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Usage of Latent Class Analysis in Diagnostic Microbiology in the Absence of Gold Standard Test

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 4, 467 - 488, 31.12.2016

Gül Bayram Abiha Abiha E. Arzu Kanık

https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.253560

Öz

The evaluation of performance of various tests diagnostic tests in the absence of gold standard is an important problem. Latent class analysis (LCA) is a statistical analysis method known for many years, especially in the absence of a gold standard for evaluation of diagnostic tests so that LCA has found its wide application area. During the last decade, LCA method has widely used in for determining sensivity and specifity of different microbiological tests. It has investigated in the diagnosis of mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycobacterium bovis, human papilloma virus, bordetella pertussis, influenza viruses, hepatitis E virus (HEV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and other various viral infections. Researchers have compared several diagnostic tests for the diagnosis of different pathogens with LCA. We aimed to evaluate performance of latent class analysis method used microbiological diagnosis in various diseases in several researches. When we took into account all of these tests’ results, we suppose that LCA is a good statistical analysis method to assess different test performances in the absence of gold standard.


Anahtar Kelimeler

Diagnostic tests infection nucleic acid amplification techniques

Kaynakça

  • Guatto R, Seegers H, Taurel AF, Joly A, Beaudeau F. Prevelance of Coxiella burnetii infection in domestic ruminants: a critical review. Vet Microbiol. 2011;149:1-16.
  • Rabenau HF, Kessler HH, Kortenbusch M, Steinhorst A, Raggam RB, Berger A: Verification and validation of diagnostic laboratory tests in clinical virology. J Clin Virol. 2007;40:93-8.
  • Qu YS, Tan M, Kutner MH: Random effects models in latent class analysis for evaluating accuracy of diagnostic tests. Biometrics. 1996; 52:797-810.
  • Pepe MS, Janes H. Insights into latent class analysis of diagnostic test performance. Biostatistics. 2007;8:474-84.
  • Strizich G, Gammon MD, Jacobson JS, Wall M, Abrahamson P, Bradshaw PT et al. Latent class analysis suggests four distinct classes of complementary medicine users among women with breast cancer. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2015;15:1-10.
  • Broonsvoort BMC, Wissmann B, Fevre EM, Handel IG, Picozzi K, Welburn SC. No gold standard estimation of the sensitivity and specificity of two molecular diagnostic protocols for Trypanosoma brucei spp. in Western Kenya. Plos one. 2010;5:1-8.
  • Carter RL, Kang L, Darcy KM, Kauderer J, Liao SY, Rodgers WH et al. A modified Latent Class Model assessment of human papillomavirus-based screening tests for cervical lesions in women with atypical glandular cells: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Cancer Causes Control.
  • Erdoğan S, Temel GO. Altın standart testin olmadığı durumda tanı testlerinin performanslarının değerlendirilmesi. Düzce Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi. 2014;16:58-62.
  • Bloomfield MG, Balm MND, Blackmore TK. Molecular testing for viral and bacterial enteric pathogens:gold standard for viruses, don’t let culture go just yet? Pathology. 2015;47:227-33.
  • Hadgu A, Dendukuri N, Hilden J. Evaluation of nucleic acid amplification tests in the absence of a perfect gold-standard test. Epidemiology. 2005;16:604-12.
  • Haugland S, Thune T, Fosse B, Wentzel-Larsen T, Hjelmevoll SO, Myrmel H. Comparing urine samples and cervical swabs for Cylamidia testing ,n a female population by means of strand displacement assay (SDA). BMC Women Health. 2010;10:1-6.
  • Pol BVD, Liesenfield O, Williams J, Taylor SN, Lillis RA, Body BA et al. Performance of the cobas CT/NG Test compared to the Aptima AC2 and Viper CTQ/GCQ assays for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae.J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50:2244-49.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/ 2015. (accessed 16.5.2015)
  • Taylor TB, Patterson C, Hale Y, Safranek WW. Routine use of PCR-Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis for identification of mycobacteria growing in liquid media. J Clin Microbiol. 1997;35:79-85.
  • Brunello F, Ligozzi M, Cristelli E, Bonora S, Tortoli E, Fontana R. Identification of 54 mycobacterial species by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the hsp65 gene. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39:2799–806.
  • Heilig C, Feng PJ, Joloba ML, Johnson JL. How we determined the most reliable solid medium for studying treatment of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis. 2014;94:317-22.
  • Fisman DN, Greer AL, Brouhanski G, Drews SJ. Of gastro and the gold standard: evaluation and policy implications of norovirus test performance for outbreak detection. J Transl Med. 2009;7:1- 9.
  • Baxter CG, Dunn G, Jones AM, Webb K, Gore R, Richardson MD et al. Novel immunologic classification of aspergillosis in adult cystic fibrosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;132:560-66.
  • Baughman AL, Bisgard KM, Cortese MM, Thompson WW, Sanden GN et al. Utility of composite reference standards and latent class analysis in evaluating the clinical accuracy of diagnostic tests for Pertussis. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2008;15:106-14.
  • Arduino JM, Stuver SO, Spiegelman D, Okayama A, Tabor E, Yu MW et al.. Assessment of Markers of Hepatitis C Virus Infection in a Japanese Adult Population. J Infect Dis. 2001;184:1229-35.
  • Poynard T, Ledinghen V, Zarski JP, Stanciu C, Munteanu M, Vergniol J et al. Fibrosis-TAGS group. Relative performances of FibroTest, Fibroscan, and biopsy for the assessment of the stage of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C: a step toward the truth in the absence of a gold standard. J Hepatol. 2012;56;541-48.
  • Boelaert M, Rijal S, Regmi S, Singh R, Karki B, Jacquet D et al. A comparative study of the effectiveness of diagnostic tests for visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004;70:72-7.
  • Canavate C, Herrero M, Nieto J, Cruz I, Chicharro C, Aparicio P et al. Evaluation of two rK39 dipstick tests, direct agglutination test and indirect fluorescent antibody test for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in a new epidemic site in highland Ethiopia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011;84:102-6.
  • Cota GF, Sausa MR, Freitas Nogueira BM, Gomes LI, Oliveira E, Assis TS et al. Comparison of parasitological, serological and molecular tests for visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-infected patients: a cross-sectional delayed-type study. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013;89:570-7.
  • Nascimento MC, Souza VA, Sumita LM, Freire W, Munoz F, Kim J et al. Comparative study of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus serological asssays using clinically and serologically defined reference standarts and latent class analysis. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45:715-20.
  • Bajani MD, Ashford DA, Bragg SL, Woods CW, Aye T, Spiegel RA et al. Evaluation of four commercially available serologic tests for diagnosis of leptospirosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:803-9.
  • Niloofa R, Fernando N, Silva NL, Karunanayake L, Wickramasinghe H, Dikmadugoda N et al. Diagnosis of Leptospirosis: comparison between microscopic agglutination test, IgM-ELISA and IgM Rapid Immunochromatography Test. Plos One. 2015;10:1-12.
  • Manning L, Laman M, Mare T, Hwaiwhanje I, Siba P, Davis TM. Accuracy of cerebrospinal leucocyte count, protein and culture fort he diagnosis of acute bacterial meningitidis: a comparative study using Bayesian latent class analysis. Trop Med Int Health. 2014;19:1520-4.
  • Butler JC, Bosshardt SC, Phelan M, Moroney SM, Tondella ML, Farley MM et al. Classical and latent class analysis evaluation of sputum polymerase chain reaction and urine antigen testing for diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia in adults. J Infect Dis. 2003;187:1416-23.
  • Pol BVD, Liesenfeld O, Williams JA, Taylor SN, Lillis RA, Body BA et al. Performance of the cobas CT/NG test compared to the Aptima AC2 and Viper CTQ/GCQ assays for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50:2244-49.
  • Ibironke O, Koukounari A, Asaolu S, Moustaki I, Shiff C. Validation of a new test for schistosoma haematobium based on detection of dra1 dna fragments in urine: evaluation through latent class analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6:1-6.
  • Foo KT, Blackstock AJ, Ochola EA, Matete DO, Mwinzi PN, Montgomery SP et al. Evaluation of point-of-contact circulating cathodic antigen assays for the detection of Schistosoma mansoni infection in low-, moderate-, and high-prevalence schools in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg.
  • Kostoulas P, Leontides L, Enoe C, Billinis C, Florou M, Sofia M. Bayesian estimation of sensitivity and specificity of serum ELISA and faecal culture for diagnosis of paratuberculosis in Greek dairy sheep and goats. Prev Vet Med. 2006;76:56-73.
  • Weber MF, Verhoeff J, Schaik G, Maanen C. Evaluation of Ziehl–Neelsen stained faecal smear and ELISA as tools for surveillance of clinical paratuberculosis in cattle in the Netherlands. Prev Vet Med. 2009;92:256-66.
  • Courcoul A, Moyen JL, Bruge L, Faye S, Henault S, Gares H. Estimation of sensitivity and specificity of bacteriology,histopathology and PCR for the confirmatory diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis using latent class analysis. Plos One. 2014;9:1-8.
  • Muma JB, Toft N, Oloya J, Lund A, Nielsen K, Samui K et al. Evaluation of three serological tests for brucellosis in naturally infected cattle using latent class analysis. Vet Microbiol. 2007;125:187-92.
  • Vico JP, Engel B, Buist WG, Mainar-Jaime RC. Evaluation of three commercial enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assays fort he detection of antibodies against Salmonella spp. in meat juice from finishing pigs in Spain. Zoonoses Public Health. 2010;57:107-14.
  • Nerette P, Dohoo I, Hammell L. Estimation of specifity and sensivity of three diagnostic tests for infectious salmon anaemia virus in the absence of a gold standard. J Fish Dis. 2005;28:89-99.
  • Abayneh T, Toft N, Mikalsen AB, Brun E, Sandberg M. Evaluation of histopathology, real-time PCR and virus isolation for diagnosis of infectious salmon anemia in Norwegian salmon using latent class analysis. J Fish Dis. 2010;33:529-32.
  • Benito A, Carmena D, Joseph L, Martinez J, Guisantes JA. Dog echinococcosis in northern Spain: comparison of coproantigen and serum antibody assaya with coprological exam. Vet Parasitol. 2006;142:102-11.
  • Mirhashemi ME, Zintl A, Grant T, Lucy FE, Mulcahy G, Waal T. Comparison of diagnostic techniques for the detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in animal samples. Exp Parasitol. 2015;151:14-20.
  • Fikru R, Andualem Y, Getachew T, Menten J, Hasker E, Merga B et al. Trypanosome infection in dromedary camels in Eastern Ethiopia: Prevelance, relative performance of diagnostic tools and host related risk factors. Vet Parasitol. 2015;211:175-81.
  • Rose N, Boutrouille A, Fablet C, Madec F, Eloit M, Pavio N. The use of Bayesian methods for evaluating the performance of a virvs-like particles-based ELISA for serology of hepatitis E virus infection in swine. J Virol Methods. 2010;163:329-35.
  • Pezzoni G, Caminiti A, Stercoli L, Grazioli S, Galletti G, Santi A et al. Comparison of three in-house ELISAs for the detection of hepatitis E virus infection in pigs under field conditions. J Virol Methods. 2014;207:95-103.
  • Ponterio E, Bartolo ID, Orru G, Liciardi M, Ostanello F, Ruggeri FM. Detection of serum antibodies to hepatitis E virus in domestic pigs in Italy using a recombinant swine HEV capsid protein. BMC Vet Res. 2014;10:1-7.
  • Comin A, Toft N, Stegeman A, Klinkenberg D, Marangon S. Serological diagnosis of avian influenza in poultry: is the haemagglutination inhibition test really the ‘gold standard’? Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2013;7:257-64.
  • Pecoraro HL, Spindel ME, Bennett S, Lunn KF, Landolt GA. Evaluation of virus isolation, one-step real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay, and two rapid influenza diagnostic tests for detecting canine Influenza A virus H3N8 shedding in dogs. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2013;25:402-6.
  • Toft N, Kerstedt JA, Tharaldsen J, Hopp P. Evaluation of three serological tests for diagnosis of Maedi-Visna virus infection using latent class analysis. Vet Microbiol. 2007;120:77-86.

Tanısal Mikrobiyolojide Altın Standart Testin Yokluğunda Gizli Sınıf Analizinin Kullanımı

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 4, 467 - 488, 31.12.2016

Gül Bayram Abiha Abiha E. Arzu Kanık

https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.253560

Öz

Altın standardın olmadığı çeşitli tanı testlerinin performansının belirlenmesi enfeksiyon hastalıklarının tanısında önemli bir problemdir. Gizli sınıf analizi (GSA), özellikle altın standardın olmadığı tanı testlerinin değerlendirilmesinde, uzun yıllardır bilinen bir istatistiksel analiz yöntemidir. Bu yüzden GSA kendisine geniş bir uygulama alanı bulmuştur. Son on yılda GSA yöntemi çeşitli mikrobiyolojik testlerin duyarlılığının ve özgüllüğünün belirlenmesi için büyük ölçüde kullanılmıştır. Bu test, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, human papilloma virüs, Bordetella pertussis, influenza virüsleri, hepatitis E virüs (HEV), hepatit C virüs (HCV) ve diğer viral enfeksiyonların tanısında araştırılmıştır. Araştırmacılar çeşitli tanı testlerinin performansını GSA ile farklı patojenlerin tanısında karşılaştırmışlardır. Bu çalışmada birçok hastalığın mikrobiyolojik tanısında GSA yönteminin performansının değerlendirildiği çeşitli araştırmaların derlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Tüm testlerin sonuçlarını göz önüne aldığımızda, GSA yönteminin, altın standardın olmadığı farklı testlerin performansının değerlendirilmesinde iyi bir istatistiksel analiz yöntemi olduğunu düşünmekteyiz.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Tanısal testler enfeksiyon nükleik asit amplifikasyon.

Kaynakça

  • Guatto R, Seegers H, Taurel AF, Joly A, Beaudeau F. Prevelance of Coxiella burnetii infection in domestic ruminants: a critical review. Vet Microbiol. 2011;149:1-16.
  • Rabenau HF, Kessler HH, Kortenbusch M, Steinhorst A, Raggam RB, Berger A: Verification and validation of diagnostic laboratory tests in clinical virology. J Clin Virol. 2007;40:93-8.
  • Qu YS, Tan M, Kutner MH: Random effects models in latent class analysis for evaluating accuracy of diagnostic tests. Biometrics. 1996; 52:797-810.
  • Pepe MS, Janes H. Insights into latent class analysis of diagnostic test performance. Biostatistics. 2007;8:474-84.
  • Strizich G, Gammon MD, Jacobson JS, Wall M, Abrahamson P, Bradshaw PT et al. Latent class analysis suggests four distinct classes of complementary medicine users among women with breast cancer. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2015;15:1-10.
  • Broonsvoort BMC, Wissmann B, Fevre EM, Handel IG, Picozzi K, Welburn SC. No gold standard estimation of the sensitivity and specificity of two molecular diagnostic protocols for Trypanosoma brucei spp. in Western Kenya. Plos one. 2010;5:1-8.
  • Carter RL, Kang L, Darcy KM, Kauderer J, Liao SY, Rodgers WH et al. A modified Latent Class Model assessment of human papillomavirus-based screening tests for cervical lesions in women with atypical glandular cells: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Cancer Causes Control.
  • Erdoğan S, Temel GO. Altın standart testin olmadığı durumda tanı testlerinin performanslarının değerlendirilmesi. Düzce Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi. 2014;16:58-62.
  • Bloomfield MG, Balm MND, Blackmore TK. Molecular testing for viral and bacterial enteric pathogens:gold standard for viruses, don’t let culture go just yet? Pathology. 2015;47:227-33.
  • Hadgu A, Dendukuri N, Hilden J. Evaluation of nucleic acid amplification tests in the absence of a perfect gold-standard test. Epidemiology. 2005;16:604-12.
  • Haugland S, Thune T, Fosse B, Wentzel-Larsen T, Hjelmevoll SO, Myrmel H. Comparing urine samples and cervical swabs for Cylamidia testing ,n a female population by means of strand displacement assay (SDA). BMC Women Health. 2010;10:1-6.
  • Pol BVD, Liesenfield O, Williams J, Taylor SN, Lillis RA, Body BA et al. Performance of the cobas CT/NG Test compared to the Aptima AC2 and Viper CTQ/GCQ assays for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae.J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50:2244-49.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/ 2015. (accessed 16.5.2015)
  • Taylor TB, Patterson C, Hale Y, Safranek WW. Routine use of PCR-Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis for identification of mycobacteria growing in liquid media. J Clin Microbiol. 1997;35:79-85.
  • Brunello F, Ligozzi M, Cristelli E, Bonora S, Tortoli E, Fontana R. Identification of 54 mycobacterial species by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the hsp65 gene. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39:2799–806.
  • Heilig C, Feng PJ, Joloba ML, Johnson JL. How we determined the most reliable solid medium for studying treatment of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis. 2014;94:317-22.
  • Fisman DN, Greer AL, Brouhanski G, Drews SJ. Of gastro and the gold standard: evaluation and policy implications of norovirus test performance for outbreak detection. J Transl Med. 2009;7:1- 9.
  • Baxter CG, Dunn G, Jones AM, Webb K, Gore R, Richardson MD et al. Novel immunologic classification of aspergillosis in adult cystic fibrosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;132:560-66.
  • Baughman AL, Bisgard KM, Cortese MM, Thompson WW, Sanden GN et al. Utility of composite reference standards and latent class analysis in evaluating the clinical accuracy of diagnostic tests for Pertussis. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2008;15:106-14.
  • Arduino JM, Stuver SO, Spiegelman D, Okayama A, Tabor E, Yu MW et al.. Assessment of Markers of Hepatitis C Virus Infection in a Japanese Adult Population. J Infect Dis. 2001;184:1229-35.
  • Poynard T, Ledinghen V, Zarski JP, Stanciu C, Munteanu M, Vergniol J et al. Fibrosis-TAGS group. Relative performances of FibroTest, Fibroscan, and biopsy for the assessment of the stage of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C: a step toward the truth in the absence of a gold standard. J Hepatol. 2012;56;541-48.
  • Boelaert M, Rijal S, Regmi S, Singh R, Karki B, Jacquet D et al. A comparative study of the effectiveness of diagnostic tests for visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004;70:72-7.
  • Canavate C, Herrero M, Nieto J, Cruz I, Chicharro C, Aparicio P et al. Evaluation of two rK39 dipstick tests, direct agglutination test and indirect fluorescent antibody test for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in a new epidemic site in highland Ethiopia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011;84:102-6.
  • Cota GF, Sausa MR, Freitas Nogueira BM, Gomes LI, Oliveira E, Assis TS et al. Comparison of parasitological, serological and molecular tests for visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-infected patients: a cross-sectional delayed-type study. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013;89:570-7.
  • Nascimento MC, Souza VA, Sumita LM, Freire W, Munoz F, Kim J et al. Comparative study of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus serological asssays using clinically and serologically defined reference standarts and latent class analysis. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45:715-20.
  • Bajani MD, Ashford DA, Bragg SL, Woods CW, Aye T, Spiegel RA et al. Evaluation of four commercially available serologic tests for diagnosis of leptospirosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:803-9.
  • Niloofa R, Fernando N, Silva NL, Karunanayake L, Wickramasinghe H, Dikmadugoda N et al. Diagnosis of Leptospirosis: comparison between microscopic agglutination test, IgM-ELISA and IgM Rapid Immunochromatography Test. Plos One. 2015;10:1-12.
  • Manning L, Laman M, Mare T, Hwaiwhanje I, Siba P, Davis TM. Accuracy of cerebrospinal leucocyte count, protein and culture fort he diagnosis of acute bacterial meningitidis: a comparative study using Bayesian latent class analysis. Trop Med Int Health. 2014;19:1520-4.
  • Butler JC, Bosshardt SC, Phelan M, Moroney SM, Tondella ML, Farley MM et al. Classical and latent class analysis evaluation of sputum polymerase chain reaction and urine antigen testing for diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia in adults. J Infect Dis. 2003;187:1416-23.
  • Pol BVD, Liesenfeld O, Williams JA, Taylor SN, Lillis RA, Body BA et al. Performance of the cobas CT/NG test compared to the Aptima AC2 and Viper CTQ/GCQ assays for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50:2244-49.
  • Ibironke O, Koukounari A, Asaolu S, Moustaki I, Shiff C. Validation of a new test for schistosoma haematobium based on detection of dra1 dna fragments in urine: evaluation through latent class analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6:1-6.
  • Foo KT, Blackstock AJ, Ochola EA, Matete DO, Mwinzi PN, Montgomery SP et al. Evaluation of point-of-contact circulating cathodic antigen assays for the detection of Schistosoma mansoni infection in low-, moderate-, and high-prevalence schools in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg.
  • Kostoulas P, Leontides L, Enoe C, Billinis C, Florou M, Sofia M. Bayesian estimation of sensitivity and specificity of serum ELISA and faecal culture for diagnosis of paratuberculosis in Greek dairy sheep and goats. Prev Vet Med. 2006;76:56-73.
  • Weber MF, Verhoeff J, Schaik G, Maanen C. Evaluation of Ziehl–Neelsen stained faecal smear and ELISA as tools for surveillance of clinical paratuberculosis in cattle in the Netherlands. Prev Vet Med. 2009;92:256-66.
  • Courcoul A, Moyen JL, Bruge L, Faye S, Henault S, Gares H. Estimation of sensitivity and specificity of bacteriology,histopathology and PCR for the confirmatory diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis using latent class analysis. Plos One. 2014;9:1-8.
  • Muma JB, Toft N, Oloya J, Lund A, Nielsen K, Samui K et al. Evaluation of three serological tests for brucellosis in naturally infected cattle using latent class analysis. Vet Microbiol. 2007;125:187-92.
  • Vico JP, Engel B, Buist WG, Mainar-Jaime RC. Evaluation of three commercial enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assays fort he detection of antibodies against Salmonella spp. in meat juice from finishing pigs in Spain. Zoonoses Public Health. 2010;57:107-14.
  • Nerette P, Dohoo I, Hammell L. Estimation of specifity and sensivity of three diagnostic tests for infectious salmon anaemia virus in the absence of a gold standard. J Fish Dis. 2005;28:89-99.
  • Abayneh T, Toft N, Mikalsen AB, Brun E, Sandberg M. Evaluation of histopathology, real-time PCR and virus isolation for diagnosis of infectious salmon anemia in Norwegian salmon using latent class analysis. J Fish Dis. 2010;33:529-32.
  • Benito A, Carmena D, Joseph L, Martinez J, Guisantes JA. Dog echinococcosis in northern Spain: comparison of coproantigen and serum antibody assaya with coprological exam. Vet Parasitol. 2006;142:102-11.
  • Mirhashemi ME, Zintl A, Grant T, Lucy FE, Mulcahy G, Waal T. Comparison of diagnostic techniques for the detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in animal samples. Exp Parasitol. 2015;151:14-20.
  • Fikru R, Andualem Y, Getachew T, Menten J, Hasker E, Merga B et al. Trypanosome infection in dromedary camels in Eastern Ethiopia: Prevelance, relative performance of diagnostic tools and host related risk factors. Vet Parasitol. 2015;211:175-81.
  • Rose N, Boutrouille A, Fablet C, Madec F, Eloit M, Pavio N. The use of Bayesian methods for evaluating the performance of a virvs-like particles-based ELISA for serology of hepatitis E virus infection in swine. J Virol Methods. 2010;163:329-35.
  • Pezzoni G, Caminiti A, Stercoli L, Grazioli S, Galletti G, Santi A et al. Comparison of three in-house ELISAs for the detection of hepatitis E virus infection in pigs under field conditions. J Virol Methods. 2014;207:95-103.
  • Ponterio E, Bartolo ID, Orru G, Liciardi M, Ostanello F, Ruggeri FM. Detection of serum antibodies to hepatitis E virus in domestic pigs in Italy using a recombinant swine HEV capsid protein. BMC Vet Res. 2014;10:1-7.
  • Comin A, Toft N, Stegeman A, Klinkenberg D, Marangon S. Serological diagnosis of avian influenza in poultry: is the haemagglutination inhibition test really the ‘gold standard’? Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2013;7:257-64.
  • Pecoraro HL, Spindel ME, Bennett S, Lunn KF, Landolt GA. Evaluation of virus isolation, one-step real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay, and two rapid influenza diagnostic tests for detecting canine Influenza A virus H3N8 shedding in dogs. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2013;25:402-6.
  • Toft N, Kerstedt JA, Tharaldsen J, Hopp P. Evaluation of three serological tests for diagnosis of Maedi-Visna virus infection using latent class analysis. Vet Microbiol. 2007;120:77-86.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Gül Bayram Abiha Abiha

E. Arzu Kanık Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2016
Kabul Tarihi 30 Mart 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 25 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

AMA Abiha GBA, Kanık EA. Tanısal Mikrobiyolojide Altın Standart Testin Yokluğunda Gizli Sınıf Analizinin Kullanımı. aktd. Aralık 2016;25(4):467-488. doi:10.17827/aktd.253560
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