. Renewable and sustainable Energy Reviews. 2019; 107: 59-74.
  • 7. Tural S. Zinc perchlorate hexahydrate catalyzed mono- and bis-transesterification of malonic esters. Turkish Journal of Chemistry. 2008; 32: 169-79.
  • 8. Alhassan FH, Rashid U, Taufiq-Yap YH. Biodiesel synthesis catalyzed by transition metal oxide: Ferric-manganese doped tungstated/molybdena nanoparticle catalyst. Journal of Oleo Science.2014; 10: 1-8.
  • 9. Lam MK, Lee KT, Mohamed AR. Homogeneous, heterogeneous and enzymatic catalysis for transesterification of high free fatty acid oil (waste cooking oil) to biodiesel: A review. Biotechnology Advances. 2010; 28: 500-518.
  • 10. Mehra T., process optimization biodiesel production from cedar wood oil (Cerdrus deodara) using response surface methodology, SAE Technical paper 2018-01-0665, 2018.
  • 11. Raita M, Laothanachareon T, Champreda V, Laosiripojana N. Biocatalytic esterification of palm oil fatty acids for biodiesel production using glycine-based cross-linked protein coated microcrystalline lipase. Journal of Molecular Catalysis. B: Enzymatic. 2011; 73: 74-9.
  • 12. Ramachandran K, Suganya T, Nagendra GN, Renganathan S. Recent developments for biodiesel production by ultrasonic assisted transesterification using different heterogeneous catalysts: A review. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2013; 22: 410-418.
  • 13. Istadi I, Prasetyo AP, Nugroho TS. Characterization of K2O/CaO-ZnO catalyst for transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel. Procedia Environmental Science. 2014; 23: 394-9.
  • 14. Abdulkareem-Alsultan G, Asikin-Mijan N, Lee HV, Taufiq-Yap YH. A new route for the synthesis of La-Ca oxide supported on nano activated carbon via vacuum impregnation method for one pot esterification transesterification reaction. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2016; 304: 61–71.
  • 15. Kesić Ž, Lukić I, Brkić D, Rogan J, Zdujić L, Liu H, Skala D. Mechanochemical preparation and characterization of CaO·ZnO used as catalyst for biodiesel synthesis. Applied Catalysis, A: General. 2012; 427: 58– 65.
  • 16. Kesić Ž, Lukić I, Zdujić L, Liu H, Skala D. Mechanochemical synthesis of CaO·ZnO.K2CO3 catalyst:Characterization and activity for methanolysis of sunflower oil. Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly. 2015; 21(1): 1−12.
  • 17. Fuwape JA, Onyekwelu JC, Adekunle, VAJ. Biomass equations and estimation for Gmelina arborea and Nauclea diderrichii stands in Akure forest reserve. Biomass & Bioenergy. 2001; 21: 401-5.
  • 18. Kansedo J, Lee KT. Process optimization and kinetic study for biodiesel production from nonedible sea mango (Cerbera odollam) oil using response surface methodology. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2013; 214: 157-64.
  • 19. Šánek L, Pecha J, Kolomaznik K, Bařinová M. Biodiesel production from tannery fleshings: Feedstock pretreatment and process modeling. Fuel. 2015; 148: 16-24.
  • 20. Okoro LN, Fadila IS, Mukhtar L, Clifford N. Thermodynamic and viscometric evaluation of biodiesel and blends from olive oil and cashew nut oil. Research Journal of Chemical Sciences. 2011; 1(4): 90-7.
  • 21. AOCS Methods Ca 5a-40, Official methods and recommended practices of the American Oil Chemists’ Society. American Oil Chemists Society, Champaign IL, USA; 2000a.
  • 22. AOCS Method Cd 3b-76, Official methods and recommended practices of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 5th Ed., American Oil Chemists Society, Champaign IL, USA; 2000b.
  • 23. ASTM Method D6751-02 “Standard specification for biodiesel fuel (B100) blend stock for distillate fuels” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, Pennsylvania, United States of America; 2002.
  • 24. Das S, Khushalani D. Nonhydrolytic route for synthesis of ZnO and its use as a recyclable photocatalyst. Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 2010; 114: 2544–50.
  • 25. Etacheri V, Roshan R, Kumar V. Mg-doped ZnO nanoparticles for efficient sunlight-driven photocatalysis. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 2012; 4: 2717-25.
  • 26. Feyzi M, Zinatizdeh AAL, Nouri P, Jafari F. Catalytic performance and characterization of promoted K-La/ZSM-5 nanocatalyst for biodiesel production. Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. 2018; 37(2): 33-44.
  • 27. Feyzi M, Khajavi G. Investigation of biodiesel production using modified strontium nanocatalysts supported on the ZSM-5 zeolite. Industrial Crops and Products. 2014; 58: 298–304.
  • 28. Meher LC, Naik SN, Das LM. Methanolysis of Pongamia pinnata (Karanja) oil for production of biodiesel, Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. 2004; 63: 913-8.
  • 29. Hoekman SK, Broch A, Robbins C, Ceniceros E, Natarajan M. Review of biodiesel composition, properties, and specifications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2012; 16: 143– 69.
  • 30. Rashid U, Anwar F, Moser BR, Knothe G. Moringa oleifera oil: A possible source of biodiesel. Bioresource Technology. 2008; 99: 8175–9.
  • 31. Knothe G. “Designer” Biodiesel: Optimizing fatty ester composition to improve fuel properties. Energy Fuels. 2008; 22: 1358–64.
  • 32. Berman P, Nizri S, Wiesman Z. Castor oil biodiesel and its blends as alternative fuel, Biomass & Bioenergy. 2011; 35: 2861-6.
  • 33. Nautiyal P, Subramanian KA, Dastidar MG. Kinetic and thermodynamic studies on biodiesel production from Spirulina platensis algae biomass using single stage extraction-transesterifcation process. Fuel. 2014; 135: 228-34.
  • 34. Astria DF, Ilvania CV, Fraderico AL, Heiddy MA, Vitor HM. Thermodynamic analysis of the kinetics reaction of the production of FAME and FAEE using Novazyme-435 as catalyst. Fuel Processing Technololgy. 2011; 92: 1007-11.
  • 35. Ahmad AL, Mat Yasin NH, Derek CJC, Lim JK. Kinetic studies and thermodynamics of oil extraction and transesterification of Chlorella sp. for biodiesel production. Environmental Technology. 2014; 35: 881-7.
  • 36. Engel T, Reid P. Physical chemistry. Pearson Education, San Fransisco; 2006.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Chemical Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Hamza Sani This is me 0000-0001-5329-0601

Umar Gaya 0000-0002-2396-3761

Publication Date October 20, 2019
Submission Date December 3, 2018
Acceptance Date July 30, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 6 Issue: 3

Cite

Vancouver Sani H, Gaya U. Methanolysis of Gmelina Seed Oil to Biodiesel with KNO3 Activated MgO-ZnO Composite Catalyst. JOTCSA. 2019;6(3):335-48.