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Effect of Zuclopenthixol Acetate on Neural Tube Development in Early Chick Embryos

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 4, 889 - 895, 29.12.2023

Gülan Albaş Kurt Alperen Sarıtaş Emre Atay Ayşe Ertekin Yunus Emre Kundakcı Tolga Ertekin

https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1221688

Öz

Objective: Neural tube defects are one of the congenital malformations of the central nervous system. Although the factors that cause the development of neural tube defects and their mechanisms of action are still not clearly explained, genetic predisposition, drug use and some environmental factors are thought to play a role. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of zuclopenthixol acetate (ZA) on neural tube development in a chick embryo model.
Methods: Fourty specific pathogen-free (SPF) eggs were used in the study. The eggs were incubated for 28 hours and divided into four groups of 10 eggs each. At the end of the 28th hours, saline was injected to the control group, while ZA was administered subblastodermically to the experimental groups in 3 different doses (0.7, 1.4, 2.1 mg/kg). At the end of the 48th hours, all the eggs were opened and the embryos were dissected from the embryonic membranes and evaluated morphologically and histopathologically.
Results: When the study groups were evaluated according to the neural tube positions (open or closed), it was found that the neural tube patency increased depending on the ZA dose, which was statistically significant (p < 0.05). In addition, morphological developments of embryos were evaluated. Compared to the control group, a statistically significant decrease was observed in the mean somite numbers in all ZA-treated groups, while a significant decrease was found in the mean cranio-caudal length only in the high-dose group.
Conclusion: In this study, it was observed that neural tube and morphological development were adversely affected in the groups treated with ZA in the chick embryo model. It was shown that neural tube closure defects in embryos increased in direct proportion with ZA doses. However, we believe that it will not be possible to fully adapt the results of this study, which was carried out in the chick embryo model, to humans and that more comprehensive research should be conducted.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Chick embryo congenital malformations neural tube defect zuclopenthixol acetate

Kaynakça

  • Sadler TW. Mechanisms of neural tube closure and defects. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews. 1998;4:247–253. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2779(1998)4:4<247::AID-MRDD3>3.0.CO;2-P.
  • Yamaguchi Y, Miura M. How to form and close the brain: Insight into the mechanism of cranial neural tube closure in mammals. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 2013;70:3171–3186. DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1227-7.
  • Maden M. Retinoids and spinal cord development. Journal of Neurobiology. 2006;66:726–738. DOI: 10.1002/neu.20248.
  • Au KS, Ashley-Koch A, Northrup H. Epidemiologic and genetic aspects of spina bifida and other neural tube defects. Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews. 2010;16:6–15. DOI: 10.1002/ddrr.93.
  • Greene NDE, Copp AJ. Neural tube defects. Annual review of neuroscience. 2014;37:221–242. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-062012-170354.
  • Padmanabhan R. Etiology, pathogenesis and prevention of neural tube defects. Congenital anomalies. 2006;46:55–67. DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4520.2006.00104.x.
  • Massarwa R, Ray HJ, Niswander L. Morphogenetic movements in the neural plate and neural tube: Mouse. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology. 2014;3:59–68. DOI: 10.1002/wdev.120.
  • Obladen M. Cats, frogs, and snakes: Early concepts of neural tube defects. Journal of Child Neurology. 2011;26:1452–1461. DOI: 10.1177/0883073811411191.
  • Einarson A, Boskovic R. Use and safety of antipsychotic drugs during pregnancy. Journal of psychiatric practice. 2009;15:183–192. DOI: 10.1097/01.pra.0000351878.45260.94.
  • Drake VJ, Koprowski SL, Lough JW, Smith SM. Gastrulating chick embryo as a model for evaluating teratogenicity: A comparison of three approaches. Birth Defects Research Part A - Clinical and Molecular Teratology. 2006;76:66–71. DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20202.
  • Tufan AC, Satiroglu-Tufan NL. The chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane as a model system for the study of tumor angiogenesis, invasion, and development of anti-angiogenic agents. Current cancer drug targets. 2005;5:249–266. DOI: 10.2174/1568009054064624.
  • Atay E, Ertekin A, Bozkurt E, Aslan E. Impact of Bisphenol A on neural tube development in 48‐hr chicken embryos. Birth Defects Res. 2020;112:1386–1396. DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1791.
  • Ertekin T, Bilir A, Aslan E, Koca B, Turamanlar O, Ertekin A, Albay S. The effect of diclofenac sodium on neural tube development in the early stage of chick embryos. Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2019;78:307–313. DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2018.0080.
  • Tural Emon S, Orakdogen M, Uslu S, Somay H. Effects of the popular food additive sodium benzoate on neural tube development in the chicken embryo. Turkish Neurosurgery. 2015;25:294–297. DOI: 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.12551-14.2.
  • Milton GV, Jann MW. Emergency Treatment of Psychotic Symptoms: Pharmacokinetic Considerations for Antipsychotic Drugs. Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 1995;28:494–504. DOI: 10.2165/00003088-199528060-00007.
  • Lacey M, Jayaram MB, Esbensen C. Zuclopenthixol versus placebo for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013;2013. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010598.
  • Coutinho E, Fenton M, Campbell C, David A. Mental health emergencies. Details of studies of zuclopenthixol acetate are needed. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). England; 1997. p. 884; author reply 885.
  • Umur AS, Yaldiz C, Bursali A, Umur N, Kara B, Barutcuoglu M, Vatansever S, Selcuki D, Selcuki M. Evaluation of the effects of mobile phones on the neural tube development of chick embryos. Turkish neurosurgery. 2013;23:742–752. DOI: 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.7757-12.0.
  • Hamburger V, Hamilton HL. A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo. 1951. Developmental dynamics: an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists. 1992;195:231–272. DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001950404.
  • Gardner WJ. Myelomeningocele, the Result of Rupture of the Embryonic Neural Tube. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 1960;27:88–100. DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.27.2.88.
  • Howard LM, Kumar R, Thornicroft G. Psychosocial characteristics and needs of mothers with psychotic disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2001;178:427–432. DOI: 10.1192/bjp.178.5.427.
  • McGrath JJ, Hearle J, Jenner L, Plant K, Drummond A, Barkla JM. The fertility and fecundity of patients with psychoses. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1999;99:441–446. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb00990.x.
  • Kulkarni J, Storch A, Baraniuk A, Gilbert H, Gavrilidis E, Worsley R. Antipsychotic use in pregnancy. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy. 2015;16:1335–1345. DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2015.1041501.
  • Wagner M. Ultrasound in pregnancy. The Lancet. 1994;343:178. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)90970-9.
  • Shouan A, Sinha AK, Grover S. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with the use of injection zuclopenthixol acetate. Ind Psychiatry J. 2020;29(1):162–164. DOI: 10.4103/ipj.ipj_54_19.
  • Fick LG, Fuller A, Mitchell D. Thermoregulatory, motor, behavioural, and nociceptive responses of rats to 3 long-acting neuroleptics. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2005;83:517–527. DOI: 10.1139/y05-037.
  • Khalifa AE. Pro-oxidant activity of zuclopenthixol in vivo: Differential effect of the drug on brain oxidative status of scopolamine-treated rats. Human and Experimental Toxicology. 2004;23:439–445. DOI: 10.1191/0960327104ht470oa.
  • Iqbal MM, Aneja A, Rahman A, Megna J, Freemont W, Shiplo M, Nihilani N, Lee K. The potential risks of commonly prescribed antipsychotics: during pregnancy and lactation. Psychiatry (Edgmont (Pa : Township)). 2005;2:36–44. PMID: 21152171
  • Sadowski A, Todorow M, Yazdani Brojeni P, Koren G, Nulman I. Pregnancy outcomes following maternal exposure to second-generation antipsychotics given with other psychotropic drugs: a cohort study. BMJ open. 2013;3. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003062.
  • Uguz F. Antipsychotic Use During Pregnancy and the Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology. 2019;39:162–167. DOI: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000001002.
  • Newport DJ, Calamaras MR, DeVane CL, Donovan J, Beach AJ, Winn S, Knight BT, Gibson BB, Viguera AC, Owens MJ, Nemeroff CB, Stoweet ZN. Atypical antipsychotic administration during late pregnancy: Placental passage and obstetrical outcomes. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2007;164:1214–1220. DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06111886.
  • Ebrinç S, Çetin M, Öner Ö. Atypical antipsychotics in treatment of bipolar disorder in special populations. Bull Clin Psychopharmacol. 2004;14:236–250.
  • Meador KJ, Baker GA, Browning N, Cohen MJ, Bromley RL, Clayton-Smith J, Kalayjian LA, Kanner A, Liporace JD, Pennell PB, Privitera M, Loring DW; NEAD Study Group. Fetal antiepileptic drug exposure and cognitive outcomes at age 6 years (NEAD study): a prospective observational study. The Lancet Neurology. 2013;12:244–252. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70323-X.
  • Nielsen RE. Treatment of psychosis during pregnancy - A case report and a mini-review. Acta Neuropsychiatrica. 2011;23:210–214. DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5215.2011.00590.x.
  • Koren G, Cohn T, Chitayat D, Kapur B, Remington G, Reid DM, Zipursky RB. Use of atypical antipsychotics during pregnancy and the risk of neural tube defects in infants. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002;159:136–137. DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.159.1.136.
  • Gentile S. Antipsychotic therapy during early and late pregnancy. a systematic review. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2010;36:518–544. DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbn107.
  • Janjic V, Milovanovic DR, Ružic Zecevic D, Loncar D, Laban O, Stepanovic M, Varjacic M, Obradovic S, Dejanovic SD, Jankovic S. Zuklopentiksol dekanoat u trudnoci: Uspešan ishod dve uzastopne trudnoce iste majke. Vojnosanitetski Pregled. 2013;70:526–529. DOI: 10.2298/VSP120208005J.
  • Tuck JR. Effects of chlorpromazine, thioridazine and haloperidol on adrenergic transmitter mechanisms in man. European journal of clinical pharmacology. 1973;6:81–87. DOI: 10.1007/BF00562431.
  • Carlsson A, Lindqvist M. Effect of Chlorpromazine or Haloperidol on Formation of 3‐Methoxytyramine and Normetanephrine in Mouse Brain. Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica. 1963;20:140–144. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1963.tb01730.x.
  • Chatterton R, Cardy S, Schramm TM. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and clozapine monotherapy. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1996;30:692–693. DOI: 10.3109/00048679609062668.
  • Tse L, Barr A, Scarapicchia V, Vila-Rodriguez F. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome: A Review from a Clinically Oriented Perspective. Current Neuropharmacology. 2015;13:395–406. DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13999150424113345.
  • Kaur C, Kapoor HC. Antioxidants in fruits and vegetables - The millennium’s health. International Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2001;36:703–725. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2621.2001.00513.x.
  • Abdille MH, Singh RP, Jayaprakasha GK, Jena BS. Antioxidant activity of the extracts from Dillenia indica fruits. Food Chemistry. 2005;90:891–896. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.09.002.
  • Mahadik SP, Evans D, Lal H. Oxidative stress and role of antioxidant and ω-3 essential fatty acid supplementation in schizophrenia. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 2001;25:463–493. DOI: 10.1016/S0278-5846(00)00181-0.
  • Herken H, Uz E, Özyurt H, Söǧüt S, Virit O, Akyol Ö. Evidence that the activities of erythrocyte free radical scavenging enzymes and the products of lipid peroxidation are increased in different forms of schizophrenia. Molecular Psychiatry. 2001;6:66–73. DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000789.

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 4, 889 - 895, 29.12.2023

Gülan Albaş Kurt Alperen Sarıtaş Emre Atay Ayşe Ertekin Yunus Emre Kundakcı Tolga Ertekin

https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1221688

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Chick embryo congenital malformations neural tube defect zuclopenthixol acetate

Kaynakça

  • Sadler TW. Mechanisms of neural tube closure and defects. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews. 1998;4:247–253. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2779(1998)4:4<247::AID-MRDD3>3.0.CO;2-P.
  • Yamaguchi Y, Miura M. How to form and close the brain: Insight into the mechanism of cranial neural tube closure in mammals. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 2013;70:3171–3186. DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1227-7.
  • Maden M. Retinoids and spinal cord development. Journal of Neurobiology. 2006;66:726–738. DOI: 10.1002/neu.20248.
  • Au KS, Ashley-Koch A, Northrup H. Epidemiologic and genetic aspects of spina bifida and other neural tube defects. Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews. 2010;16:6–15. DOI: 10.1002/ddrr.93.
  • Greene NDE, Copp AJ. Neural tube defects. Annual review of neuroscience. 2014;37:221–242. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-062012-170354.
  • Padmanabhan R. Etiology, pathogenesis and prevention of neural tube defects. Congenital anomalies. 2006;46:55–67. DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4520.2006.00104.x.
  • Massarwa R, Ray HJ, Niswander L. Morphogenetic movements in the neural plate and neural tube: Mouse. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology. 2014;3:59–68. DOI: 10.1002/wdev.120.
  • Obladen M. Cats, frogs, and snakes: Early concepts of neural tube defects. Journal of Child Neurology. 2011;26:1452–1461. DOI: 10.1177/0883073811411191.
  • Einarson A, Boskovic R. Use and safety of antipsychotic drugs during pregnancy. Journal of psychiatric practice. 2009;15:183–192. DOI: 10.1097/01.pra.0000351878.45260.94.
  • Drake VJ, Koprowski SL, Lough JW, Smith SM. Gastrulating chick embryo as a model for evaluating teratogenicity: A comparison of three approaches. Birth Defects Research Part A - Clinical and Molecular Teratology. 2006;76:66–71. DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20202.
  • Tufan AC, Satiroglu-Tufan NL. The chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane as a model system for the study of tumor angiogenesis, invasion, and development of anti-angiogenic agents. Current cancer drug targets. 2005;5:249–266. DOI: 10.2174/1568009054064624.
  • Atay E, Ertekin A, Bozkurt E, Aslan E. Impact of Bisphenol A on neural tube development in 48‐hr chicken embryos. Birth Defects Res. 2020;112:1386–1396. DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1791.
  • Ertekin T, Bilir A, Aslan E, Koca B, Turamanlar O, Ertekin A, Albay S. The effect of diclofenac sodium on neural tube development in the early stage of chick embryos. Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2019;78:307–313. DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2018.0080.
  • Tural Emon S, Orakdogen M, Uslu S, Somay H. Effects of the popular food additive sodium benzoate on neural tube development in the chicken embryo. Turkish Neurosurgery. 2015;25:294–297. DOI: 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.12551-14.2.
  • Milton GV, Jann MW. Emergency Treatment of Psychotic Symptoms: Pharmacokinetic Considerations for Antipsychotic Drugs. Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 1995;28:494–504. DOI: 10.2165/00003088-199528060-00007.
  • Lacey M, Jayaram MB, Esbensen C. Zuclopenthixol versus placebo for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013;2013. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010598.
  • Coutinho E, Fenton M, Campbell C, David A. Mental health emergencies. Details of studies of zuclopenthixol acetate are needed. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). England; 1997. p. 884; author reply 885.
  • Umur AS, Yaldiz C, Bursali A, Umur N, Kara B, Barutcuoglu M, Vatansever S, Selcuki D, Selcuki M. Evaluation of the effects of mobile phones on the neural tube development of chick embryos. Turkish neurosurgery. 2013;23:742–752. DOI: 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.7757-12.0.
  • Hamburger V, Hamilton HL. A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo. 1951. Developmental dynamics: an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists. 1992;195:231–272. DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001950404.
  • Gardner WJ. Myelomeningocele, the Result of Rupture of the Embryonic Neural Tube. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 1960;27:88–100. DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.27.2.88.
  • Howard LM, Kumar R, Thornicroft G. Psychosocial characteristics and needs of mothers with psychotic disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2001;178:427–432. DOI: 10.1192/bjp.178.5.427.
  • McGrath JJ, Hearle J, Jenner L, Plant K, Drummond A, Barkla JM. The fertility and fecundity of patients with psychoses. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1999;99:441–446. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb00990.x.
  • Kulkarni J, Storch A, Baraniuk A, Gilbert H, Gavrilidis E, Worsley R. Antipsychotic use in pregnancy. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy. 2015;16:1335–1345. DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2015.1041501.
  • Wagner M. Ultrasound in pregnancy. The Lancet. 1994;343:178. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)90970-9.
  • Shouan A, Sinha AK, Grover S. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with the use of injection zuclopenthixol acetate. Ind Psychiatry J. 2020;29(1):162–164. DOI: 10.4103/ipj.ipj_54_19.
  • Fick LG, Fuller A, Mitchell D. Thermoregulatory, motor, behavioural, and nociceptive responses of rats to 3 long-acting neuroleptics. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2005;83:517–527. DOI: 10.1139/y05-037.
  • Khalifa AE. Pro-oxidant activity of zuclopenthixol in vivo: Differential effect of the drug on brain oxidative status of scopolamine-treated rats. Human and Experimental Toxicology. 2004;23:439–445. DOI: 10.1191/0960327104ht470oa.
  • Iqbal MM, Aneja A, Rahman A, Megna J, Freemont W, Shiplo M, Nihilani N, Lee K. The potential risks of commonly prescribed antipsychotics: during pregnancy and lactation. Psychiatry (Edgmont (Pa : Township)). 2005;2:36–44. PMID: 21152171
  • Sadowski A, Todorow M, Yazdani Brojeni P, Koren G, Nulman I. Pregnancy outcomes following maternal exposure to second-generation antipsychotics given with other psychotropic drugs: a cohort study. BMJ open. 2013;3. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003062.
  • Uguz F. Antipsychotic Use During Pregnancy and the Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology. 2019;39:162–167. DOI: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000001002.
  • Newport DJ, Calamaras MR, DeVane CL, Donovan J, Beach AJ, Winn S, Knight BT, Gibson BB, Viguera AC, Owens MJ, Nemeroff CB, Stoweet ZN. Atypical antipsychotic administration during late pregnancy: Placental passage and obstetrical outcomes. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2007;164:1214–1220. DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06111886.
  • Ebrinç S, Çetin M, Öner Ö. Atypical antipsychotics in treatment of bipolar disorder in special populations. Bull Clin Psychopharmacol. 2004;14:236–250.
  • Meador KJ, Baker GA, Browning N, Cohen MJ, Bromley RL, Clayton-Smith J, Kalayjian LA, Kanner A, Liporace JD, Pennell PB, Privitera M, Loring DW; NEAD Study Group. Fetal antiepileptic drug exposure and cognitive outcomes at age 6 years (NEAD study): a prospective observational study. The Lancet Neurology. 2013;12:244–252. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70323-X.
  • Nielsen RE. Treatment of psychosis during pregnancy - A case report and a mini-review. Acta Neuropsychiatrica. 2011;23:210–214. DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5215.2011.00590.x.
  • Koren G, Cohn T, Chitayat D, Kapur B, Remington G, Reid DM, Zipursky RB. Use of atypical antipsychotics during pregnancy and the risk of neural tube defects in infants. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002;159:136–137. DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.159.1.136.
  • Gentile S. Antipsychotic therapy during early and late pregnancy. a systematic review. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2010;36:518–544. DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbn107.
  • Janjic V, Milovanovic DR, Ružic Zecevic D, Loncar D, Laban O, Stepanovic M, Varjacic M, Obradovic S, Dejanovic SD, Jankovic S. Zuklopentiksol dekanoat u trudnoci: Uspešan ishod dve uzastopne trudnoce iste majke. Vojnosanitetski Pregled. 2013;70:526–529. DOI: 10.2298/VSP120208005J.
  • Tuck JR. Effects of chlorpromazine, thioridazine and haloperidol on adrenergic transmitter mechanisms in man. European journal of clinical pharmacology. 1973;6:81–87. DOI: 10.1007/BF00562431.
  • Carlsson A, Lindqvist M. Effect of Chlorpromazine or Haloperidol on Formation of 3‐Methoxytyramine and Normetanephrine in Mouse Brain. Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica. 1963;20:140–144. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1963.tb01730.x.
  • Chatterton R, Cardy S, Schramm TM. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and clozapine monotherapy. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1996;30:692–693. DOI: 10.3109/00048679609062668.
  • Tse L, Barr A, Scarapicchia V, Vila-Rodriguez F. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome: A Review from a Clinically Oriented Perspective. Current Neuropharmacology. 2015;13:395–406. DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13999150424113345.
  • Kaur C, Kapoor HC. Antioxidants in fruits and vegetables - The millennium’s health. International Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2001;36:703–725. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2621.2001.00513.x.
  • Abdille MH, Singh RP, Jayaprakasha GK, Jena BS. Antioxidant activity of the extracts from Dillenia indica fruits. Food Chemistry. 2005;90:891–896. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.09.002.
  • Mahadik SP, Evans D, Lal H. Oxidative stress and role of antioxidant and ω-3 essential fatty acid supplementation in schizophrenia. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 2001;25:463–493. DOI: 10.1016/S0278-5846(00)00181-0.
  • Herken H, Uz E, Özyurt H, Söǧüt S, Virit O, Akyol Ö. Evidence that the activities of erythrocyte free radical scavenging enzymes and the products of lipid peroxidation are increased in different forms of schizophrenia. Molecular Psychiatry. 2001;6:66–73. DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000789.
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Acil Tıp
Bölüm Articles
Yazarlar

Gülan Albaş Kurt 0000-0002-4007-9062

Alperen Sarıtaş 0000-0003-3523-1936

Emre Atay 0000-0002-2378-1183

Ayşe Ertekin 0000-0002-9947-9917

Yunus Emre Kundakcı 0000-0002-2006-9940

Tolga Ertekin 0000-0003-1756-4366

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Albaş Kurt, G., Sarıtaş, A., Atay, E., Ertekin, A., vd. (2023). Effect of Zuclopenthixol Acetate on Neural Tube Development in Early Chick Embryos. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, 13(4), 889-895. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1221688
AMA Albaş Kurt G, Sarıtaş A, Atay E, Ertekin A, Kundakcı YE, Ertekin T. Effect of Zuclopenthixol Acetate on Neural Tube Development in Early Chick Embryos. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. Aralık 2023;13(4):889-895. doi:10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1221688
Chicago Albaş Kurt, Gülan, Alperen Sarıtaş, Emre Atay, Ayşe Ertekin, Yunus Emre Kundakcı, ve Tolga Ertekin. “Effect of Zuclopenthixol Acetate on Neural Tube Development in Early Chick Embryos”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 13, sy. 4 (Aralık 2023): 889-95. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1221688.
EndNote Albaş Kurt G, Sarıtaş A, Atay E, Ertekin A, Kundakcı YE, Ertekin T (01 Aralık 2023) Effect of Zuclopenthixol Acetate on Neural Tube Development in Early Chick Embryos. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 13 4 889–895.
IEEE G. Albaş Kurt, A. Sarıtaş, E. Atay, A. Ertekin, Y. E. Kundakcı, ve T. Ertekin, “Effect of Zuclopenthixol Acetate on Neural Tube Development in Early Chick Embryos”, Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, c. 13, sy. 4, ss. 889–895, 2023, doi: 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1221688.
ISNAD Albaş Kurt, Gülan vd. “Effect of Zuclopenthixol Acetate on Neural Tube Development in Early Chick Embryos”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 13/4 (Aralık 2023), 889-895. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1221688.
JAMA Albaş Kurt G, Sarıtaş A, Atay E, Ertekin A, Kundakcı YE, Ertekin T. Effect of Zuclopenthixol Acetate on Neural Tube Development in Early Chick Embryos. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. 2023;13:889–895.
MLA Albaş Kurt, Gülan vd. “Effect of Zuclopenthixol Acetate on Neural Tube Development in Early Chick Embryos”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, c. 13, sy. 4, 2023, ss. 889-95, doi:10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1221688.
Vancouver Albaş Kurt G, Sarıtaş A, Atay E, Ertekin A, Kundakcı YE, Ertekin T. Effect of Zuclopenthixol Acetate on Neural Tube Development in Early Chick Embryos. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. 2023;13(4):889-95.
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