Araştırma Makalesi
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Bangladesh’s Endeavors for Rohingya Repatriation and Challenges; A Critical Analysis

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 76, 80 - 93, 27.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.51290/dpusbe.1199769

Öz

This research investigates the challenges to Bangladesh’s endeavors for Rohingya repatriation from Bangladesh to Myanmar since 2017 to 2022. Myanmar security forces forced more than one million Rohingya to migrate to Bangladesh since 1978 till the last arrival of them in 2017. The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights marked the persecution on Rohingya ‘a textbook example of ethnic cleansing’(United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, 2017). Rohingya, one of the globe's most oppressed ethnic minorities, has been targeted by Myanmar's harsh ethnic policies for decade after decade. Bangladesh’s long efforts for Rohingya repatriation did not materialize because of Myanmar’s non-cooperation with Bangladesh and geostrategic-economic interest as well as the application of vetoes mainly by Russia and China. This study, firstly, explains the years-long persecution of the Rohingya, that ultimately drove many of them to Bangladesh; secondly, it discusses the power and function of the United Nations Security Council and Bangladesh’s diplomatic efforts for Rohingya repatriation; and finally, it explained how Chinese and Russian ‘vetoes’ inhibited measures for safe Rohingya repatriation from Bangladesh to their homeland.

Kaynakça

  • Akins, H. (2018). The two faces of democratization in Myanmar: A case study of the Rohingya and Burmese nationalism. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 38(2), 229-245.
  • Berlie, J. A. (2008). The Burmanization of Myanmar's Muslims (Vol. 61). Bangkok: White Lotus Press.
  • Dhruba, G.M. (22 September). Hasina places 5 proposals at UN, calling for support for Rohingya.https://bdnews24.com/amp/story/bangladesh%2Fhw8vp5ki07. Erişim 02-10-2022
  • Farzana, K.F. (2017). Memories of Burmese Rohingya Refugees: Contested Identity and Belonging, Palgrave Macmillan, (eBook), DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-58360-4. P-15, 16,17,20,64,66,67,68,69.
  • Ganesan, N. (2018). Bilateral issues in Myanmar's policy towards China. Southeast Asian Studies, University of Freiburg. https://www.southeastasianstudies.uni-freiburg.de/documents/occasional-paper/op38.pdf
  • Gorenburg D. and Schwartz, P. (2019). Russia’s strategy in Southeast Asia. PONARS Eurasia, policy memo 578. Website: http://www.ponarseurasia.org/memo/russias-strategy southeast-asia.
  • Hliang, K. Y. (2007). The state of the pro-democracy movement in authoritarian Burma.p-1-61
  • Human Rights Watch (HRW). (2018, February). Website: https://www.hrw.org/reports/2000/burma/burm005-01.htm.
  • Human Rights Watch. (2018, May). Burma: Ensure Aid Reaches Rohingya, UN, Donors Should Increase Assistance to Refugees in Bangladesh. Website: https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/09/11/burma-ensure-aid-reaches-rohingya.
  • Kudo, T. (2008) Myanmar’s economic relations with China: Who benefits and who pays. In: Skidmore M and Wilson T (eds) Dictatorship, Disorder and Decline in Myanmar. Canberra: Australian National UniversityE-Press, pp. 87–112.
  • Lintner, B. (2017). The world will soon have a new terror hub in Myanmar if the Rohingya crisis isn’t tackled well. Website: https://qz.com/1088213/the-world-will-soon-have-a-new-terror-hub-in-myanmar-if-the-rohingya-crisis-isnt-tackled-well/. December 20 2020.
  • Min, K. (2013) China-Myanmar gas pipeline becomes fully operational. Website: https://www.mmbiztoday.com/articles/china-myanmar-gas-pipeline-becomesfully-operational Myanmar says nine police. (2016). Myanmar says nine police killed by insurgents on Bangladesh border.https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/10/myanmar-nine-police-killed-insurgents-bangladesh-border Nichols, M. (December 18, 2018). U.N. Security Council mulls Myanmar action; Russia, China boycott talks.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-rohingya-un-idUSKBN1OG2CJ.
  • Parameswaran, P. (2018, January). The trip put the focus on ongoing activity in the bilateral military relationship which has been on the uptick of late. https://thediplomat.com/2018/01/what-did-russias-defense-ministers-myanmar-visit-accomplish/
  • Parameswaran, P. (2018). What did the Russian Defense Minister's Myanmar visit accomplish? Website: https://thediplomat.com/2018/01/what-did-russias-defense-ministers-myanmarvisit-accomplish/
  • Pittaway, E. (2008). The Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh: A failure of the international protection regime. Protracted displacement in Asia: No place to call home, 83-105.
  • PM for effective role. (25 September 2022). PM for effective role of UN on Rohingya issue.https://www.newagebd.net/article/181993/pm-for-effective-role-of-un-on-rohingya-issue.
  • PM places six proposals. (25 September 2022). PM places six proposals at UNGA. https://www.newagebd.net/article/150081/pm-places-six-proposals-at-unga. Radio Free Asia (2017) Bengalis, not native to Myanmar. 12 Oct 2017. Available at: https://www. rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/bengalis-10122017191055.html.
  • Rahman, M. (November 30,2016). Bangladesh: Rohingya refugees trapped in limbo.https://reliefweb.int/report/bangladesh/bangladesh-rohingya-refugees-trapped-limbo.
  • Reuters (2017, March). China, Russia block U.N. council concern about Myanmar violence. Website: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-rohingya-un-idUSKBN16O2J6
  • Rohingya villages 'destroyed' in Myanmar, images show (21 November 2016). BBC,https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38049106
  • Safi, M. (2017, September ). Myanmar treatment of Rohingya looks like 'textbook ethnic cleansing', says UN. Website: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/11/un-myanmars-treatment-of-rohi ngya-textbook-example-of-ethnic-cleansing. Strangio, S (May 30,2022).China, Russia Again Veto UN Statement on Myanmar Conflict. https://thediplomat.com/2022/05/china-russia-again-veto-un-statement-on-myanmar-conflict/.13-10-2022
  • South China Morning Post (2017). Myanmar pipeline gives China faster supply of oil from Middle East.http://www.scmp.com/news/china/economy/article/2086837/myanmar-pipelinegives-china-faster-supply-oil-middle-east Steinberg, D. I. (2013). Burma/Myanmar: what everyone Needs to Know, second Edition, Oxford University Press,p-73
  • Tan, V. (2017). Over 168,000 Rohingya likely fled Myanmar since 2012–UNHCR report. Dipetik Agustus, 11, 2017.
  • The Daily star (2 January 2021). Rohingya issue: China and Russia for Myanmar, India abstains from voting. https://www.thedailystar.net/online/news/rohingya-issue-china-and-russia-myanmar-india-abstains-voting-2021297. Erişim 13-10-2022
  • The daily Star (16 October 2017). 5-point proposal could resolve Rohingya crisis: PM.https://www.thedailystar.net/rohingya-crisis/5-point-proposal-could-resolve-myanmar-rohingya-crisis-says-bangladesh-prime-minister-sheikh-hasina-1477306.
  • The Daily Star (25 september 2018). Ending Rohingya Crisis: PM places 3 proposals at UN meet. https://www.thedailystar.net/rohingya-crisis/bangladesh-prime-minister-sheikh-hasina-places-3-point-recommendation-1638079.
  • The Guardian (24 December 2017). China and Russia oppose UN resolution on Rohingya. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/24/china-russia-oppose-un-resolution-myanmar-rohingya-muslims.
  • UNHCR operational update on Bangladesh. (2017, January 12). Website: https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/60849. April 12 2018. UN News,
  • United Nations Charter.
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (2017). Darker and more dangerous: High Commissioner updates the Human Rights Council on human rights issues in 40 countries,
  • UNHCR Bangladesh Operational Update, 27 December 2017 - 7 January 2018,https://reliefweb.int/report/bangladesh/unhcr-bangladesh-operational-update-27-december-2017-7-january-2018.
  • Uddin, N. (2019). Ethnic cleansing of the Rohingya people. The Palgrave Handbook of Ethnicity, 1575-1591.
  • Wishnick, E. (2018) The Sino-Russian partnership and the East Asian order. Asian Perspective 42: 355–386. Yegar, The Muslims of Burma, op. cit., p. 46.
  • Yunus, M. (1994). A history of Arakan: Past and present, University of Chittagong, p-22-32, 66,67,77
  • Zaman, M. (23 November 2021). After the UN resolution on Rohingya crisis, what comes next?.https://www.thedailystar.net/views/opinion/news/after-the-un-resolution-rohingya-crisis-what-comes-next-2900446. Erişim 13-10-2022

Bangladeş'in Rohıngyalıları Geri Göndermesine Yönelik Çalışmaları ve Karşılaşılan Zorlukları; Eleştirel Bir Analiz

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 76, 80 - 93, 27.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.51290/dpusbe.1199769

Öz

Bu araştırma, Bangladeş'in 2017'den 2022'ye kadar Bangladeş'ten Myanmar'a Rohingyaları geri gönderme çabalarının önündeki zorlukları araştırıyor. Myanmar güvenlik güçleri, 1978'den 2017'ye son varışlarına kadar bir milyondan fazla Rohingyalıyı Bangladeş'e göç etmeye zorladı. Birleşmiş Milletler Yüksek Komiserliği İnsan Hakları, Rohingya'ya yönelik zulmü 'etnik temizliğin bir ders kitabı örneği' olarak belirledi. Dünyanın en çok ezilen etnik azınlıklarından biri olan Rohingyalılar, on yıldan beri Myanmar'ın sert etnik politikalarının hedefi oluyor. Bangladeş'in Rohingyaların geri göndermesine yönelik uzun çabaları, Myanmar'ın Bangladeş ile işbirliği yapmaması ve jeostratejik-ekonomik çıkarlarının yanı sıra ağırlıklı olarak Rusya ve Çin'in veto uygulamaları nedeniyle gerçekleşmedi. Bu çalışma, ilk olarak, Rohingyaların birçoğunu Bangladeş'e sürükleyen yıllarca süren zulmü açıklamaktadır; ikinci olarak, Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Konseyi'nin gücü ve işlevi ile Bangladeş'in Rohingyaların ülkelerine geri dönüşüne yönelik diplomatik çabalarını tartışmaktadır; ve son olarak, Çin ve Rus 'vetolarının' Bangladeş'ten anavatanlarına güvenli bir şekilde geri dönüşüne yönelik önlemleri nasıl engellediğini açıklamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Akins, H. (2018). The two faces of democratization in Myanmar: A case study of the Rohingya and Burmese nationalism. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 38(2), 229-245.
  • Berlie, J. A. (2008). The Burmanization of Myanmar's Muslims (Vol. 61). Bangkok: White Lotus Press.
  • Dhruba, G.M. (22 September). Hasina places 5 proposals at UN, calling for support for Rohingya.https://bdnews24.com/amp/story/bangladesh%2Fhw8vp5ki07. Erişim 02-10-2022
  • Farzana, K.F. (2017). Memories of Burmese Rohingya Refugees: Contested Identity and Belonging, Palgrave Macmillan, (eBook), DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-58360-4. P-15, 16,17,20,64,66,67,68,69.
  • Ganesan, N. (2018). Bilateral issues in Myanmar's policy towards China. Southeast Asian Studies, University of Freiburg. https://www.southeastasianstudies.uni-freiburg.de/documents/occasional-paper/op38.pdf
  • Gorenburg D. and Schwartz, P. (2019). Russia’s strategy in Southeast Asia. PONARS Eurasia, policy memo 578. Website: http://www.ponarseurasia.org/memo/russias-strategy southeast-asia.
  • Hliang, K. Y. (2007). The state of the pro-democracy movement in authoritarian Burma.p-1-61
  • Human Rights Watch (HRW). (2018, February). Website: https://www.hrw.org/reports/2000/burma/burm005-01.htm.
  • Human Rights Watch. (2018, May). Burma: Ensure Aid Reaches Rohingya, UN, Donors Should Increase Assistance to Refugees in Bangladesh. Website: https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/09/11/burma-ensure-aid-reaches-rohingya.
  • Kudo, T. (2008) Myanmar’s economic relations with China: Who benefits and who pays. In: Skidmore M and Wilson T (eds) Dictatorship, Disorder and Decline in Myanmar. Canberra: Australian National UniversityE-Press, pp. 87–112.
  • Lintner, B. (2017). The world will soon have a new terror hub in Myanmar if the Rohingya crisis isn’t tackled well. Website: https://qz.com/1088213/the-world-will-soon-have-a-new-terror-hub-in-myanmar-if-the-rohingya-crisis-isnt-tackled-well/. December 20 2020.
  • Min, K. (2013) China-Myanmar gas pipeline becomes fully operational. Website: https://www.mmbiztoday.com/articles/china-myanmar-gas-pipeline-becomesfully-operational Myanmar says nine police. (2016). Myanmar says nine police killed by insurgents on Bangladesh border.https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/10/myanmar-nine-police-killed-insurgents-bangladesh-border Nichols, M. (December 18, 2018). U.N. Security Council mulls Myanmar action; Russia, China boycott talks.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-rohingya-un-idUSKBN1OG2CJ.
  • Parameswaran, P. (2018, January). The trip put the focus on ongoing activity in the bilateral military relationship which has been on the uptick of late. https://thediplomat.com/2018/01/what-did-russias-defense-ministers-myanmar-visit-accomplish/
  • Parameswaran, P. (2018). What did the Russian Defense Minister's Myanmar visit accomplish? Website: https://thediplomat.com/2018/01/what-did-russias-defense-ministers-myanmarvisit-accomplish/
  • Pittaway, E. (2008). The Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh: A failure of the international protection regime. Protracted displacement in Asia: No place to call home, 83-105.
  • PM for effective role. (25 September 2022). PM for effective role of UN on Rohingya issue.https://www.newagebd.net/article/181993/pm-for-effective-role-of-un-on-rohingya-issue.
  • PM places six proposals. (25 September 2022). PM places six proposals at UNGA. https://www.newagebd.net/article/150081/pm-places-six-proposals-at-unga. Radio Free Asia (2017) Bengalis, not native to Myanmar. 12 Oct 2017. Available at: https://www. rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/bengalis-10122017191055.html.
  • Rahman, M. (November 30,2016). Bangladesh: Rohingya refugees trapped in limbo.https://reliefweb.int/report/bangladesh/bangladesh-rohingya-refugees-trapped-limbo.
  • Reuters (2017, March). China, Russia block U.N. council concern about Myanmar violence. Website: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-rohingya-un-idUSKBN16O2J6
  • Rohingya villages 'destroyed' in Myanmar, images show (21 November 2016). BBC,https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38049106
  • Safi, M. (2017, September ). Myanmar treatment of Rohingya looks like 'textbook ethnic cleansing', says UN. Website: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/11/un-myanmars-treatment-of-rohi ngya-textbook-example-of-ethnic-cleansing. Strangio, S (May 30,2022).China, Russia Again Veto UN Statement on Myanmar Conflict. https://thediplomat.com/2022/05/china-russia-again-veto-un-statement-on-myanmar-conflict/.13-10-2022
  • South China Morning Post (2017). Myanmar pipeline gives China faster supply of oil from Middle East.http://www.scmp.com/news/china/economy/article/2086837/myanmar-pipelinegives-china-faster-supply-oil-middle-east Steinberg, D. I. (2013). Burma/Myanmar: what everyone Needs to Know, second Edition, Oxford University Press,p-73
  • Tan, V. (2017). Over 168,000 Rohingya likely fled Myanmar since 2012–UNHCR report. Dipetik Agustus, 11, 2017.
  • The Daily star (2 January 2021). Rohingya issue: China and Russia for Myanmar, India abstains from voting. https://www.thedailystar.net/online/news/rohingya-issue-china-and-russia-myanmar-india-abstains-voting-2021297. Erişim 13-10-2022
  • The daily Star (16 October 2017). 5-point proposal could resolve Rohingya crisis: PM.https://www.thedailystar.net/rohingya-crisis/5-point-proposal-could-resolve-myanmar-rohingya-crisis-says-bangladesh-prime-minister-sheikh-hasina-1477306.
  • The Daily Star (25 september 2018). Ending Rohingya Crisis: PM places 3 proposals at UN meet. https://www.thedailystar.net/rohingya-crisis/bangladesh-prime-minister-sheikh-hasina-places-3-point-recommendation-1638079.
  • The Guardian (24 December 2017). China and Russia oppose UN resolution on Rohingya. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/24/china-russia-oppose-un-resolution-myanmar-rohingya-muslims.
  • UNHCR operational update on Bangladesh. (2017, January 12). Website: https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/60849. April 12 2018. UN News,
  • United Nations Charter.
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (2017). Darker and more dangerous: High Commissioner updates the Human Rights Council on human rights issues in 40 countries,
  • UNHCR Bangladesh Operational Update, 27 December 2017 - 7 January 2018,https://reliefweb.int/report/bangladesh/unhcr-bangladesh-operational-update-27-december-2017-7-january-2018.
  • Uddin, N. (2019). Ethnic cleansing of the Rohingya people. The Palgrave Handbook of Ethnicity, 1575-1591.
  • Wishnick, E. (2018) The Sino-Russian partnership and the East Asian order. Asian Perspective 42: 355–386. Yegar, The Muslims of Burma, op. cit., p. 46.
  • Yunus, M. (1994). A history of Arakan: Past and present, University of Chittagong, p-22-32, 66,67,77
  • Zaman, M. (23 November 2021). After the UN resolution on Rohingya crisis, what comes next?.https://www.thedailystar.net/views/opinion/news/after-the-un-resolution-rohingya-crisis-what-comes-next-2900446. Erişim 13-10-2022
Toplam 35 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALELERİ
Yazarlar

Ehteshamul Haque 0000-0001-8945-6239

Tariquil Islam 0000-0003-4711-9829

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Nisan 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Sayı: 76

Kaynak Göster

APA Haque, E., & Islam, T. (2023). Bangladesh’s Endeavors for Rohingya Repatriation and Challenges; A Critical Analysis. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(76), 80-93. https://doi.org/10.51290/dpusbe.1199769
AMA Haque E, Islam T. Bangladesh’s Endeavors for Rohingya Repatriation and Challenges; A Critical Analysis. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. Nisan 2023;(76):80-93. doi:10.51290/dpusbe.1199769
Chicago Haque, Ehteshamul, ve Tariquil Islam. “Bangladesh’s Endeavors for Rohingya Repatriation and Challenges; A Critical Analysis”. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, sy. 76 (Nisan 2023): 80-93. https://doi.org/10.51290/dpusbe.1199769.
EndNote Haque E, Islam T (01 Nisan 2023) Bangladesh’s Endeavors for Rohingya Repatriation and Challenges; A Critical Analysis. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 76 80–93.
IEEE E. Haque ve T. Islam, “Bangladesh’s Endeavors for Rohingya Repatriation and Challenges; A Critical Analysis”, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, sy. 76, ss. 80–93, Nisan 2023, doi: 10.51290/dpusbe.1199769.
ISNAD Haque, Ehteshamul - Islam, Tariquil. “Bangladesh’s Endeavors for Rohingya Repatriation and Challenges; A Critical Analysis”. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 76 (Nisan 2023), 80-93. https://doi.org/10.51290/dpusbe.1199769.
JAMA Haque E, Islam T. Bangladesh’s Endeavors for Rohingya Repatriation and Challenges; A Critical Analysis. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2023;:80–93.
MLA Haque, Ehteshamul ve Tariquil Islam. “Bangladesh’s Endeavors for Rohingya Repatriation and Challenges; A Critical Analysis”. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, sy. 76, 2023, ss. 80-93, doi:10.51290/dpusbe.1199769.
Vancouver Haque E, Islam T. Bangladesh’s Endeavors for Rohingya Repatriation and Challenges; A Critical Analysis. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2023(76):80-93.

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