Öz
Today, with the widespread use of remote working systems, many musculoskeletal problems can develop due to the repetitive use of computers for a long time. Laptop computers have a fixed keyboard, which reduces typing comfort and can cause upper extremity problems due to repetitive stress. While desktop computers have a separate keyboard and mouse, and the use of an alternative mouse or forearm support can reduce the risk of developing musculoskeletal problems, desktop computers can also cause problems such as pain in the spine, shoulders and arms, eye fatigue and dry eyes when used for a long time. It has been observed that the standard flat keyboard designs used may contribute to the development of musculoskeletal system disorders by requiring load on the arm and wrist postures in forearm pronation, ulnar deviation and wrist extension during typing. To reduce these problems, alternative keyboards with different geometric designs have been developed. Split keyboard designs have been shown to provide a more natural hand position, mainly by controlling forearm pronation and wrist extension, thereby reducing the potential for cumulative wrist trauma disorders. However, there is no clear consensus on choosing the most suitable alternative keyboard to reduce and prevent a specific postural disorder. Clinicians can suggest various ergonomic keyboard designs by considering the biomechanical effects of keyboard types on upper extremity postures, the user's occupation, computer usage time, and personal preferences to reduce musculoskeletal problems that may develop due to computer use. In addition, it is recommended to use a laptop stand, an external keyboard and a mouse, use ergonomic lumbar support, place the elbows at a 90-degree angle, use anti-reflective to prevent eye strain, do office exercises at regular intervals or take short breaks including short walks.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Proje Numarası
yok
Kaynakça
- KAYNAKLAR Argus, M. and Pääsuke, M. (2023). Musculoskeletal disorders and functional characteristics of the neck and shoulder: Comparison between office workers using a laptop or desktop computer. Work (Reading, Mass.), 75(4), 1289-1299. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-220080
- Baker, N.A. and Cidboy, E.L. (2006). The effect of three alternative keyboard designs on forearm pronation, wrist extension, and ulnar deviation: a meta-analysis. The American journal of occupational therapy: official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association, 60(1), 40-49. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.60.1.40
- Bergqvist, U., Wolgast, E., Nilsson, B. and Voss, M. (1995). Musculoskeletal disorders among visual display terminal workers: individual, ergonomic, and work organizational factors. Ergonomics, 38(4), 763–776. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139508925148
- Brewer, S., Van Eerd, D., Amick, B.C., 3rd, Irvin, E., Daum, K.M., Gerr, F., Moore, J.S., Cullen, K. & Rempel, D. (2006). Workplace interventions to prevent musculoskeletal and visual symptoms and disorders among computer users: a systematic review. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 16(3), 325–358. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-006-9031-6
- Colorado State University (2023). Laptop Computer Ergonomics. Erişim tarihi: 14.03.2023. https://rmi.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2021/07/ERGO_Laptop-Computer-Ergonomics-1-23-18.pdf
- Devereux, J.J., Vlachonikolis, I.G. & Buckle, P.W. (2002). Epidemiological study to investigate potential interaction between physical and psychosocial factors at work that may increase the risk of symptoms of musculoskeletal disorder of the neck and upper limb. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 59(4), 269–277. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.59.4.269
- Fagarasanu, M., Kumar, S. (2003). "Carpal tunnel syndrome due to keyboarding and mouse tasks: a review". International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. 31 (2): 119–136.
- Gerr, F., Monteilh, C.P. & Marcus, M. (2006). Keyboard use and musculoskeletal outcomes among computer users. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 16(3), 265–277. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-006-9037-0
- Hegmann, K.T., Melhorn, J.M., Ausfahl, J., Freshwater, M.F., Prezzia, C.P., Rempel, D.M., Roll, S.C., Rawlins, A.J., Werner, R.A. and Zaremski, J. (2016). Hand, Wrist, and Forearm Disorders Guideline (PDF). American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. p.42.
- IJmker, S., Huysmans, M.A., Blatter, B.M., van der Beek, A.J., van Mechelen, W. & Bongers, P.M. (2007). Should office workers spend fewer hours at their computer? A systematic review of the literature. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 64(4), 211-222. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2006.026468
- Jun, D., Zoe, M., Johnston, V. and O'Leary, S. (2017). Physical risk factors for developing non-specific neck pain in office workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International archives of occupational and environmental health, 90(5), 373-410. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-017-1205-3
- Kealoha (20 December 2021). "Safe Type Keyboard". All Things Ergo. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
- Moore, J.S. and Swanson, N. (2003). The effect of alternative keyboards on musculoskeletal symptoms and disorders. Proceedings of the human computer interaction international conference, Crete, Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis Group, pp.103-107.
- Rempel, D. (2008). "The Split Keyboard: An Ergonomics Success Story". Human Factors. 50 (3): 385-392.
- Rempel, D., Nathan-Roberts, D., Chen, B.Y. and Odell, D. (2009). The effects of split keyboard geometry on upper body postures. Ergonomics, 52(1), 104–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130802481040
- Sauter, S.L., Schleifer, L.M. and Knutson, S.J. (1991). Work posture, workstation design, and musculoskeletal discomfort in a VDT data entry task. Human Factors, 33(2), 151-167. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/001872089103300203
- Talmaci, P. (2022). Klavye ve mouse ergonomisi. Erişim tarihi: 16.03.2023. https://www.meslekhastaligi.net/klavye-mouse-ergonomi/
- Tittiranonda, P., Rempel, D., Armstrong, T. and Burastero, S. (1999). Effect of four computer keyboards in computer users with upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 35(6), 647–661. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0274(199906)35:6<647::aid-ajim12>3.0.co;2-5
- Waersted, M., Hanvold, T.N. and Veiersted, K.B. (2010). Computer work and musculoskeletal disorders of the neck and upper extremity: a systematic review. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 11, 79. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-11-79
- Yu, Z., James, C., Edwards, S. and Snodgrass, S. J. (2018). Differences in posture kinematics between using a tablet, a laptop, and a desktop computer in sitting and in standing. Work (Reading, Mass.), 61(2), 257-266. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-182796
- Zecevic, A., Miller, D.I. and Harburn, K. (2000). An evaluation of the ergonomics of three computer keyboards. Ergonomics, 43(1), 55-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/001401300184666
Öz
Günümüzde uzaktan çalışma sistemlerinin yaygınlaşması ile uzun süre bilgisayar kullananlarda tekrarlı kullanıma bağlı birçok kas iskelet sistemi problemi gelişebilmektedir. Dizüstü bilgisayarların birleşik sabit bir klavyesinin olması yazım konforunu azaltmakta, tekrarlayan strese bağlı üst ekstemite problemlerine yol açabilmektedir. Masaüstü bilgisayarların ayrı bir klavye ve faresinin olması, alternatif bir fare veya önkol desteği kullanımı kas iskelet sistemi problemlerinin gelişim riskini azaltabilmekle birlikte masaüstü bilgisayarlar da uzun süreli kullanıldığında omurga, omuz ve kollarda ağrı, göz yorgunluğu ve göz kuruluğuna gibi problemlere yol açabilmektedir. Kullanılan standart düz klavye tasarımlarının da yazma sırasında önkol pronasyonu, ulnar deviasyon ve bilek ekstansiyonunda kol ve bilek postürleri üzerinde yüklenme meydana gerektirerek kas iskelet sistemi bozukluklarının gelişimine katkıda bulunabileceği görülmüştür. Bu problemlerin azaltılabilmesi için farklı geometrik tasarımlara sahip alternatif klavyeler geliştirilmiştir. Bölünmüş klavye tasarımlarının özellikle önkol pronasyonu ve bilek ekstansiyonunu kontol ederek daha doğal bir el pozisyonu sağladığı ve böylece el bileğinde kümülatif travma bozukluklarının meydana gelme potansiyelini azalttığı gösterilmiştir. Ancak belirli bir postüral bozukluğun azaltılması ve önlenebilmesi için en uygun alternatif klavyenin seçilmesi konusunda net bir fikir birliği bulunmamaktadır. Klinisyeler, bilgisayar kullanımına bağlı gelişebilecek kas iskelet sistemi problemlerinin azaltılabilmesi için klavye türlerinin üst ekstremite postürleri üzerine olan biyomekanik etkileri ile birlikte kullanıcının mesleği, bilgisayar kullanım süresi, kişisel tercihleri gibi unsurları gözeterek çeşitli ergonomik klavye tasarımlarını önerebilirler. Bunun yanında dizüstü bilgisayar standı ile harici klavye ve farenin kullanılması, ergonomik bel desteğinin kullanılması, dirseklerin 90 derecelik açıyla yerleştirilmesi, göz etkilenimini önlemek için yansıma önleyici kullanılması, belirli aralıklar ile ofis egzersizlerinin yapılması veya kısa yürüyüşleri içeren kısa molaların verilmesi önerilmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Destekleyen Kurum
yok
Proje Numarası
yok
Kaynakça
- KAYNAKLAR Argus, M. and Pääsuke, M. (2023). Musculoskeletal disorders and functional characteristics of the neck and shoulder: Comparison between office workers using a laptop or desktop computer. Work (Reading, Mass.), 75(4), 1289-1299. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-220080
- Baker, N.A. and Cidboy, E.L. (2006). The effect of three alternative keyboard designs on forearm pronation, wrist extension, and ulnar deviation: a meta-analysis. The American journal of occupational therapy: official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association, 60(1), 40-49. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.60.1.40
- Bergqvist, U., Wolgast, E., Nilsson, B. and Voss, M. (1995). Musculoskeletal disorders among visual display terminal workers: individual, ergonomic, and work organizational factors. Ergonomics, 38(4), 763–776. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139508925148
- Brewer, S., Van Eerd, D., Amick, B.C., 3rd, Irvin, E., Daum, K.M., Gerr, F., Moore, J.S., Cullen, K. & Rempel, D. (2006). Workplace interventions to prevent musculoskeletal and visual symptoms and disorders among computer users: a systematic review. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 16(3), 325–358. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-006-9031-6
- Colorado State University (2023). Laptop Computer Ergonomics. Erişim tarihi: 14.03.2023. https://rmi.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2021/07/ERGO_Laptop-Computer-Ergonomics-1-23-18.pdf
- Devereux, J.J., Vlachonikolis, I.G. & Buckle, P.W. (2002). Epidemiological study to investigate potential interaction between physical and psychosocial factors at work that may increase the risk of symptoms of musculoskeletal disorder of the neck and upper limb. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 59(4), 269–277. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.59.4.269
- Fagarasanu, M., Kumar, S. (2003). "Carpal tunnel syndrome due to keyboarding and mouse tasks: a review". International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. 31 (2): 119–136.
- Gerr, F., Monteilh, C.P. & Marcus, M. (2006). Keyboard use and musculoskeletal outcomes among computer users. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 16(3), 265–277. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-006-9037-0
- Hegmann, K.T., Melhorn, J.M., Ausfahl, J., Freshwater, M.F., Prezzia, C.P., Rempel, D.M., Roll, S.C., Rawlins, A.J., Werner, R.A. and Zaremski, J. (2016). Hand, Wrist, and Forearm Disorders Guideline (PDF). American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. p.42.
- IJmker, S., Huysmans, M.A., Blatter, B.M., van der Beek, A.J., van Mechelen, W. & Bongers, P.M. (2007). Should office workers spend fewer hours at their computer? A systematic review of the literature. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 64(4), 211-222. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2006.026468
- Jun, D., Zoe, M., Johnston, V. and O'Leary, S. (2017). Physical risk factors for developing non-specific neck pain in office workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International archives of occupational and environmental health, 90(5), 373-410. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-017-1205-3
- Kealoha (20 December 2021). "Safe Type Keyboard". All Things Ergo. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
- Moore, J.S. and Swanson, N. (2003). The effect of alternative keyboards on musculoskeletal symptoms and disorders. Proceedings of the human computer interaction international conference, Crete, Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis Group, pp.103-107.
- Rempel, D. (2008). "The Split Keyboard: An Ergonomics Success Story". Human Factors. 50 (3): 385-392.
- Rempel, D., Nathan-Roberts, D., Chen, B.Y. and Odell, D. (2009). The effects of split keyboard geometry on upper body postures. Ergonomics, 52(1), 104–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130802481040
- Sauter, S.L., Schleifer, L.M. and Knutson, S.J. (1991). Work posture, workstation design, and musculoskeletal discomfort in a VDT data entry task. Human Factors, 33(2), 151-167. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/001872089103300203
- Talmaci, P. (2022). Klavye ve mouse ergonomisi. Erişim tarihi: 16.03.2023. https://www.meslekhastaligi.net/klavye-mouse-ergonomi/
- Tittiranonda, P., Rempel, D., Armstrong, T. and Burastero, S. (1999). Effect of four computer keyboards in computer users with upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 35(6), 647–661. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0274(199906)35:6<647::aid-ajim12>3.0.co;2-5
- Waersted, M., Hanvold, T.N. and Veiersted, K.B. (2010). Computer work and musculoskeletal disorders of the neck and upper extremity: a systematic review. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 11, 79. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-11-79
- Yu, Z., James, C., Edwards, S. and Snodgrass, S. J. (2018). Differences in posture kinematics between using a tablet, a laptop, and a desktop computer in sitting and in standing. Work (Reading, Mass.), 61(2), 257-266. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-182796
- Zecevic, A., Miller, D.I. and Harburn, K. (2000). An evaluation of the ergonomics of three computer keyboards. Ergonomics, 43(1), 55-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/001401300184666
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Fiziksel Aktivite ve Sağlık, Sağlığın Geliştirilmesi, Fizyoterapi, İş Terapisi |
| Bölüm | Derlemeler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Proje Numarası | yok |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 7 Kasım 2023 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 8 Aralık 2023 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3 |
Kaynak Göster
Lisans: CC BY 4.0