Research Article
Menstrasyon Döneminde COVID-19 Pozitif Olan ve Olmayan Kadınların Günlük Menstrual Semptomlarının Karşılaştırılması
Abstract
Amaç: Bu çalışma menstrüel dönemde COVID-19 pozitif olan kadınların yaşadıkları semptomları belirlemek ve COVID-19 pozitif olmayan kadınlarla karşılaştırılmasını yapmak amacıyla yapılmıştır.
Yöntem: Araştırmanın örneklem büyüklüğü güç analizine göre; COVID-19 pozitif olan vaka grubunda 69 kadın ve COVID-19 olmayan kontrol grubunda 200 kadın olarak belirlendi. Araştırma Mart- Mayıs 2022 tarihlerinde, Malatya İl Sağlık Müdürlüğüne bağlı Aile Sağlığı Merkezlerinde yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın verilerini toplamak için “Tanımlayıcı Özellikler Anketi” ve “Günlük Adet Semptomları Değerlendirme Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır.
Bulgular: Ümitsizlik, depresyon, aktivite yetersizliği, içe kapanma, gerginlik, kolay öfkelenme, tartışmaya yatkınlık, karında şişkinlik, yüz/el-ayak bileklerinde şişkinlik, kalça-karında ağrı, sırt ağrısı, yorgunluk, memede şişlik-hassasiyet ve baş ağrısı semptomları puan ortalamaları açısından vaka ve kontrol grupları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık olduğu görüldü (p<0,05). COVID-19 pozitif olan kadınların bu semptomları, pozitif olmayan kadınlara göre daha yoğun yaşadıkları belirlendi.
Sonuç: Adet döneminde COVID-19 pozitif olan kadınlarda günlük menstrüasyon belirtilerinin yoğunluğu COVID-19 olmayan kadınlara göre daha fazladır. Pandemi gibi zorlu süreçlerde; halk sağlığı hemşiresi tarafından kadınların sağlık durumlarının takip edilmesi ve mensturasyon dönemi semptomlarıyla başa çıkma sistemlerinin desteklenmesi önerilir.
Keywords
References
- Albert, P.R. (2015). Why is depression more prevalent in women? Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience: 40(4), 219–221. https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.150205
- Aolymat, I. (2021). A cross-sectional study of the impact of COVID-19 on domestic violence, menstruation, genital tract health, and contraception use among women in Jordan. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 104(2), 519-525. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-1269
- Demir, O., Sal, H. & Comba, C. (2021). Triangle of COVID-19, anxiety and menstrual cycle. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 41(8), 1257-1261. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443615.2021.1907562
- Edelman, A., Boniface, E. R., Benhar, E., Leo, H., Kristen, A. M., Carlotta, F., Jack P. T. & Blair, G. D. (2022). Association between menstrual cycle length and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination: A U.S. Cohort. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 139(4), 481-489. https://doi.org 0.1097/AOG.0000000000004695
- Gao, J., Zheng, P., Jia, Y., Chen, H., Mao, Yimeng, C., Suhong, Wang, Y., Fu, H. & Dai, J. (2020). Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak. PLoS One,15(4), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231924
- Gellersen, B. & Brosens, J. J. (2014). Cyclic decidualization of the human endometrium in reproductive health and failure. Endocrine Reviews, 35(6), 851–905. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2014-1045
- Guan, W. J., Ni, Z. Y., Hu, Y., Liang, W. H., Qu, C. Q., He, J. X., Liu, l., Shan, H., Lei, C. L., Hui, D. S. C., Du, B. & et al. (2020). Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(18), 1708-1720. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2002032
- Hossain, M. M., Tasnim, S., Sultana, A., Faizah, F., Mazumder, H., Zou, L., McKyer, E. L. J., Ahmed, H. & Ma, P. (2020). Epidemiology of mental health problems in COVID-19: A review. F1000Research, 636(9), 1-16. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.24457.1
- Huang, Y. & Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: A web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Research, 288 (112954), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954
- Jang, D. & Elfenbein, H. A. (2019). Menstrual cycle effects on mental health outcomes: A meta-analysis. Archives of Suicide Research, 23(2), 312–332. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2018.1430638
- Koyucu, R. G. & Yalazı, Ö, R. (2021). COVID-19 sürecinde sağlık bilimleri fakültesi öğrencilerinin premenstrual sendrom düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. Acıbadem Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(2), 496-501 https://doi.org/10.31067/acusaglik.852093 (In Turkish)
- Kwong, A. S., Pearson, R. M., Adams, M. J., Northstone, K., Tilling, K., Smith, D. & Timpson, N. J. (2021). Mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in two longitudinal UK population cohorts. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 218(6), 334-343. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2020.242
- Li, K., Chen, G., Hou, H., Liao, Q., Chen, J., Bai, H. Shiyeow, L., Wang, C., Li, H., Cheng, L. & Ai, J. (2021). Analysis of sex hormones and menstruation in COVID-19 women of child-bearing age. Reproductive Biomedicine Online, 42(1), 260-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.09.020
- Marroquín, B., Vine, V. & Morgan, R. (2020). Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: Effects of stay-at-home policies, social distancing behavior, and social resources. Psychiatry Research, 293 (113419), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113419
- McLean, C. P., Asnaani, A., Litz, B. T. & Hofmann, S. G. (2011). Gender differences in anxiety disorders: prevalence, course of illness, comorbidity and burden of illness. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45(8), 1027-1035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.03.006
- Nagma, S., Kapoor, G., Bharti, R., Batra, A., Batra, A., Aggarwal, A. & Sablok, A. (2015). To evaluate the effect of perceived stress on menstrual function. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 9(3), 1-3. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2015/6906.5611
- Nguyen, B. T., Pang, R. D., Nelson, A. L., Pearson, J. T., Benhar, T., Noccioli, E., Reissner, H. R., von Schwarzenfeld, A. K. & Acuna, J. (2021). Detecting variations in ovulation and menstruation during the COVID-19 pandemic, using real-world mobile app data. PloS One, 16(10), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258314
- Oskay, Ü., Gülbeyaz, C., Dersu, T. & Sezgin, Ö. (2008). Hemşirelik yüksekokulu öğrencilerinde görülen perimenstrual sorunlar. Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 16(63), 157-164.
- Ozimek, N., Velez, K., Anvari, H., Butler, L., Goldman, K. N. & Woitowich, N. C. (2022). Impact of stress on menstrual cyclicity during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: A survey study. Journal of Women's Health, 31(1), 84-90. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2021.0158
- Park, C. L., Russell, B. S., Fendrich, M., Finkelstein-Fox, L., Hutchison, M. & Becker, J. (2020). Americans’ COVID-19 stress, coping, and adherence to CDC guidelines. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 35(8), 2296-2303. DOI: 10.1007/s11606-020-05898-9
- Phelan, N., Behan, L. A. & Owens, L. (2021). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women’s reproductive health. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 12 (642755) 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.642755
- Rodríguez, Q. L., Toro, W. M. F., Martínez-Ávila, M. C. & Patiño-Aldana, A. F. (2022). Menstrual cycle disturbances after COVID-19 vaccination. Women's Health, 18, 17455057221109375.
- Salari, N., Hosseinian-Far, A., Jalali, R., Vaisi-Raygani, A., Rasoulpoor, S. & Mohammadi, M., Rasoulpoor, S. & Khaled-Paveh, B. (2020). Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Globalization and Health, 16(57), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-020-00589-w
- Taylor, J. W. (1979). The timing of menstruation- related symptoms assessed by a daily symptom rating scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 60(1), 87-105.
- Torales, J., O’Higgins, M., Castaldelli-Maia, J.M. & Ventriglio, A. (2020). The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(4), 317-320. https://doi.org/10.1177/00207640209152
- Tull, M. T., Edmonds, K. A., Scamaldo, K. M., Richmond, J. R., Rose, J. P. & Gratz, K. L. (2020). Psychological outcomes associated with stay-at-home orders and the perceived impact of COVID-19 on daily life. Psychiatry Research, 289(113098), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113098
- United Nations (UN) (2020, 9 April). Policy brief: The impact of COVID-19 on women. https://asiapacific.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2020/04/policy-brief-the-impact-ofCOVID-19-on-women
- United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) (2020, Mart). Toplumsal cinsiyet perspektifinden COVID-19. http://www.tapv.org.tr/toplumsal-cinsiyet-perspektifinden-COVID-19/
- Verma, R., Balhara, Y. P. S. & Guptaa, C. S. (2011). Gender differences in stress response: Role of developmental and biological determinants. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 20(1), 4-10. DOI: 10.4103/0972-6748.98407
- Willis, S. K., Hatch, E. E. & Wise, L. A. (2019). Sleep and female reproduction. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 31(4), 222-227. DOI: 10.1097/GCO.0000000000000554
- World Health Organization (WHO) (2020, 28 February). China joint mission on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-COVID-19 -final-report.pdf
- Yuksel, B. & Ozgor, F. (2020). Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on female sexual behavior. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 150(1), 98-102.
- Zhou, M., Zhang, X. & Qu, J. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A clinical update. Frontiers of Medicine, 14(2), 126-135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-020-0767-8
Comparison of Daily Menstrual Symptoms of COVID-19 Positive and Non- COVID-19 Positive Women During Menstruation
Abstract
Objective: This study was conducted to determine the symptoms experienced by women who were COVID-19 positive during menstruation and to compare them with women who were not COVID-19 positive.
Methods: According to the power analysis, the sample size of the study was determined as 69 women in the COVID-19 positive case group and 200 women in the control group without COVID-19. The study was conducted between March and May 2022 in Family Health Centers affiliated to Malatya Provincial Health Directorate. "Descriptive Characteristics Questionnaire" and "Daily Menstrual Symptoms Assessment Scale" were used to collect the data of the study.
Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the case and control groups in terms of mean scores of hopelessness, depression, lack of activity, introversion, tension, easy anger, tendency to argue, abdominal distension, facial/ankle/wrist distension, hip/abdominal pain, back pain, fatigue, breast swelling-sensitivity and headache symptoms (p<0.05). It was determined that women who were COVID-19 positive experienced these symptoms more intensely than women who were not positive.
Conclusion: The intensity of daily menstrual symptoms is higher in women who are COVID-19 positive during menstruation than in women without COVID-19. In challenging times such as a pandemic, it is recommended that public health nurses monitor women's health status and support their systems to cope with menstrual symptoms.
Keywords
References
- Albert, P.R. (2015). Why is depression more prevalent in women? Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience: 40(4), 219–221. https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.150205
- Aolymat, I. (2021). A cross-sectional study of the impact of COVID-19 on domestic violence, menstruation, genital tract health, and contraception use among women in Jordan. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 104(2), 519-525. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-1269
- Demir, O., Sal, H. & Comba, C. (2021). Triangle of COVID-19, anxiety and menstrual cycle. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 41(8), 1257-1261. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443615.2021.1907562
- Edelman, A., Boniface, E. R., Benhar, E., Leo, H., Kristen, A. M., Carlotta, F., Jack P. T. & Blair, G. D. (2022). Association between menstrual cycle length and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination: A U.S. Cohort. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 139(4), 481-489. https://doi.org 0.1097/AOG.0000000000004695
- Gao, J., Zheng, P., Jia, Y., Chen, H., Mao, Yimeng, C., Suhong, Wang, Y., Fu, H. & Dai, J. (2020). Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak. PLoS One,15(4), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231924
- Gellersen, B. & Brosens, J. J. (2014). Cyclic decidualization of the human endometrium in reproductive health and failure. Endocrine Reviews, 35(6), 851–905. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2014-1045
- Guan, W. J., Ni, Z. Y., Hu, Y., Liang, W. H., Qu, C. Q., He, J. X., Liu, l., Shan, H., Lei, C. L., Hui, D. S. C., Du, B. & et al. (2020). Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(18), 1708-1720. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2002032
- Hossain, M. M., Tasnim, S., Sultana, A., Faizah, F., Mazumder, H., Zou, L., McKyer, E. L. J., Ahmed, H. & Ma, P. (2020). Epidemiology of mental health problems in COVID-19: A review. F1000Research, 636(9), 1-16. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.24457.1
- Huang, Y. & Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: A web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Research, 288 (112954), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954
- Jang, D. & Elfenbein, H. A. (2019). Menstrual cycle effects on mental health outcomes: A meta-analysis. Archives of Suicide Research, 23(2), 312–332. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2018.1430638
- Koyucu, R. G. & Yalazı, Ö, R. (2021). COVID-19 sürecinde sağlık bilimleri fakültesi öğrencilerinin premenstrual sendrom düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. Acıbadem Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(2), 496-501 https://doi.org/10.31067/acusaglik.852093 (In Turkish)
- Kwong, A. S., Pearson, R. M., Adams, M. J., Northstone, K., Tilling, K., Smith, D. & Timpson, N. J. (2021). Mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in two longitudinal UK population cohorts. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 218(6), 334-343. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2020.242
- Li, K., Chen, G., Hou, H., Liao, Q., Chen, J., Bai, H. Shiyeow, L., Wang, C., Li, H., Cheng, L. & Ai, J. (2021). Analysis of sex hormones and menstruation in COVID-19 women of child-bearing age. Reproductive Biomedicine Online, 42(1), 260-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.09.020
- Marroquín, B., Vine, V. & Morgan, R. (2020). Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: Effects of stay-at-home policies, social distancing behavior, and social resources. Psychiatry Research, 293 (113419), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113419
- McLean, C. P., Asnaani, A., Litz, B. T. & Hofmann, S. G. (2011). Gender differences in anxiety disorders: prevalence, course of illness, comorbidity and burden of illness. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45(8), 1027-1035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.03.006
- Nagma, S., Kapoor, G., Bharti, R., Batra, A., Batra, A., Aggarwal, A. & Sablok, A. (2015). To evaluate the effect of perceived stress on menstrual function. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 9(3), 1-3. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2015/6906.5611
- Nguyen, B. T., Pang, R. D., Nelson, A. L., Pearson, J. T., Benhar, T., Noccioli, E., Reissner, H. R., von Schwarzenfeld, A. K. & Acuna, J. (2021). Detecting variations in ovulation and menstruation during the COVID-19 pandemic, using real-world mobile app data. PloS One, 16(10), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258314
- Oskay, Ü., Gülbeyaz, C., Dersu, T. & Sezgin, Ö. (2008). Hemşirelik yüksekokulu öğrencilerinde görülen perimenstrual sorunlar. Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 16(63), 157-164.
- Ozimek, N., Velez, K., Anvari, H., Butler, L., Goldman, K. N. & Woitowich, N. C. (2022). Impact of stress on menstrual cyclicity during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: A survey study. Journal of Women's Health, 31(1), 84-90. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2021.0158
- Park, C. L., Russell, B. S., Fendrich, M., Finkelstein-Fox, L., Hutchison, M. & Becker, J. (2020). Americans’ COVID-19 stress, coping, and adherence to CDC guidelines. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 35(8), 2296-2303. DOI: 10.1007/s11606-020-05898-9
- Phelan, N., Behan, L. A. & Owens, L. (2021). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women’s reproductive health. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 12 (642755) 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.642755
- Rodríguez, Q. L., Toro, W. M. F., Martínez-Ávila, M. C. & Patiño-Aldana, A. F. (2022). Menstrual cycle disturbances after COVID-19 vaccination. Women's Health, 18, 17455057221109375.
- Salari, N., Hosseinian-Far, A., Jalali, R., Vaisi-Raygani, A., Rasoulpoor, S. & Mohammadi, M., Rasoulpoor, S. & Khaled-Paveh, B. (2020). Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Globalization and Health, 16(57), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-020-00589-w
- Taylor, J. W. (1979). The timing of menstruation- related symptoms assessed by a daily symptom rating scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 60(1), 87-105.
- Torales, J., O’Higgins, M., Castaldelli-Maia, J.M. & Ventriglio, A. (2020). The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(4), 317-320. https://doi.org/10.1177/00207640209152
- Tull, M. T., Edmonds, K. A., Scamaldo, K. M., Richmond, J. R., Rose, J. P. & Gratz, K. L. (2020). Psychological outcomes associated with stay-at-home orders and the perceived impact of COVID-19 on daily life. Psychiatry Research, 289(113098), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113098
- United Nations (UN) (2020, 9 April). Policy brief: The impact of COVID-19 on women. https://asiapacific.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2020/04/policy-brief-the-impact-ofCOVID-19-on-women
- United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) (2020, Mart). Toplumsal cinsiyet perspektifinden COVID-19. http://www.tapv.org.tr/toplumsal-cinsiyet-perspektifinden-COVID-19/
- Verma, R., Balhara, Y. P. S. & Guptaa, C. S. (2011). Gender differences in stress response: Role of developmental and biological determinants. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 20(1), 4-10. DOI: 10.4103/0972-6748.98407
- Willis, S. K., Hatch, E. E. & Wise, L. A. (2019). Sleep and female reproduction. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 31(4), 222-227. DOI: 10.1097/GCO.0000000000000554
- World Health Organization (WHO) (2020, 28 February). China joint mission on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-COVID-19 -final-report.pdf
- Yuksel, B. & Ozgor, F. (2020). Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on female sexual behavior. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 150(1), 98-102.
- Zhou, M., Zhang, X. & Qu, J. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A clinical update. Frontiers of Medicine, 14(2), 126-135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-020-0767-8
There are 33 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Public Health, Environmental Health |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | April 26, 2024 |
| Publication Date | April 30, 2024 |
| Submission Date | February 26, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2024 Volume: 6 Issue: 1 |
