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The Neuroscience of Learning, Problem-Solving and Decision Making

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 45 - 53, 31.03.2023

Hilal Uzunlar Derya Özer Kaya

https://doi.org/10.34087/cbusbed.1052912

Öz

Nowadays, concepts such as learning, problem solving, and decision making are subjects that follow each other and how they occur is controversial. In this direction, many ideas or models have been put forward that express changing situations depending on the stimulation of cell groups and the dominant use of some parts of the brain in order to understand learning and the functioning of the brain. The striatum, lateral prefrontal cortex and prefrontal cortex are important in problem solving processes, and it has been reported that the hypothalamus and oxytocin release are effective in addition to these structures. The decision-making process takes place through interactions between the limbic system, basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum, and subcortical structures including the pons and areas of the prefrontal region. In addition, changes occur in the activation of these regions according to Type-1 and Type-2 decision-making processes. As a result of the damage of these structures, there are effects on decision making and problem-solving processes. While the anatomical structures under the control of many processes that affect the decision-making processes are known, there is no clear information about the control of metacognition, which is known to affect the decision-making process. In addition, applications that can be made for the effective realization of these concepts and their integration into the clinical environment are important issues. In this review, the process in the structures where learning, problem solving and decision-making take place and improvement suggestions for the development of these processes are discussed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Learning Problem Solving Decision Making Neuroscience

Kaynakça

  • Küçükay, A, Karar Vermenin Psikolojisi, Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, 2018(35), 607-640.
  • Güneş, F, Öğrencilerin düşünme becerilerini geliştirme, Türklük Bilimi Araştırmaları, 2012(32), 127-146.
  • Seel, N. M, editor. Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning, Springer Science & Business Media, 2011.
  • Sakai, J. Core Concept: How synaptic pruning shapes neural wiring during development and, possibly, in disease, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2020, 117(28), 16096-16099.
  • Keleş, E, Çepni, S. Beyin ve öğrenme. Journal of Turkish Science Education, 2006, 3(2), 66-82.
  • Weiss, R. P, The Wave of the Brain, Training & Development, 2000, 21-24.
  • Erişti, B, Akdeniz, C, Brain-based learning. Ed.: Kaya, Z, Akdemir, A. S, Learning and teaching: theories, approaches and models, 2016.
  • Gazzaniga, M. S, Principles of human brain organization derived from split-brain studies, Neuron, 1995, 14(2), 217-228.
  • Herrmann-Nehdi, A, Training With The Brain In Mind: The Application of brain dominance technology to teaching and learning, 2002, Session Number 509. https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-brain-problem-solving-areas-process.html (accessed 20 Aralık 2021)
  • Korkmaz, Ö, Mahi̇roğlu, A, Beyin, Bellek ve Öğrenme, Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 2007, 15(1), 93-104.
  • MacLean, P. D, The triune brain in evolution: Role in paleocerebral functions, Springer Science & Business Media, 1990.
  • Giovana, G, Vitor, V.D.S.L, Leonardo, G. S, Ferreira, M.D, The Triunitary Architecture of Learning Process: Proposal for A Critical Review for Environmental Education. 2019.
  • Çelebi, K, Beyin temelli öğrenme yaklaşımının öğrenci başarısı ve tutumuna etkisi (Doctoral dissertation, Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü). 2008.
  • Rajmohan, V, Mohandas, E, The limbic system. Indian J Psychiatry. 2007, 49(2), 132-139.
  • de Haan, E. H, Corballis, P. M, Hillyard, S. A, Marzi, C. A, Seth, A, Lamme, V. A, Volz, L, Fabri, M, Schechter, E, Bayne, T, Corballis, M. Split-brain: what we know now and why this is important for understanding consciousness. Neuropsychology review, 2020, 30(2), 224.
  • Yılmaz, M, Öğrenme ve bilgi ilişkisi. Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2009, 29(1), 173-190.
  • Wang, Y, Chiew, V, On the cognitive process of human problem solving, Cognitive systems research, 2010, 11(1), 81-92.
  • Robertson, S. I, Problem solving: Perspectives from cognition and neuroscience. Psychology Press, 2016, 225-248.
  • Buheji, M. The Trust Project‟ Building better accessibility to Healthcare Services through Behavioural Economics and Inspiration Labs. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, United Kingdom. 2019, 7(2), 526-535.
  • Gold, J. I, Shadlen, M. N, The neural basis of decision making, Annual review of neuroscience, 2007, 30.
  • Azak, A, Taşçı, S. Klinik karar verme ve hemşirelik, Türkiye Klinikleri Tıp Etiği-Hukuku-Tarihi Dergisi, 2009, 17(3), 178-180.
  • Çil, İ. Karar Analizi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Açık ve Uzaktan Eğitim Fakültesi; Endüstri Mühendisliği Lisans Programı, 2010, 7-53.
  • Thompson, V. A, Why it matters: The implications of autonomous processes for dual process theories—Commentary on Evans & Stanovich Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2013, 8(3), 253-256.
  • Fernandes, J. J, Shahnazian, D, Holroyd, C. B, Botvinick, M. M, Subgoal-and Goal-Related Prediction Errors in Medial Prefrontal Cortex, BioRxiv, 2018, 245829.
  • Teixeira, C, Rosa, R. G, Rodrigues Filho, E. M, Fernandes, E. O, The medical decision-making process in the time of the coronavirus pandemic, Rev Bras Ter Intensiva, 2020, 32(2), 308-311.
  • Williams, C, Neurocognitive mechanisms of Type 1 and Type 2 decision making processes (Doctoral dissertation). Bachelor of Science with Honours, University of Victoria, 2016.
  • Kruglanski, A. W, Gigerenzer, G, Intuitive and deliberate judgments are based on common principles, Psychological review, 2011, 118(1), 97.
  • Evans, J. S, Stanovich, K. E, Dual-process theories of higher cognition: Advancing the debate, Perspectives on psychological science, 2013, 8(3), 223-241.
  • Guida, A, Gobet, F, Tardieu, H, Nicolas, S, How chunks, long-term working memory and templates offer a cognitive explanation for neuroimaging data on expertise acquisition: a two-stage framework, Brain and cognition, 2012, 79(3), 221-244.
  • Pirtošek, Z, Georgijev, D, Gregorič-Kramberger, M, Decision making and the brain: Neurologists' view. Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems: INDECS, 2009, 7(2), 38-53.
  • Wallis, J. D, Orbitofrontal cortex and its contribution to decision-making, Annual Review of Neuroscience, 2007, 30, 31-56.
  • Rosenbloom, M. H, Schmahmann, J. D, Price, B. H, The functional neuroanatomy of decision-making. The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 2012, 24(3), 266-277.
  • Bechara, A, Damasio, H, Damasio, A. R, Emotion, decision making and the orbitofrontal cortex, Cerebral cortex, 2000, 10(3), 295-307.
  • Bechara, A, Damasio, H, Tranel, D, Damasio, A. R, The Iowa Gambling Task and the somatic marker hypothesis: some questions and answers, Trends in cognitive sciences, 2005, 9(4), 159-162.
  • Martinez-Selva, J. M, Sánchez-Navarro, J. P, Bechara, A, Roman, F, Brain mechanisms involved in decision-making, Revista de neurologia. 2006, 42(7), 411.
  • Camille, N, Coricelli, G, Sallet, J, Pradat-Diehl, P, Duhamel, J. R, Sirigu, A, The involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex in the experience of regret, Science, 2004, 304(5674), 1167-1170.
  • Fellows, L. K, The functions of the frontal lobes: evidence from patients with focal brain damage, Handbook of clinical neurology, 2019, 163, 19-34.
  • The Brain & Problem Solving: Areas & Process. https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-brain-problem-solving-areas-process.html (accessed 1 Şubat 2021)
  • Grimaldi, G, Manto, M, Topography of cerebellar deficits in humans, The Cerebellum, 2012, 11(2), 336-351.
  • Picton, T. W, Stuss, D. T, Shallice, T, Alexander, M. P, Gillingham, S, Keeping time: effects of focal frontal lesions, Neuropsychologia, 2006, 44(7), 1195-1209.
  • Broche-Pérez, Y, Herrera Jiménez, L. F, Omar-Martínez, E, Bases neurales de la toma de decisiones, Neurología, 2016, 31(5), 319-325.
  • Yılmaz, O, Soygüder, Z, Neurotransmitter substances and anatomical localizations, Van Veterinary Journal, 2017, 28(3), 177-182.
  • Everitt, B. J, Robbins, T. W, Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: from actions to habits to compulsion, Nature neuroscience, 200, 8(11), 1481-1489.
  • Floresco, S. B, Maric, T. L, Ghods-Sharifi, S, Dopaminergic and glutamatergic regulation of effort-and delay-based decision making, Neuropsychopharmacology, 2008, 33(8), 1966-1979.
  • Rogers, R. D, The roles of dopamine and serotonin in decision making: evidence from pharmacological experiments in humans, Neuropsychopharmacology, 2011, 36(1), 114-132.
  • Hauser, T. U, Allen, M, Purg, N, Moutoussis, M, Rees, G, Dolan, R. J, Noradrenaline blockade specifically enhances metacognitive performance, Elife, 2017, 6, 24901.
  • Özsoy, G. İlköğretim 5. sınıfta üstbiliş stratejileri öğretiminin problem çözme becerisine etkisi, Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara, 2007.
  • Qiu, L, Su, J, Ni, Y, Bai, Y, Zhang, X, Li, X, Wan, X, The neural system of metacognition accompanying decision-making in the prefrontal cortex, PLoS biology, 2018, 16(4), e2004037.
  • Fleming, S. M, Dolan, R. J, The neural basis of metacognitive ability, Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2012, 367(1594), 1338-1349. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0417.
  • Simons, J. S, Peers, P. V, Mazuz, Y. S, Berryhill, M. E, Olson, I. R, Dissociation between memory accuracy and memory confidence following bilateral parietal lesions, Cerebral Cortex, 2010, 20, 479–485
  • Alan, S. Problem genişletme etkinliklerinin problem çözme ve üstbilişe etkisi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ordu Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2017, Ordu.
  • Murray, D. J, Freeman, B. D, Boulet, J. R, Woodhouse, J, Fehr, J. J, Klingensmith, M. E, Decision making in trauma settings: simulation to improve diagnostic skills, Simulation in Healthcare, 2015, 10(3), 139-145.
  • Wilgis, M, McConnell, J, Concept mapping: An educational strategy to improve graduate nurses’ critical thinking skills during a hospital orientation program, The journal of continuing education in Nursing, 2008, 39(3), 119-126.
  • Musolino, G. M, Jensen, G. M, Clinical Reasoning and Decision-Making in Physical Therapy: Facilitation, Assessment, and Implementation. Capturing Teachable Moments: Developing Clinical Problem-Solving of the Physical Therapist Assistant (Peggy DeCelle Newman), SLACK Incorporated, USA, 2020, 207-219.
  • Cone, C, Godwin, D, Salazar, K, Bond, R, Thompson, M, Myers, O, Incorporation of an Explicit Critical-Thinking Curriculum to Improve Pharmacy Students' Critical-Thinking Skills, American Journal of Pharmacology Education, 2016, 80(3), 41.
  • Facione, N. C, Facione, P. A, Critical thinking and clinical reasoning in the health sciences: An international multidisciplinary teaching anthology, Millbrae^ eCA CA: California Academic Press; 2008.
  • Simendinger, E, In search of a course design and teaching methods to improve critical thinking skills, Journal of Health Administration Education, 2003, 20(3),197-213.
  • Peeters, M. J, Zitko, K. L, Schmude, K. A, Development of critical thinking in pharmacy education. INNOVATIONS in pharmacy. 2016, 7(1).
  • Reale, M. C, Riche, D. M, Witt, B. A, Baker, W. L, Peeters, M. J, Development of critical thinking in health professions education: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies, Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 2018, 10(7), 826-833.
  • Şenşekerci, E, Bilgin, A, Eleştirel düşünme ve öğretimi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2008, 9(14), 15-43.
  • Türnüklü, E. B, Yeşildere, S, Problem, problem çözme ve eleştirel düşünme, Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2005, 25(3), 107-23.
  • Papp, K. K, Huang, G. C, Lauzon, C, Laurie, M. Delva, D, Fischer, M, Konopasek, L, Schwartzstein, R. M, Gusic, M, Milestones of Critical Thinking, Academic Medicine, 2014, 89(5), 715-720.
  • Royce, C. S, Hayes, M. M, Schwartzstein, R. M, Teaching critical thinking: a case for instruction in cognitive biases to reduce diagnostic errors and improve patient safety, Academic Medicine, 2019, 94(2), 187-194.

Öğrenme, Problem Çözme ve Karar Vermenin Sinir Bilimi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 45 - 53, 31.03.2023

Hilal Uzunlar Derya Özer Kaya

https://doi.org/10.34087/cbusbed.1052912

Öz

Günümüzde öğrenme, problem çözme, karar verme gibi kavramlar birbirini takip eden ve nasıl gerçekleştiği tartışmalı olan konulardır. Bu doğrultuda öğrenme ve beynin işleyişini anlamak için hücre topluluklarının uyarılması ve beynin bazı bölümlerinin baskın kullanılmasına bağlı olarak değişen durumları ifade eden birçok fikir veya model ileri sürülmüştür. Problem çözme süreçlerinde striatum, lateral prefontal korteks ve prefrontal korteks önemli olup bu yapıların haricinde hipotalamus ve oksitosinin salınımının etkili olduğu bildirilmektedir. Karar verme süreci ise limbik sistem, bazal gangliyonlar, talamus, serebellum ve ponsu içeren subkortikal yapılar ile prefrontal bölgenin alanları arasındaki etkileşimlerle gerçekleşmektedir. Ayrıca bu bölgelerin aktivasyonlarında Tip-1 ve Tip-2 karar verme sürecine göre değişiklikler meydana gelmektedir. Bu yapıların hasarı sonucunda karar verme ve problem çözme süreçlerinde etkilenimler olmaktadır. Karar verme süreçlerine etki eden birçok sürecin kontrolündeki anatomik yapılar bilinirken karar verme sürecine etki ettiği bilinen üstbilişin kontrolüne dair net bir bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Ayrıca bu kavramların etkili bir şekilde gerçekleşmesi için yapılabilecek uygulamalar ve bunların klinik ortama entegrasyonu önemli bir husustur. Bu derlemede öğrenme, problem çözme, karar vermenin gerçekleştiği yapılardaki süreç ve bu süreçlerin geliştirilmesine yönelik iyileştirme önerileri konu alınmıştır

Anahtar Kelimeler

Öğrenme Problem Çözme Karar Verme Sinir Bilimi

Kaynakça

  • Küçükay, A, Karar Vermenin Psikolojisi, Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, 2018(35), 607-640.
  • Güneş, F, Öğrencilerin düşünme becerilerini geliştirme, Türklük Bilimi Araştırmaları, 2012(32), 127-146.
  • Seel, N. M, editor. Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning, Springer Science & Business Media, 2011.
  • Sakai, J. Core Concept: How synaptic pruning shapes neural wiring during development and, possibly, in disease, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2020, 117(28), 16096-16099.
  • Keleş, E, Çepni, S. Beyin ve öğrenme. Journal of Turkish Science Education, 2006, 3(2), 66-82.
  • Weiss, R. P, The Wave of the Brain, Training & Development, 2000, 21-24.
  • Erişti, B, Akdeniz, C, Brain-based learning. Ed.: Kaya, Z, Akdemir, A. S, Learning and teaching: theories, approaches and models, 2016.
  • Gazzaniga, M. S, Principles of human brain organization derived from split-brain studies, Neuron, 1995, 14(2), 217-228.
  • Herrmann-Nehdi, A, Training With The Brain In Mind: The Application of brain dominance technology to teaching and learning, 2002, Session Number 509. https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-brain-problem-solving-areas-process.html (accessed 20 Aralık 2021)
  • Korkmaz, Ö, Mahi̇roğlu, A, Beyin, Bellek ve Öğrenme, Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 2007, 15(1), 93-104.
  • MacLean, P. D, The triune brain in evolution: Role in paleocerebral functions, Springer Science & Business Media, 1990.
  • Giovana, G, Vitor, V.D.S.L, Leonardo, G. S, Ferreira, M.D, The Triunitary Architecture of Learning Process: Proposal for A Critical Review for Environmental Education. 2019.
  • Çelebi, K, Beyin temelli öğrenme yaklaşımının öğrenci başarısı ve tutumuna etkisi (Doctoral dissertation, Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü). 2008.
  • Rajmohan, V, Mohandas, E, The limbic system. Indian J Psychiatry. 2007, 49(2), 132-139.
  • de Haan, E. H, Corballis, P. M, Hillyard, S. A, Marzi, C. A, Seth, A, Lamme, V. A, Volz, L, Fabri, M, Schechter, E, Bayne, T, Corballis, M. Split-brain: what we know now and why this is important for understanding consciousness. Neuropsychology review, 2020, 30(2), 224.
  • Yılmaz, M, Öğrenme ve bilgi ilişkisi. Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2009, 29(1), 173-190.
  • Wang, Y, Chiew, V, On the cognitive process of human problem solving, Cognitive systems research, 2010, 11(1), 81-92.
  • Robertson, S. I, Problem solving: Perspectives from cognition and neuroscience. Psychology Press, 2016, 225-248.
  • Buheji, M. The Trust Project‟ Building better accessibility to Healthcare Services through Behavioural Economics and Inspiration Labs. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, United Kingdom. 2019, 7(2), 526-535.
  • Gold, J. I, Shadlen, M. N, The neural basis of decision making, Annual review of neuroscience, 2007, 30.
  • Azak, A, Taşçı, S. Klinik karar verme ve hemşirelik, Türkiye Klinikleri Tıp Etiği-Hukuku-Tarihi Dergisi, 2009, 17(3), 178-180.
  • Çil, İ. Karar Analizi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Açık ve Uzaktan Eğitim Fakültesi; Endüstri Mühendisliği Lisans Programı, 2010, 7-53.
  • Thompson, V. A, Why it matters: The implications of autonomous processes for dual process theories—Commentary on Evans & Stanovich Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2013, 8(3), 253-256.
  • Fernandes, J. J, Shahnazian, D, Holroyd, C. B, Botvinick, M. M, Subgoal-and Goal-Related Prediction Errors in Medial Prefrontal Cortex, BioRxiv, 2018, 245829.
  • Teixeira, C, Rosa, R. G, Rodrigues Filho, E. M, Fernandes, E. O, The medical decision-making process in the time of the coronavirus pandemic, Rev Bras Ter Intensiva, 2020, 32(2), 308-311.
  • Williams, C, Neurocognitive mechanisms of Type 1 and Type 2 decision making processes (Doctoral dissertation). Bachelor of Science with Honours, University of Victoria, 2016.
  • Kruglanski, A. W, Gigerenzer, G, Intuitive and deliberate judgments are based on common principles, Psychological review, 2011, 118(1), 97.
  • Evans, J. S, Stanovich, K. E, Dual-process theories of higher cognition: Advancing the debate, Perspectives on psychological science, 2013, 8(3), 223-241.
  • Guida, A, Gobet, F, Tardieu, H, Nicolas, S, How chunks, long-term working memory and templates offer a cognitive explanation for neuroimaging data on expertise acquisition: a two-stage framework, Brain and cognition, 2012, 79(3), 221-244.
  • Pirtošek, Z, Georgijev, D, Gregorič-Kramberger, M, Decision making and the brain: Neurologists' view. Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems: INDECS, 2009, 7(2), 38-53.
  • Wallis, J. D, Orbitofrontal cortex and its contribution to decision-making, Annual Review of Neuroscience, 2007, 30, 31-56.
  • Rosenbloom, M. H, Schmahmann, J. D, Price, B. H, The functional neuroanatomy of decision-making. The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 2012, 24(3), 266-277.
  • Bechara, A, Damasio, H, Damasio, A. R, Emotion, decision making and the orbitofrontal cortex, Cerebral cortex, 2000, 10(3), 295-307.
  • Bechara, A, Damasio, H, Tranel, D, Damasio, A. R, The Iowa Gambling Task and the somatic marker hypothesis: some questions and answers, Trends in cognitive sciences, 2005, 9(4), 159-162.
  • Martinez-Selva, J. M, Sánchez-Navarro, J. P, Bechara, A, Roman, F, Brain mechanisms involved in decision-making, Revista de neurologia. 2006, 42(7), 411.
  • Camille, N, Coricelli, G, Sallet, J, Pradat-Diehl, P, Duhamel, J. R, Sirigu, A, The involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex in the experience of regret, Science, 2004, 304(5674), 1167-1170.
  • Fellows, L. K, The functions of the frontal lobes: evidence from patients with focal brain damage, Handbook of clinical neurology, 2019, 163, 19-34.
  • The Brain & Problem Solving: Areas & Process. https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-brain-problem-solving-areas-process.html (accessed 1 Şubat 2021)
  • Grimaldi, G, Manto, M, Topography of cerebellar deficits in humans, The Cerebellum, 2012, 11(2), 336-351.
  • Picton, T. W, Stuss, D. T, Shallice, T, Alexander, M. P, Gillingham, S, Keeping time: effects of focal frontal lesions, Neuropsychologia, 2006, 44(7), 1195-1209.
  • Broche-Pérez, Y, Herrera Jiménez, L. F, Omar-Martínez, E, Bases neurales de la toma de decisiones, Neurología, 2016, 31(5), 319-325.
  • Yılmaz, O, Soygüder, Z, Neurotransmitter substances and anatomical localizations, Van Veterinary Journal, 2017, 28(3), 177-182.
  • Everitt, B. J, Robbins, T. W, Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: from actions to habits to compulsion, Nature neuroscience, 200, 8(11), 1481-1489.
  • Floresco, S. B, Maric, T. L, Ghods-Sharifi, S, Dopaminergic and glutamatergic regulation of effort-and delay-based decision making, Neuropsychopharmacology, 2008, 33(8), 1966-1979.
  • Rogers, R. D, The roles of dopamine and serotonin in decision making: evidence from pharmacological experiments in humans, Neuropsychopharmacology, 2011, 36(1), 114-132.
  • Hauser, T. U, Allen, M, Purg, N, Moutoussis, M, Rees, G, Dolan, R. J, Noradrenaline blockade specifically enhances metacognitive performance, Elife, 2017, 6, 24901.
  • Özsoy, G. İlköğretim 5. sınıfta üstbiliş stratejileri öğretiminin problem çözme becerisine etkisi, Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara, 2007.
  • Qiu, L, Su, J, Ni, Y, Bai, Y, Zhang, X, Li, X, Wan, X, The neural system of metacognition accompanying decision-making in the prefrontal cortex, PLoS biology, 2018, 16(4), e2004037.
  • Fleming, S. M, Dolan, R. J, The neural basis of metacognitive ability, Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2012, 367(1594), 1338-1349. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0417.
  • Simons, J. S, Peers, P. V, Mazuz, Y. S, Berryhill, M. E, Olson, I. R, Dissociation between memory accuracy and memory confidence following bilateral parietal lesions, Cerebral Cortex, 2010, 20, 479–485
  • Alan, S. Problem genişletme etkinliklerinin problem çözme ve üstbilişe etkisi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ordu Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2017, Ordu.
  • Murray, D. J, Freeman, B. D, Boulet, J. R, Woodhouse, J, Fehr, J. J, Klingensmith, M. E, Decision making in trauma settings: simulation to improve diagnostic skills, Simulation in Healthcare, 2015, 10(3), 139-145.
  • Wilgis, M, McConnell, J, Concept mapping: An educational strategy to improve graduate nurses’ critical thinking skills during a hospital orientation program, The journal of continuing education in Nursing, 2008, 39(3), 119-126.
  • Musolino, G. M, Jensen, G. M, Clinical Reasoning and Decision-Making in Physical Therapy: Facilitation, Assessment, and Implementation. Capturing Teachable Moments: Developing Clinical Problem-Solving of the Physical Therapist Assistant (Peggy DeCelle Newman), SLACK Incorporated, USA, 2020, 207-219.
  • Cone, C, Godwin, D, Salazar, K, Bond, R, Thompson, M, Myers, O, Incorporation of an Explicit Critical-Thinking Curriculum to Improve Pharmacy Students' Critical-Thinking Skills, American Journal of Pharmacology Education, 2016, 80(3), 41.
  • Facione, N. C, Facione, P. A, Critical thinking and clinical reasoning in the health sciences: An international multidisciplinary teaching anthology, Millbrae^ eCA CA: California Academic Press; 2008.
  • Simendinger, E, In search of a course design and teaching methods to improve critical thinking skills, Journal of Health Administration Education, 2003, 20(3),197-213.
  • Peeters, M. J, Zitko, K. L, Schmude, K. A, Development of critical thinking in pharmacy education. INNOVATIONS in pharmacy. 2016, 7(1).
  • Reale, M. C, Riche, D. M, Witt, B. A, Baker, W. L, Peeters, M. J, Development of critical thinking in health professions education: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies, Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 2018, 10(7), 826-833.
  • Şenşekerci, E, Bilgin, A, Eleştirel düşünme ve öğretimi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2008, 9(14), 15-43.
  • Türnüklü, E. B, Yeşildere, S, Problem, problem çözme ve eleştirel düşünme, Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2005, 25(3), 107-23.
  • Papp, K. K, Huang, G. C, Lauzon, C, Laurie, M. Delva, D, Fischer, M, Konopasek, L, Schwartzstein, R. M, Gusic, M, Milestones of Critical Thinking, Academic Medicine, 2014, 89(5), 715-720.
  • Royce, C. S, Hayes, M. M, Schwartzstein, R. M, Teaching critical thinking: a case for instruction in cognitive biases to reduce diagnostic errors and improve patient safety, Academic Medicine, 2019, 94(2), 187-194.
Toplam 63 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Hilal Uzunlar 0000-0002-6870-0770

Derya Özer Kaya 0000-0002-6899-852X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mart 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Uzunlar, H., & Özer Kaya, D. (2023). Öğrenme, Problem Çözme ve Karar Vermenin Sinir Bilimi. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10(1), 45-53. https://doi.org/10.34087/cbusbed.1052912
AMA Uzunlar H, Özer Kaya D. Öğrenme, Problem Çözme ve Karar Vermenin Sinir Bilimi. CBU-SBED. Mart 2023;10(1):45-53. doi:10.34087/cbusbed.1052912
Chicago Uzunlar, Hilal, ve Derya Özer Kaya. “Öğrenme, Problem Çözme Ve Karar Vermenin Sinir Bilimi”. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 10, sy. 1 (Mart 2023): 45-53. https://doi.org/10.34087/cbusbed.1052912.
EndNote Uzunlar H, Özer Kaya D (01 Mart 2023) Öğrenme, Problem Çözme ve Karar Vermenin Sinir Bilimi. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 10 1 45–53.
IEEE H. Uzunlar ve D. Özer Kaya, “Öğrenme, Problem Çözme ve Karar Vermenin Sinir Bilimi”, CBU-SBED, c. 10, sy. 1, ss. 45–53, 2023, doi: 10.34087/cbusbed.1052912.
ISNAD Uzunlar, Hilal - Özer Kaya, Derya. “Öğrenme, Problem Çözme Ve Karar Vermenin Sinir Bilimi”. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 10/1 (Mart 2023), 45-53. https://doi.org/10.34087/cbusbed.1052912.
JAMA Uzunlar H, Özer Kaya D. Öğrenme, Problem Çözme ve Karar Vermenin Sinir Bilimi. CBU-SBED. 2023;10:45–53.
MLA Uzunlar, Hilal ve Derya Özer Kaya. “Öğrenme, Problem Çözme Ve Karar Vermenin Sinir Bilimi”. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, c. 10, sy. 1, 2023, ss. 45-53, doi:10.34087/cbusbed.1052912.
Vancouver Uzunlar H, Özer Kaya D. Öğrenme, Problem Çözme ve Karar Vermenin Sinir Bilimi. CBU-SBED. 2023;10(1):45-53.
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