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EFFECTIVENESS OF OLEUROPEIN AND QUERCETIN IN COVID-19 DISEASE

Yıl 2021, , 239 - 248, 31.12.2021

Gülşen Delikanlı Akbay

https://doi.org/10.51754/cusbed.876692

Öz

Compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups in the aromatic ring are called phenolic substances. Phenolic substances are found in fruits, vegetables, leaves, seeds, flowers, stems and branches of plants. Phenolic substances show anticarcinogenic, antimutagenic, antimicrobial activity due to antioxidants and are associated with human health. Olives, olive leaves and olive oil are important compounds with their phenolic content. Oleuropein is a substance that is presented abundantly in the period before the ripening of the olive fruit, decreases as the fruit ripens and gives the fruit a bitter taste. Quercetin is a polyphenolic flavonoid that is abundant in cabbage, onion, red grapes and tea. Quercetin, the most abundant flavonoid in the diet, is a substance that gives bitter taste to dietary supplements, foods and beverages. Studies show that oleuropein and quercetin have positive effect on health by disrupting the cellular structure of the organism. COVID-19 is one of the last species in the coronavirus family. People are trying various solutions against the disease for which there is no treatment and prevention method. In this context, an important method used is phenolic compounds. In this study, it is aimed to maintain the effectiveness of oleuropein and quercetin against COVID-19, which causes many deaths worldwide.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Phenolic Substance Antioxidant Oleuropein Quercetin COVID-19

Kaynakça

  • Referans1 Agrawal PK, Agrawal C, Blunden G (2020) Quercetin: Antiviral Significance and Possible COVID-19 Integrative Considerations. Natural Product Communications 15(12)
  • Referans2 Ağgül AG (2012) Diyabetli ratlarda zeytin yaprağı ekstresinin etkilerinin incelenmesi. MSc, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
  • Referans3 Almeida, AF, Borge G, Piskula M, Tudose A, Tudoreanu L, Valentova K, Williamson G, Santos CN (2018) Bioavailability of Quercetin in Humans with a Focus on Interindividual Variation. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 17(3):714–731
  • Referans4 Armutcu F, Akyol S, Hasgül R, Yiğitoğlu MR (2011) Zeytin yaprağının biyolojik etkileri ve tıpta kullanımı. Spatula DD 1(3):159–165
  • Referans5 Bao J, Zhang DW, Zhang JZ, Huang PL, Lee-Huang S (2007) Computational study of bindings of olive leaf extract (OLE) to HIV-1 fusion protein gp41. F.E.B.S. Lett. (581):2737–2742
  • Referans6 Barbaro B, Toietta G, Maggio R, Arciello M, Tarocchi M, Galli A, Balsano C (2014) Effects of the olive-derived polyphenol oleuropein on human health. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 15(10):18508–18524
  • Referans7 Benavente-Garcia O, Castıllo J, Lorente J, Alcaraz M (2002) Radioprotective effects in vivo of phenolics from Olea europaea L. Journal of medicinal food 5(3): 125–135
  • Referans8 Boots AW, Haenen GR, Bast A (2008) Health effects of quercetin: from antioxidant to nutraceutical. European journal of pharmacology 585(2):325–337
  • Referans9 Casas-Sanchez J, Alsina AM, Herrlein MK, Mestres C (2007) Interaction between the antibacterial compound, oleuropein, and model membranes. Colloid and polymer science 285(12):1351–1360
  • Reerans10 Chandrashekharaiah PS, Kodgire S, Vishal P, Dishant D, Kushwaha S, Sanyal D, Dasgupta, S (2020) Therapeutic Potential of Olive ’ s Bioactive Compounds in COVID-19 Disease Management : A Review. AIJR Preprints 269(1)
  • Referans11 Crespy V, Morand C, Besson C, Manach C, Demigne C, Remesy C (2002) Quercetin, but not its glycosides, is absorbed from the ratstomach.. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 50(3):618–621
  • Referans12 Çam M, Hışıl Y (2004) Gıda flavonoidlerinin yüksek basınç sıvı kromatografisi ile analizi. Akademik gıda dergisi 2(2):22–25
  • Referans13 Ding J, Xu X, Wu X, Huang Z, Kong G, Liu J, Li R, Yang Z, Liu Y, Zhu Q (2019) Bone loss and biomechanical reduction of appendicular and axial bones under ketogenic diet in rats. Experimental and therapeutic medicine 17: 2503–2510
  • Referans14 Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi COVID-19 Yeni Koronavirus Eğitimi. (2020). Erişim adresi: https://tip.deu.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/corona-egitim.pdf
  • Referans15 Edgecombe SC, Stretch GL, Haybal PJ (2000) Oleuropein, an antioxidant polyphenol from olive oil, is poorly absorbed from isolated perfused rat intestine. J Nutr 130(12):2996–3002
  • Referans16 Edwards RL, Lyon T, Litwin SE, Rabovsky A, Symons JD, Jalli T (2007) Quercetin reduces blood pressure in hypertensive subjects. J Nutr 137, 2405–11
  • Referans17 Erlund I, Freese R, Marnietni J, Hakala P, Alfthan G (2006) Bioavailability of quercetin from berries and the diet. Nutrition and cancer 54(1):13–17
  • Referans18 Estola T (1970) Coronaviruses , a new group of animal RNA viruses. Avian Diseases 14(2):330–336
  • Referans19 Fenolik bileşiklerin etkileri ve önemi (2018). A https://www.slideshare.net/muhfood/fenolik-bileiklerin-etkileri-ve-nemi (Accessed: 22 December 2020).
  • Referans20 Fredrickson WR (2000) Method and composition for antiviral threrapy with olive leaves. US patent 6(117):844
  • Referans21 Thorne Research Institute (2009) Olive Leaf. Alternative Medicine Review. Olive Wellness Institute. https://olivewellnessinstitute.org/article-cat/olive_leaf/ s/14/1/62.pdf. Accessed: 1 February 2021
  • Referans22 Gikas E, Bazoti FN, Tsarbopoulos A (2007) Conformation of Oleuropein, the major bioactive compound of Olea europea. J Mol Struct (821):125-132
  • Referans23 Gökalp F (2017) Zeytin etken maddesi olan oleuropeinin kimyasal aktivitesinin teorik olarak araştırılması. Marmara Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 29(2): 77–81
  • Referans24 Gökçen Y, Uyla V (2011) Doğal bir antimikrobiyel: Oleuropein. Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 25(1):131–142
  • Referans25 Gürbüz M, Öğüt S (2018) Potential health benefits of olive leaf. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Health Sciences 3(3):242–253
  • Referans26 Huang F, Li Y, Leung ELH, Liu X, Liu K, Wang Q, Lan Y, Li X, Yu H, Cui L, Luo H, Luo L (2020) A review of therapeutic agents and Chinese herbal medicines against SARSCOV-2 (COVID-19). Pharmacological Research 158(2020):104929
  • Referans27 Higdon J (2005) Flavonoids (Review). Linus Pauling Instıtute. https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/dietary-factors/phytochemicals/flavonoids. Accessed February 3 2021
  • Referans28 Jo S, Kim H, Kim S, Shin DH, Kim M-S (2019) Characteristics of flavonoids as potent MERS-CoV 3C-like protease inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 94(6):2023–2030
  • Referans29 Johari J, Kianmehr A, Mustafa MR, Abubakar S, Zandi K (2012) Antiviral activity of baicalein and quercetin against the Japanese encephalitis virus. Int J Mol Sci 13(12):16785–95
  • Referans30 Kahn JS, McIntosh K (2005) Discussion. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 24(11 SUPPL):223–227
  • Referans31 Kanakis P, Termentzi A, Michel T, Gikas E, Halabalaki M, Skaltsounis A (2013) From olive drupes to olive oil. An HPLC-orbitrap-based qualitative and quantitative exploration of olive key metabolites. Planta Med 79(16): 1576–1587
  • Referans32 Kanter M, Aktas C, Erboğa M (2012) Protective effects of quercetin against apoptosis and oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat testis. Food and chemical toxicology 50(3):719–725
  • Referans33 Karaboğa Arslan AK, Öztürk E, Yerer MB, Koşar M (2017) Oleuropein in olive leaf and its pharmacologial effects. Journal of Health Sciences 26(1):89–93
  • Referans34 Karabulut G, Yemiş O (2019) Fenolik bileşiklerin bağlı formları ve biyoyararlılığı. Akademik Gıda 17(4):526–537
  • Referans35 Karakaya S, Nehir S (1997) Flavonoidler ve sağlık. Beslenme ve Diyet Dergisi 26(2):54–60
  • Referans36 Khan Y, Panchal S, Vyas N, Butani A, Kumar V (2007) Olea europaea: a phyto-pharmacological review. Pharmacogn Rev 1(1): 114–8
  • Referans37 Kressler J, Millard-Stafford M, Warren GL (2011) Quercetin and endurance exercise capacity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 43: 2396–2404
  • Referans38 Lalchhandama K (2020) The chronicles of coronaviruses: the bronchitis, the hepatitis and the common cold. Science Vision 20(1):43–53
  • Referans39 Lee-Huang S, Huang PL, Zhang D, Lee JW, Bao J, Sun Y (2007) Discovery of small-molecule HIV-1 fusion and integrase inhibitors oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol: Part I. fusion [corrected] inhibition. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 354(4): 872-878
  • Referans40 Lu R, Xiaoyan Y, Wen W, Xijie D, Linglin Z, Weimin Z, Jin X, Lingie X, Qin H, Jianxin L, Li R, Zhong W, Wenjie T (2012) Characterization of human coronavirus etiology in chinese adults with acute upper respiratory tract infection by real-time RT-PCR assays. PLoS ONE 7(6):23–25
  • Referans41 Mahase E (2020) Covid-19: Coronavirus was first described in The BMJ in 1965. BMJ 369 m1547
  • Referans42 Malik NSA, Bradford JM (2006) Changes in oleuropein levels during differentiation and development of floral buds in “Arbequina” olives. Sci Hortic 110:274–278
  • Referans43 Micol V, Caturla N, Pérez-Fons L, Más V, Pérez L, Estepa A (2005) The olive leaf extract exhibits antiviral activity against viral haemorrhagic septicaemia rhabdovirus (VHSV). Antiviral Res 66(2–3):129–136
  • Referans44 Mohammed FM, Ahsan M, Abdul W (2019) Quercetin- A Mini Review. Mod Concep Dev Agrono 1(2)
  • Referans45 Monto AS (1984) Coronaviruses. In: Evans AS (eds) Viral infections of humans, Springer, Boston, pp 151-165
  • Referans46 Nabavi SF, Nabavi SM, Mirzaei M, Moghaddam AH (2012) Protective effect of quercetin against sodium fluoride induced oxidative stress in rat’s heart. Food & function 3(4):437–441
  • Referans47 Nabavi SF, Russo GL, Daglia M, Nabavi SM (2015) Role of quercetin as an alternative for obesity treatment: you are what you eat! Food Chemistry 179. 305–310
  • Referans48 Omar SH (2010) Oleuropein in olive and its pharmacological effects. Scientia Pharmaceutica, 78(2):133–154
  • Referans49 Ortega-García F, Peragon J (2010) HPLC analysis of oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, and tyrosol in stems and roots of Olea europaea L. cv. Picual during ripening, J Sci Food Agric 90(13):2295–2300
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Oleuropein ve Kuersetinin Covıd-19 Hastalığında Etkinliği

Yıl 2021, , 239 - 248, 31.12.2021

Gülşen Delikanlı Akbay

https://doi.org/10.51754/cusbed.876692

Öz

Aromatik halkasında bir veya daha fazla hidroksil grubu içeren bileşikler fenolik madde olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Fenolik maddeler bitkilerin meyve, sebze, yaprak, tohum, çiçek, gövde ve dallarında bulunmaktadır. Fenolik maddeler antioksidan özelliklerine bağlı olarak antikanserojen, antimutajenik, antimikrobiyal aktivite göstermektedir ve insan sağlığı ile yakından ilişkilidir. Zeytin, zeytin yaprağı ve zeytinyağı fenolik içerikleri ile önemli bileşiklerdir. Oleuropein, zeytin meyvesinin olgunlaşmadan önceki döneminde bol miktarda bulunan, meyve olgunlaştıkça miktarı azalan ve meyveye acı tat veren bir maddedir. Kuersetin; lahanalar, soğan, kırmızı üzüm ve çayda bol miktarda bulunan polifenolik bir flavonoiddir. Diyette en fazla bulunan flavonoid olan kuersetin diyet suplemanları, yiyecek ve içeceklere acı tat veren bir maddedir. Çalışmalar, oleuropein ve kuersetinin organizmadaki zararlı maddelerin hücre yapısını bozarak sağlık için olumlu etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. COVID-19 koronavirüs ailesinin son tanımlanan türlerinden biridir. Tedavi ve korunma yöntemi bulunmayan hastalığa karşı insanlar çeşitli çözümler denemektedir. Bu bağlamda başvurulan yollardan önemli bir tanesi de fenolik bileşiklerdir. Bu çalışmada, dünya genelinde birçok insanın hayatını kaybetmesine neden olan COVID-19’ a karşı oleuropeinin ve kuersetinin etkinliğinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Fenolik Madde Antioksidan Oleuropein Kuersetin COVID-19

Kaynakça

  • Referans1 Agrawal PK, Agrawal C, Blunden G (2020) Quercetin: Antiviral Significance and Possible COVID-19 Integrative Considerations. Natural Product Communications 15(12)
  • Referans2 Ağgül AG (2012) Diyabetli ratlarda zeytin yaprağı ekstresinin etkilerinin incelenmesi. MSc, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
  • Referans3 Almeida, AF, Borge G, Piskula M, Tudose A, Tudoreanu L, Valentova K, Williamson G, Santos CN (2018) Bioavailability of Quercetin in Humans with a Focus on Interindividual Variation. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 17(3):714–731
  • Referans4 Armutcu F, Akyol S, Hasgül R, Yiğitoğlu MR (2011) Zeytin yaprağının biyolojik etkileri ve tıpta kullanımı. Spatula DD 1(3):159–165
  • Referans5 Bao J, Zhang DW, Zhang JZ, Huang PL, Lee-Huang S (2007) Computational study of bindings of olive leaf extract (OLE) to HIV-1 fusion protein gp41. F.E.B.S. Lett. (581):2737–2742
  • Referans6 Barbaro B, Toietta G, Maggio R, Arciello M, Tarocchi M, Galli A, Balsano C (2014) Effects of the olive-derived polyphenol oleuropein on human health. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 15(10):18508–18524
  • Referans7 Benavente-Garcia O, Castıllo J, Lorente J, Alcaraz M (2002) Radioprotective effects in vivo of phenolics from Olea europaea L. Journal of medicinal food 5(3): 125–135
  • Referans8 Boots AW, Haenen GR, Bast A (2008) Health effects of quercetin: from antioxidant to nutraceutical. European journal of pharmacology 585(2):325–337
  • Referans9 Casas-Sanchez J, Alsina AM, Herrlein MK, Mestres C (2007) Interaction between the antibacterial compound, oleuropein, and model membranes. Colloid and polymer science 285(12):1351–1360
  • Reerans10 Chandrashekharaiah PS, Kodgire S, Vishal P, Dishant D, Kushwaha S, Sanyal D, Dasgupta, S (2020) Therapeutic Potential of Olive ’ s Bioactive Compounds in COVID-19 Disease Management : A Review. AIJR Preprints 269(1)
  • Referans11 Crespy V, Morand C, Besson C, Manach C, Demigne C, Remesy C (2002) Quercetin, but not its glycosides, is absorbed from the ratstomach.. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 50(3):618–621
  • Referans12 Çam M, Hışıl Y (2004) Gıda flavonoidlerinin yüksek basınç sıvı kromatografisi ile analizi. Akademik gıda dergisi 2(2):22–25
  • Referans13 Ding J, Xu X, Wu X, Huang Z, Kong G, Liu J, Li R, Yang Z, Liu Y, Zhu Q (2019) Bone loss and biomechanical reduction of appendicular and axial bones under ketogenic diet in rats. Experimental and therapeutic medicine 17: 2503–2510
  • Referans14 Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi COVID-19 Yeni Koronavirus Eğitimi. (2020). Erişim adresi: https://tip.deu.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/corona-egitim.pdf
  • Referans15 Edgecombe SC, Stretch GL, Haybal PJ (2000) Oleuropein, an antioxidant polyphenol from olive oil, is poorly absorbed from isolated perfused rat intestine. J Nutr 130(12):2996–3002
  • Referans16 Edwards RL, Lyon T, Litwin SE, Rabovsky A, Symons JD, Jalli T (2007) Quercetin reduces blood pressure in hypertensive subjects. J Nutr 137, 2405–11
  • Referans17 Erlund I, Freese R, Marnietni J, Hakala P, Alfthan G (2006) Bioavailability of quercetin from berries and the diet. Nutrition and cancer 54(1):13–17
  • Referans18 Estola T (1970) Coronaviruses , a new group of animal RNA viruses. Avian Diseases 14(2):330–336
  • Referans19 Fenolik bileşiklerin etkileri ve önemi (2018). A https://www.slideshare.net/muhfood/fenolik-bileiklerin-etkileri-ve-nemi (Accessed: 22 December 2020).
  • Referans20 Fredrickson WR (2000) Method and composition for antiviral threrapy with olive leaves. US patent 6(117):844
  • Referans21 Thorne Research Institute (2009) Olive Leaf. Alternative Medicine Review. Olive Wellness Institute. https://olivewellnessinstitute.org/article-cat/olive_leaf/ s/14/1/62.pdf. Accessed: 1 February 2021
  • Referans22 Gikas E, Bazoti FN, Tsarbopoulos A (2007) Conformation of Oleuropein, the major bioactive compound of Olea europea. J Mol Struct (821):125-132
  • Referans23 Gökalp F (2017) Zeytin etken maddesi olan oleuropeinin kimyasal aktivitesinin teorik olarak araştırılması. Marmara Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 29(2): 77–81
  • Referans24 Gökçen Y, Uyla V (2011) Doğal bir antimikrobiyel: Oleuropein. Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 25(1):131–142
  • Referans25 Gürbüz M, Öğüt S (2018) Potential health benefits of olive leaf. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Health Sciences 3(3):242–253
  • Referans26 Huang F, Li Y, Leung ELH, Liu X, Liu K, Wang Q, Lan Y, Li X, Yu H, Cui L, Luo H, Luo L (2020) A review of therapeutic agents and Chinese herbal medicines against SARSCOV-2 (COVID-19). Pharmacological Research 158(2020):104929
  • Referans27 Higdon J (2005) Flavonoids (Review). Linus Pauling Instıtute. https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/dietary-factors/phytochemicals/flavonoids. Accessed February 3 2021
  • Referans28 Jo S, Kim H, Kim S, Shin DH, Kim M-S (2019) Characteristics of flavonoids as potent MERS-CoV 3C-like protease inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 94(6):2023–2030
  • Referans29 Johari J, Kianmehr A, Mustafa MR, Abubakar S, Zandi K (2012) Antiviral activity of baicalein and quercetin against the Japanese encephalitis virus. Int J Mol Sci 13(12):16785–95
  • Referans30 Kahn JS, McIntosh K (2005) Discussion. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 24(11 SUPPL):223–227
  • Referans31 Kanakis P, Termentzi A, Michel T, Gikas E, Halabalaki M, Skaltsounis A (2013) From olive drupes to olive oil. An HPLC-orbitrap-based qualitative and quantitative exploration of olive key metabolites. Planta Med 79(16): 1576–1587
  • Referans32 Kanter M, Aktas C, Erboğa M (2012) Protective effects of quercetin against apoptosis and oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat testis. Food and chemical toxicology 50(3):719–725
  • Referans33 Karaboğa Arslan AK, Öztürk E, Yerer MB, Koşar M (2017) Oleuropein in olive leaf and its pharmacologial effects. Journal of Health Sciences 26(1):89–93
  • Referans34 Karabulut G, Yemiş O (2019) Fenolik bileşiklerin bağlı formları ve biyoyararlılığı. Akademik Gıda 17(4):526–537
  • Referans35 Karakaya S, Nehir S (1997) Flavonoidler ve sağlık. Beslenme ve Diyet Dergisi 26(2):54–60
  • Referans36 Khan Y, Panchal S, Vyas N, Butani A, Kumar V (2007) Olea europaea: a phyto-pharmacological review. Pharmacogn Rev 1(1): 114–8
  • Referans37 Kressler J, Millard-Stafford M, Warren GL (2011) Quercetin and endurance exercise capacity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 43: 2396–2404
  • Referans38 Lalchhandama K (2020) The chronicles of coronaviruses: the bronchitis, the hepatitis and the common cold. Science Vision 20(1):43–53
  • Referans39 Lee-Huang S, Huang PL, Zhang D, Lee JW, Bao J, Sun Y (2007) Discovery of small-molecule HIV-1 fusion and integrase inhibitors oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol: Part I. fusion [corrected] inhibition. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 354(4): 872-878
  • Referans40 Lu R, Xiaoyan Y, Wen W, Xijie D, Linglin Z, Weimin Z, Jin X, Lingie X, Qin H, Jianxin L, Li R, Zhong W, Wenjie T (2012) Characterization of human coronavirus etiology in chinese adults with acute upper respiratory tract infection by real-time RT-PCR assays. PLoS ONE 7(6):23–25
  • Referans41 Mahase E (2020) Covid-19: Coronavirus was first described in The BMJ in 1965. BMJ 369 m1547
  • Referans42 Malik NSA, Bradford JM (2006) Changes in oleuropein levels during differentiation and development of floral buds in “Arbequina” olives. Sci Hortic 110:274–278
  • Referans43 Micol V, Caturla N, Pérez-Fons L, Más V, Pérez L, Estepa A (2005) The olive leaf extract exhibits antiviral activity against viral haemorrhagic septicaemia rhabdovirus (VHSV). Antiviral Res 66(2–3):129–136
  • Referans44 Mohammed FM, Ahsan M, Abdul W (2019) Quercetin- A Mini Review. Mod Concep Dev Agrono 1(2)
  • Referans45 Monto AS (1984) Coronaviruses. In: Evans AS (eds) Viral infections of humans, Springer, Boston, pp 151-165
  • Referans46 Nabavi SF, Nabavi SM, Mirzaei M, Moghaddam AH (2012) Protective effect of quercetin against sodium fluoride induced oxidative stress in rat’s heart. Food & function 3(4):437–441
  • Referans47 Nabavi SF, Russo GL, Daglia M, Nabavi SM (2015) Role of quercetin as an alternative for obesity treatment: you are what you eat! Food Chemistry 179. 305–310
  • Referans48 Omar SH (2010) Oleuropein in olive and its pharmacological effects. Scientia Pharmaceutica, 78(2):133–154
  • Referans49 Ortega-García F, Peragon J (2010) HPLC analysis of oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, and tyrosol in stems and roots of Olea europaea L. cv. Picual during ripening, J Sci Food Agric 90(13):2295–2300
  • Referans50 Özcan Ö (2017) Streptozosin (STZ) ile diyabet oluşturulmuş sıçanlarda kuersetinin testis dokusuna etkisi. MSc, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
  • Referans51 Panizzi L, Scarpati ML, Oriente EG (1960) Structure of the bitter glucoside oleuropein. Note II. Gazzetta Chimica Italiana (90):1449–1485
  • Referans52 Russo M, Spagnuolo C, Tedesco I, Bilotto S, Russo GL (2012) The flavonoid quercetin in disease prevention and therapy: Facts and fancies. Pharmacol 83, 6–15
  • Referans53 Shahidi F, Naczk M (1995) Food phenolics: Sources, chemistry, effects and applications. Technomic Publishing Co, Lancaster
  • Referans54 Soler-Rivas C, Espiń JC, Wichers HJ (2000) Oleuropein and related compounds. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 80(7):1013–1023
  • Referans55 Şekeroğlu N, Gezici S (2020) Coronavirus pandemic and some Turkish medicinal plants. Anadolu Kliniği Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi 25(Suppl 1): 163–182
  • Referans56 Tassou CC, Nychas GJE, Board RG (1991) Effects of phenolic compounds and oleuropein on the germination of Bacillus cereus T spores. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 13(2):231–237
  • Referans57 TC Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı, Gıda Teknolojisi. (2013) Fenolik bileşikler ve doğal renk maddeleri. Erişim adresi: http://megep.meb.gov.tr/mte_program_modul/moduller_pdf/Fenolik%20Bile%C5%9Fikler%20Ve%20Do%C4%9Fal%20Renk%20Maddeleri.pdf
  • Referans58 Tripoli E, Giammanco M, Tabacchi D, Di Majo S, La Guardia M (2005) The phenolic composition of olive oil: structure, biological activity, and beneficial effects on human health. Nutr Res Rev (18):98–112
  • Referans59 Türköz G, Baydar T, Sözbilen M, Hışıl Y (2008) Oleuropei̇n ve ekstraksi̇yon yöntemleri. I. ulusal zeytin öğrenci kongresi, 17-18 Mayıs 2008, Balıkesir, Türkiye
  • Referans60 Türksoy S (2018) Fenolik Bileşikler. https://docplayer.biz.tr/20897055-Bitkilerdeki-fenolik-bilesikler-fenolik-asitler-veya-fenolkarbonik-asitler-flavonoidler-ile-kucuk-molekullu-ve-cogunlukla-ucucu-olan.html. Accessed 25 February 2021
  • Referans61 Wikipedia contributors (2020) Oleuropein. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oleuropein&oldid=983631085. Accessed 7 February 2021
  • Referans62 Woo PCY, Lau SKP, Lam CSF, Lau CCY, Tsang AKL, Lau JHN, Bai R, Teng JLL, Tsang CCC, Wang M, Zheng B-J, Chan K-H, Yuen K-Y (2012) Discovery of seven novel mammalian and avian coronaviruses in the genus deltacoronavirus supports bat coronaviruses as the gene source of alphacoronavirus and betacoronavirus and avian coronaviruses as the gene source of gammacoronavirus and deltacoronavirus. Journal of Virology 86(7):3995–4008
  • Referans63 Yıldız G, Uylaşer V (2011) Doğal bir antimikrobiyel: Oleuropein. Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 25(1):131–142
  • Referans64 Yıldız H, Baysal T (2003) Bitkisel fenoliklerin kullanım olanakları ve insan sağlığı üzerine etkileri. Ege Üniversitesi Gıda Mühendisliği Dergisi 29–35
  • Referans65 Yorulmaz A, Tekin A (2008) Zeyti̇n ve zeyti̇nyaği fenoli̇kleri. I. ulusal zeytin öğrenci kongresi, 17-18 Mayıs 2008, Balıkesir, Türkiye
  • Referans66 Zandi K, Teoh B-T, Sam S-S (2011) Antiviral activity of four types of bioflavonoid against dengue virus type-2. Virol J 8(1):560
Toplam 66 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Gülşen Delikanlı Akbay 0000-0003-1366-4685

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021

Kaynak Göster

APA Delikanlı Akbay, G. (2021). Oleuropein ve Kuersetinin Covıd-19 Hastalığında Etkinliği. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6(3), 239-248. https://doi.org/10.51754/cusbed.876692

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