Araştırma Makalesi
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Akdeniz Bölgesinde bir Kent Hastanesi Hemşirelerin Meme, Serviks ve Kolon Kanseri Tarama Davranışları ve Farkındalıkları

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 1 - 6, 27.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.34087/cbusbed.1200434

Öz

Amaç: Hemşireler kanser tarama testleri ve kanser erken tanısı konusunda kadınlara doğru bilgi verebilecek ve etkin iletişim kurabilecek niteliğe sahip sağlık çalışanları grubunu oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın öncelikli amacı hemşirelerin tarama testleri konusundaki bilgi seviyesinin araştırılması, çeşitli kanser formlarının risk faktörleri ile semptomları hakkındaki bilgi düzeylerinin belirlenmesi ve tarama testlerine ilişkin tutum ve farkındalıklarını ortaya çıkarmak amacıyla tasarlanmıştır
Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırma, bir Vakıf Üniversitesi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi'nde görev yapan kadın hemşireler arasında kesitsel bir araştırma olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veri toplama aracı olarak gönüllülerin kendileri tarafından doldurulan soru formları kullanılmıştır. Veri setleri Windows için SPSS paket programı ile analiz edilmiştir ve “p” değeri <0,05 olduğunda farklar anlamlı olarak kabul edilmiştir.
Bulgular: Araştırma, hemşirelerin kanser semptomlarını tanıdıklarını ve risk faktörleri ile kanser tarama yöntemleri hakkında bilgi seviyelerinin yeterli olduğunu gösterdi. Ayrıca hemşirelerin kişisel olarak meme ve serviks kanseri tarama yöntemlerini kullanma eğilimlerinin daha yüksek olduğu gösterilmiştir.
Sonuç: Sağlık hizmetlerinde görev alan hemşireler, kadınların tarama testleri ve kanserin erken teşhisi konusunda kadınların bilgilendirilmesinde ve tavsiyelerde bulunma hususnda da etkin bir role sahiptir. Ayrıca ülkemizdeki kadınların meme ve jinekolojik kanserler hakkında soru sormak için hemşireleri kendilerine daha yakın hissetikleri bilinmektedir. Hemşirelerin farkındalıklarının yüksek olması topluma da olumlu yansıyacaktır. Böylece kadın sağlığın teşviki ve geliştirilmesi için bir model oluşturabilirler

Destekleyen Kurum

Başkent üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Kurulu

Proje Numarası

KA15/09

Kaynakça

  • Pisani, P., Freddie, B., & Parkin, D.M. (2002) Estimates of the worldwide prevalence of cancer for 25 sites in the adult population. International Journal of Cancer, 97, 72–81
  • Kara, F., Keskinlılınç, B., eds. 2021, Türkiye Kanser İstatistikleri, TC Sağlık Bakanlığı, Ankara, 29s.
  • Fidaner, C., Eser S.Y. & Parkin D.M. (2001) Incidence in Izmir in 1993–94 first results from Izmir Cancer Registry. European Journal of Cancer 37, 83–92
  • Thomas, D. B., Gao, D. L., Ray, R. M., Wang, W. W., Allison, C. J., Chen, F. L., Porter, P., et. al. (2002). Randomized trial of breast self-examination in Shanghai: final results. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 94(19), 1445–1457. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/94.19.1445
  • Miller, A. B., To, T., Baines, C. J., & Wall, C. (2000). Canadian National Breast Screening Study-2: 13-year results of a randomized trial in women aged 50-59 years. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 92(18), 1490–1499. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/92.18.1490
  • Hackshaw, A. K., & Paul, E. A. (2003). Breast self-examination and death from breast cancer: a meta-analysis. British journal of cancer, 88(7), 1047–1053. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6600847
  • Tabar, L., Fagerberg, G., Chen, H. H., Duffy, S. W., Smart, C. R., Gad, A., & Smith, R. A. (1995). Efficacy of breast cancer screening by age. New results from the Swedish Two-County Trial. Cancer, 75(10), 2507–2517. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19950515)75:10<2507::aid-cncr2820751017>3.0.co;2-h
  • Elmore, J. G., Armstrong, K., Lehman, C. D., & Fletcher, S. W. (2005). Screening for breast cancer. JAMA, 293(10), 1245–1256. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.293.10.1245
  • Fulton, J. P., Buechner, J. S., Scott, H. D., DeBuono, B. A., Feldman, J. P., Smith, R. A., & Kovenock, D. (1991). A study guided by the Health Belief Model of the predictors of breast cancer screening of women ages 40 and older. Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974), 106(4), 410–420.
  • Salazar M. K. (1994). Breast self-examination beliefs: a descriptive study. Public health nursing (Boston, Mass.), 11(1), 49–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1446.1994.tb00389.x
  • Secginli S. 2002. Kadinlarda meme kanseri tarama davranışları [The Breast Cancer Screening Behaviors Among Women]. Yuksek Lisans Tezi. T.C Istanbul Universitesi Saglik Bilimleri Enstitusu Halk Sağlığı Hemsireliği Ana Bilim Dalı. S26 Istanbul.
  • Sönmez Y. , Nayir T. , Köse S. , Gökçe B. , Kişioğlu A. Bir Sağlık Ocağı Bölgesi'nde 20 Yaş Ve Üzeri Kadınların Meme Ve Serviks Kanseri Erken Tanısına İlişkin Davranışları*. SDÜ Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi. 2012; 19(4): 124-130.
  • Secginli, S., & Nahcivan, N. O. (2004). Reliability and validity of the breast cancer screening belief scale among Turkish women. Cancer nursing, 27(4), 287–294. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002820-200407000-00005
  • Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2018). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today. (Erişim Tarihi:03.10.2022)
  • Elovainio, L., Nieminen, P., & Miller, A. B. (1997). Impact of cancer screening on women's health. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 58(1), 137–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7292(97)02859-2
  • Mählck, C. G., Jonsson, H., & Lenner, P. (1994). Pap smear screening and changes in cervical cancer mortality in Sweden. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 44(3), 267–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7292(94)90177-5
  • Winawer S. J. (1999). Natural history of colorectal cancer. The American journal of medicine, 106(1A), 3S–51S. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9343(98)00338-6
  • Jemal, A., Bray, F., Center, M. M., Ferlay, J., Ward, E., & Forman, D. (2011). Global cancer statistics. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians, 61(2), 69–90. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.20107
  • Kara, F., Keskinlılınç, B., eds. 2021, Türkiye Kanser İstatistikleri, TC Sağlık Bakanlığı, Ankara, 23s.
  • Tastan, S., Andsoy, I. I., & Iyigun, E. (2013). Evaluation of the knowledge, behavior and health beliefs of individuals over 50 regarding colorectal cancer screening. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention: APJCP, 14(9), 5157–5163. https://doi.org/10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.9.5157
  • Keskinlılınç, B., Gültekin, M., Karaca, A.S., eds. 2021, Türkiye Kanser Kontrol Programı, TC Sağlık Bakanlığı, Ankara, 55s.
  • Tessaro, I., & Herman, C. (2000). Changes in public health nurses' knowledge and perception of counseling and clinical skills for breast and cervical cancer control. Cancer nursing, 23(5), 401–405. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002820-200010000-00012
  • Tessaro, I. A., Herman, C. J., Shaw, J. E., & Giese, E. A. (1996). Cancer prevention knowledge, attitudes, and clinical practice of nurse practitioners in local public health departments in North Carolina. Cancer nursing, 19(4), 269–274. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002820-199608000-00002
  • Odusanya, O. O., & Tayo, O. O. (2001). Breast cancer knowledge, attitudes and practice among nurses in Lagos, Nigeria. Acta oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden), 40(7), 844–848. https://doi.org/10.1080/02841860152703472
  • Di, J. L., Rutherford, S., Wu, J. L., Song, B., Ma, L., Chen, J. Y., & Chu, C. (2016). Knowledge of Cervical Cancer Screening among Health Care Workers Providing Services Across Different Socio-economic Regions of China. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP, 17(6), 2965–2972.
  • Dulla, D., Daka, D., & Wakgari, N. (2017). Knowledge about cervical cancer screening and its practice among female health care workers in southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. International journal of women's health, 9, 365–372. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S132202
  • Heena, H., Durrani, S., Riaz, M. et al. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to breast cancer screening among female health care professionals: a cross sectional study. BMC Women's Health 19, 122 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-019-0819-x
  • Şeker N. , Köksal Yasin Y. , Özaydın E. , Çapacı B. , Okyay P. Üçüncü Basamak Sağlık Kuruluşundaki Hemşirelerin Kanser Tarama Programları Bilgileri ile Tarama Testlerini Yaptırma Durumları. Duzce Medical Journal. 2018; 19(1): 14-18.
  • Deniz, S., Coskun, F., Oztas, D., & Kurt, A. O. (2018). Knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of breast and cervical cancers and screenings of women working in primary health care services. Journal of B.U.ON. : official journal of the Balkan Union of Oncology, 23(7), 44–52.
  • Korkut Y. (2019). Assessment of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding breast and cervical cancer among women in western Turkey. The Journal of international medical research, 47(4), 1660–1666. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060519830252
  • Yaren, A., Ozkilinc, G., Guler, A., & Oztop, I. (2008). Awareness of breast and cervical cancer risk factors and screening behaviours among nurses in rural region of Turkey. European journal of cancer care, 17(3), 278–284. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2354.2007.00856.x

Screening Behaviours and Awareness of Breast, Cervical and Colon Cancer Among Nurses in an Urban Hospital in The Mediterranean Region

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 1 - 6, 27.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.34087/cbusbed.1200434

Öz

Objective: Nurses are the class of health professionals who can give women accurate information about cancer. The study was planned to research the demographic characteristics of the nurses and their knowledge level about screening tests, risk factors of breast, cervical and colorectal cancers and to reveal the state of awareness about symptoms and also their attitudes about screening tests.
Material and Methods: The research was designed as a cross-sectional study among female nurses in a Foundation University Research Center. The data collection tool is the self administered questionnaires. Data was evaluated by the SPSS for Windows. All tests were two-sided and the difference between the results was considered significant when p is <0.05
Results: The research showed that nurses were able to recognize cancer symptoms and had sufficient knowledge about the risk factors and malignancy screening methods. In addition, it has been observed that the tendency to personally use of cancer screening methods is higher in breast and cervix diseases.
Conclusion: Actually nurses in healthcare services have an effective role in informing and advising women about screening tests and for early detection of cancer. Further more the fact that women in our region feel themselves more closely to ask about breast and gynecological issues like breast and gynecological cancers. A promotion will be achieved in the primary and secondary prevention behaviors of patients with their advice and training to patients

Proje Numarası

KA15/09

Kaynakça

  • Pisani, P., Freddie, B., & Parkin, D.M. (2002) Estimates of the worldwide prevalence of cancer for 25 sites in the adult population. International Journal of Cancer, 97, 72–81
  • Kara, F., Keskinlılınç, B., eds. 2021, Türkiye Kanser İstatistikleri, TC Sağlık Bakanlığı, Ankara, 29s.
  • Fidaner, C., Eser S.Y. & Parkin D.M. (2001) Incidence in Izmir in 1993–94 first results from Izmir Cancer Registry. European Journal of Cancer 37, 83–92
  • Thomas, D. B., Gao, D. L., Ray, R. M., Wang, W. W., Allison, C. J., Chen, F. L., Porter, P., et. al. (2002). Randomized trial of breast self-examination in Shanghai: final results. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 94(19), 1445–1457. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/94.19.1445
  • Miller, A. B., To, T., Baines, C. J., & Wall, C. (2000). Canadian National Breast Screening Study-2: 13-year results of a randomized trial in women aged 50-59 years. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 92(18), 1490–1499. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/92.18.1490
  • Hackshaw, A. K., & Paul, E. A. (2003). Breast self-examination and death from breast cancer: a meta-analysis. British journal of cancer, 88(7), 1047–1053. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6600847
  • Tabar, L., Fagerberg, G., Chen, H. H., Duffy, S. W., Smart, C. R., Gad, A., & Smith, R. A. (1995). Efficacy of breast cancer screening by age. New results from the Swedish Two-County Trial. Cancer, 75(10), 2507–2517. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19950515)75:10<2507::aid-cncr2820751017>3.0.co;2-h
  • Elmore, J. G., Armstrong, K., Lehman, C. D., & Fletcher, S. W. (2005). Screening for breast cancer. JAMA, 293(10), 1245–1256. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.293.10.1245
  • Fulton, J. P., Buechner, J. S., Scott, H. D., DeBuono, B. A., Feldman, J. P., Smith, R. A., & Kovenock, D. (1991). A study guided by the Health Belief Model of the predictors of breast cancer screening of women ages 40 and older. Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974), 106(4), 410–420.
  • Salazar M. K. (1994). Breast self-examination beliefs: a descriptive study. Public health nursing (Boston, Mass.), 11(1), 49–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1446.1994.tb00389.x
  • Secginli S. 2002. Kadinlarda meme kanseri tarama davranışları [The Breast Cancer Screening Behaviors Among Women]. Yuksek Lisans Tezi. T.C Istanbul Universitesi Saglik Bilimleri Enstitusu Halk Sağlığı Hemsireliği Ana Bilim Dalı. S26 Istanbul.
  • Sönmez Y. , Nayir T. , Köse S. , Gökçe B. , Kişioğlu A. Bir Sağlık Ocağı Bölgesi'nde 20 Yaş Ve Üzeri Kadınların Meme Ve Serviks Kanseri Erken Tanısına İlişkin Davranışları*. SDÜ Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi. 2012; 19(4): 124-130.
  • Secginli, S., & Nahcivan, N. O. (2004). Reliability and validity of the breast cancer screening belief scale among Turkish women. Cancer nursing, 27(4), 287–294. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002820-200407000-00005
  • Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2018). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today. (Erişim Tarihi:03.10.2022)
  • Elovainio, L., Nieminen, P., & Miller, A. B. (1997). Impact of cancer screening on women's health. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 58(1), 137–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7292(97)02859-2
  • Mählck, C. G., Jonsson, H., & Lenner, P. (1994). Pap smear screening and changes in cervical cancer mortality in Sweden. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 44(3), 267–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7292(94)90177-5
  • Winawer S. J. (1999). Natural history of colorectal cancer. The American journal of medicine, 106(1A), 3S–51S. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9343(98)00338-6
  • Jemal, A., Bray, F., Center, M. M., Ferlay, J., Ward, E., & Forman, D. (2011). Global cancer statistics. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians, 61(2), 69–90. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.20107
  • Kara, F., Keskinlılınç, B., eds. 2021, Türkiye Kanser İstatistikleri, TC Sağlık Bakanlığı, Ankara, 23s.
  • Tastan, S., Andsoy, I. I., & Iyigun, E. (2013). Evaluation of the knowledge, behavior and health beliefs of individuals over 50 regarding colorectal cancer screening. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention: APJCP, 14(9), 5157–5163. https://doi.org/10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.9.5157
  • Keskinlılınç, B., Gültekin, M., Karaca, A.S., eds. 2021, Türkiye Kanser Kontrol Programı, TC Sağlık Bakanlığı, Ankara, 55s.
  • Tessaro, I., & Herman, C. (2000). Changes in public health nurses' knowledge and perception of counseling and clinical skills for breast and cervical cancer control. Cancer nursing, 23(5), 401–405. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002820-200010000-00012
  • Tessaro, I. A., Herman, C. J., Shaw, J. E., & Giese, E. A. (1996). Cancer prevention knowledge, attitudes, and clinical practice of nurse practitioners in local public health departments in North Carolina. Cancer nursing, 19(4), 269–274. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002820-199608000-00002
  • Odusanya, O. O., & Tayo, O. O. (2001). Breast cancer knowledge, attitudes and practice among nurses in Lagos, Nigeria. Acta oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden), 40(7), 844–848. https://doi.org/10.1080/02841860152703472
  • Di, J. L., Rutherford, S., Wu, J. L., Song, B., Ma, L., Chen, J. Y., & Chu, C. (2016). Knowledge of Cervical Cancer Screening among Health Care Workers Providing Services Across Different Socio-economic Regions of China. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP, 17(6), 2965–2972.
  • Dulla, D., Daka, D., & Wakgari, N. (2017). Knowledge about cervical cancer screening and its practice among female health care workers in southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. International journal of women's health, 9, 365–372. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S132202
  • Heena, H., Durrani, S., Riaz, M. et al. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to breast cancer screening among female health care professionals: a cross sectional study. BMC Women's Health 19, 122 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-019-0819-x
  • Şeker N. , Köksal Yasin Y. , Özaydın E. , Çapacı B. , Okyay P. Üçüncü Basamak Sağlık Kuruluşundaki Hemşirelerin Kanser Tarama Programları Bilgileri ile Tarama Testlerini Yaptırma Durumları. Duzce Medical Journal. 2018; 19(1): 14-18.
  • Deniz, S., Coskun, F., Oztas, D., & Kurt, A. O. (2018). Knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of breast and cervical cancers and screenings of women working in primary health care services. Journal of B.U.ON. : official journal of the Balkan Union of Oncology, 23(7), 44–52.
  • Korkut Y. (2019). Assessment of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding breast and cervical cancer among women in western Turkey. The Journal of international medical research, 47(4), 1660–1666. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060519830252
  • Yaren, A., Ozkilinc, G., Guler, A., & Oztop, I. (2008). Awareness of breast and cervical cancer risk factors and screening behaviours among nurses in rural region of Turkey. European journal of cancer care, 17(3), 278–284. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2354.2007.00856.x
Toplam 31 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Klinik Tıp Bilimleri, Hemşirelik, Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Ahmet Gürhan Poçan 0000-0003-3128-1602

Gonca Çoban 0000-0002-3285-5519

Çiğdem Gereklioğlu 0000-0003-3556-9865

Süheyl Asma 0000-0001-5335-7976

Altuğ Kut 0000-0003-0776-8349

Kenan Topal Bu kişi benim

Proje Numarası KA15/09
Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Mart 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Poçan, A. G., Çoban, G., Gereklioğlu, Ç., Asma, S., vd. (2024). Screening Behaviours and Awareness of Breast, Cervical and Colon Cancer Among Nurses in an Urban Hospital in The Mediterranean Region. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 11(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.34087/cbusbed.1200434
AMA Poçan AG, Çoban G, Gereklioğlu Ç, Asma S, Kut A, Topal K. Screening Behaviours and Awareness of Breast, Cervical and Colon Cancer Among Nurses in an Urban Hospital in The Mediterranean Region. CBU-SBED. Mart 2024;11(1):1-6. doi:10.34087/cbusbed.1200434
Chicago Poçan, Ahmet Gürhan, Gonca Çoban, Çiğdem Gereklioğlu, Süheyl Asma, Altuğ Kut, ve Kenan Topal. “Screening Behaviours and Awareness of Breast, Cervical and Colon Cancer Among Nurses in an Urban Hospital in The Mediterranean Region”. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 11, sy. 1 (Mart 2024): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.34087/cbusbed.1200434.
EndNote Poçan AG, Çoban G, Gereklioğlu Ç, Asma S, Kut A, Topal K (01 Mart 2024) Screening Behaviours and Awareness of Breast, Cervical and Colon Cancer Among Nurses in an Urban Hospital in The Mediterranean Region. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 11 1 1–6.
IEEE A. G. Poçan, G. Çoban, Ç. Gereklioğlu, S. Asma, A. Kut, ve K. Topal, “Screening Behaviours and Awareness of Breast, Cervical and Colon Cancer Among Nurses in an Urban Hospital in The Mediterranean Region”, CBU-SBED, c. 11, sy. 1, ss. 1–6, 2024, doi: 10.34087/cbusbed.1200434.
ISNAD Poçan, Ahmet Gürhan vd. “Screening Behaviours and Awareness of Breast, Cervical and Colon Cancer Among Nurses in an Urban Hospital in The Mediterranean Region”. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 11/1 (Mart 2024), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.34087/cbusbed.1200434.
JAMA Poçan AG, Çoban G, Gereklioğlu Ç, Asma S, Kut A, Topal K. Screening Behaviours and Awareness of Breast, Cervical and Colon Cancer Among Nurses in an Urban Hospital in The Mediterranean Region. CBU-SBED. 2024;11:1–6.
MLA Poçan, Ahmet Gürhan vd. “Screening Behaviours and Awareness of Breast, Cervical and Colon Cancer Among Nurses in an Urban Hospital in The Mediterranean Region”. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, c. 11, sy. 1, 2024, ss. 1-6, doi:10.34087/cbusbed.1200434.
Vancouver Poçan AG, Çoban G, Gereklioğlu Ç, Asma S, Kut A, Topal K. Screening Behaviours and Awareness of Breast, Cervical and Colon Cancer Among Nurses in an Urban Hospital in The Mediterranean Region. CBU-SBED. 2024;11(1):1-6.