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ROHINGYA HALKININ MEVCUT DURUMUNUN İNCELENMESİ

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 55 - 77, 26.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.59274/enderun.1435436

Öz

ÖZET
Myanmar'ın Rohingya halkı, ata yurtları Myanmar'ın Rakhine Eyaleti olan, dünyanın en çok zulüm gören halklarından biri olarak kabul ediliyor. Myanmar hükümeti onlara yıllardır zulmediyor. Hükümet 1982 yılında onların vatandaşlıklarını iptal etti. Mevcut Rohingya krizinin 2017'de başlamasının ardından Myanmar güvenlik güçleri, diğer insanların da belgelediği gibi, onlara karşı insanlığa karşı suçlar ve soykırım işledi. Sonuç olarak Myanmar, Uluslararası Adalet Divanı'nda (UAD) Gambiya tarafından açılan bir soykırım davasıyla karşı karşıya. Daha sonra 2022 yılında ABD, Myanmar'ın Rohingyalara yönelik zulmünü soykırım olarak resmen tanıdı. Şu anda Myanmar'dan kaçan çok sayıda Rohingya Bangladeş'te yaşamaktadır. Bazıları da Myanmar'da yaşamaktadır. İkincil verilere dayanan bu çalışma, Bangladeş ve Myanmar'da yaşayan Rohingya halkının mevcut durumunu incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma, Rohingya halkının şimdiye kadar farklı engellerle karşı karşıya olduğunu göstermektedir. Yaşamları daha az korunmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Rohingya, Rohingya krizi, Bangladeş, Myanmar, mevcut durum

Kaynakça

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EXAMINING THE PRESENT SITUATION OF ROHINGYA PEOPLE

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 55 - 77, 26.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.59274/enderun.1435436

Öz

ABSTRACT
The Rohingya people of Myanmar are considered one of the most persecuted people on earth, whose ancestral home is Rakhine State, Myanmar. The Myanmar government has been persecuting them for years. In 1982, the government revoked their citizenship. Following the beginning of the current Rohingya crisis in 2017, Myanmar's security forces have engaged in crimes against humanity and genocide against them, as other people have documented. As a result, Myanmar is facing a genocide case in the International Court of Justice (ICJ), which has been filed by the Gambia. Later, in 2022, the US officially recognized Myanmar’s persecution of Rohingya as genocide. Now, a large number of Rohingya people who fled Myanmar are living in Bangladesh. Some are living in Myanmar. This study, based on secondary data, aims to examine the present situation of Rohingya people living in Bangladesh and Myanmar. The study shows that, till now, Rohingya people are facing different obstacles. Their lives are less protected.
Keywords: Rohingya, Rohingya crisis, Bangladesh, Myanmar, present situation

Kaynakça

  • Ahmed, K. (2021, August 7). ‘A sample of hell’: Rohingya forced to rebuild camps again after deadly floods. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/aug/07/rohingya-rebuild-camps-again-21000-displaced-floods-bangladesh-coxs-bazar#:~:text=%E2%80%9CThe%20life%20we%20are%20having,live%20safely%20and%20with%20dignity.%E2%80%9D
  • Ahmed, K. (2023, May 19). UN not given access to Rohingya refugee camps after Cyclone Mocha. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/may/19/un-denied-access-to-rohingya-refugee-camps-after-cyclone-mocha-myanmar#:~:text=UN%20not%20given%20access%20to%20Rohingya%20refugee%20camps%20after%20Cyclone%20Mocha,-This%20article%20is&text=UN%20staff%20say%20they%20have,of%20the%20country%20on%20Sunday
  • Ahmed, K., & Mohiuddin, H. (2019). The Rohingya Crisis: Analyses, Responses, and Peacebuilding Avenues. Lexington Books.
  • Alam, J. (2019). The current Rohingya crisis in Myanmar in historical perspective. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 39(1), 1-25.
  • Amnesty International. (2018). “We will destroy everything” :Military responsibility for crimes against humanity in rakhine state, myanmar. Retrieved from https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa16/8630/2018/en/ Anik, S.S.B. (2022, August 24). Rohingya repatriation: A helpless wait for Bangladesh. Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved from https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/292864/rohingya-repatriation-a-helpless-wait-for
  • Antara, N., F. (2023, May 13). No cyclone centres at Rohingya camps, locals worried about landslides. Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved from https://www.dhakatribune.com/
  • Anwary, A. (2022). Sexual violence against women as a weapon of Rohingya genocide in Myanmar. The International Journal of Human Rights, 26(3), 400-419.
  • Arslan, N., Islam, M. N., Nahar, L., & Cansu, E. E. (2022). Turkey as a “Humanitarian Actor”: Assistance to Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh and Myanmar. In K., Bülbül, M.N. Islam, & M. S. Khan (Eds.), Rohingya Refugee Crisis in Myanmar: Ethnic Conflict and Resolution (233-260). Springer Nature.
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  • Chowdhury, K., R. and Barua, S. (2020, September 17). Scores of Rohingya Refugees Victimized by Extrajudicial Killings in Bangladesh, Amnesty Alleges. Retrieved from https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/bengali/BD-Rohingya-Killings-09172020162445.html
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  • Ellis-Petersen, H. (2019, March 01). Rohingya crisis: Bangladesh says it will not accept any more Myanmar refugees. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/01/rohingya-crisis-bangladesh-says-it-will-not-accept-any-more-myanmar-refugees
  • Ellis-Petersen, H., & Rahman, S., A. (2019, August 22). Rohingya refugees turn down second Myanmar repatriation effort. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/22/rohingya-refugees-turn-down-second-myanmar-repatriation-effort
  • Ellis-Petersen, H., Rahman, S., A., & Safi, M. (2018, November 15). Bangladesh admits no Rohingya willing to take repatriation offer. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/15/rohingya-refugee-repatriations-bangladesh-myanmar
  • Faisal, M. M., & Ahmed, Z. (2022). Stateless Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh: Life and Livelihood Challenges. Journal of Social and Development Sciences, 13(4 (S)), 11-23.
  • Gelineau, K. (2023a, June 6). A boat carrying 180 Rohingya refugees vanished. A frantic phone call helped untangle the mystery. Associated Press. Retrieved from https://apnews.com/article/rohingya-investigation-missing-boat-refugees-bangladesh-myanmar-migration-1b94b4472a42b26eb066bef47b7bcf7e
  • Gelineau, K. (2023b, June 7). Takeaways of AP investigation into a missing boat of 180 Rohingya refugees. Associated Press. Retrieved from https://apnews.com/article/rohingya-investigation-missing-boat-refugees-bangladesh-myanmar-migration-69a3173d16ce2203fe67565afea761b1
  • Gowen, A. (2017, September 12. ‘Textbook example of ethnic cleansing’: 370,000 Rohingyas flood Bangladesh as crisis worsens. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/textbook-example-of-ethnic-cleansing--370000-rohingyas-flood-bangladesh-as-crisis-worsens/2017/09/12/24bf290e-8792-41e9-a769-c79d7326bed0_story.html
  • Graham-Harrison, E. (2021, March 23). Hundreds of people missing after Rohingya refugee camp fire. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/mar/23/hundreds-of-people-missing-after-rohingya-refugee-camp-fire#:~:text=Hundreds%20of%20people%20are%20missing,in%20flames%2C%20aid%20workers%20said.
  • Haque, E., & Islam, T. (2023). Bangladesh’s rohingya repatriation endeavors and challenges; a critical analysis. Dumlupinar University Journal of Social Science/Dumlupinar Üniversitesi Soysyal Bilimler Dergisi, (76).
  • Human Rights Watch. (2023). Bangladesh: Rampant police abuse of Rohingya refugees. Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/01/17/bangladesh-rampant-police-abuse-rohingya-refugees International Crisis Group. (2017). Myanmar tips into new crisis after Rakhine State attacks. Retrieved from https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/myanmar/myanmar-tips-new-crisis-after-rakhine-state-attacks
  • Islam, N. (2020). Rohingya: a people under endless Tyranny. Asian Affairs: An American Review, 48(1), 14-40.
  • Islam, S. (2022). Regime’s interests in hosting refugees: Bangladesh’s response to the Rohingya. In K., Bülbül, M.N. Islam, & M. S. Khan (Eds.), Rohingya Refugee Crisis in Myanmar: Ethnic Conflict and Resolution (97-133). Springer Nature.
  • Joarder, T., Sutradhar, I., Hasan, M. I., & Bulbul, M. M. I. (2020). A record review on the health status of Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. Cureus, 12(8).
  • Kamruzzaman, Md. (2019, November 05). Bangladesh rejects Amnesty report on Rohingya killings. Anadolu Agency. Retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/bangladesh-rejects-amnesty-report-on-rohingya-killings/1636457
  • Kamruzzaman, Md. (2020a, December 28). Bangladesh relocates more Rohingya to remote island. Anadolu Agency. Retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/bangladesh-relocates-more-rohingya-to-remote-island/2090945
  • Kamruzzaman, Md. (2020b, December 04). Bangladesh starts Rohingya shift to island amid concerns. Anadolu Agency. Retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/bangladesh-starts-rohingya-shift-to-island-amid-concerns/2065231
  • Kamruzzaman, Md. (2021, June 01). UN officials visit Rohingya camp on remote Bangladeshi isle. Anadolu Agency. Retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/un-officials-visit-rohingya-camp-on-remote-bangladeshi-isle/2259986#
  • Karin, S., Chowdhury, M., A., Hasnat, M., A., & Tarin, N., J. (2020). Status of Rohingya in refugee camps of Bangladesh: a review study. Open Access Library Journal, 7(09), 1.
  • Khin, T. (2023, January 26). Rohingya are drowning at sea. Asia’s leaders are to blame. Al Jazeera. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/1/26/rohingya-are-drowning-at-sea-asias-leaders-are-to-blame
  • Kipgen, N. (2019). The Rohingya crisis: The centrality of identity and citizenship. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 39(1), 61-74.
  • Kudrat-E-Khuda (Babu). (2020). The impacts and challenges to host country Bangladesh due to sheltering the Rohingya refugees. Cogent Social Sciences, 6(1), 1770943.
  • Lee, R. (2021). Myanmar’s Rohingya genocide: Identity, history and hate speech. Bloomsbury Publishing. MacLean, K. (2019). The Rohingya crisis and the practices of erasure. Journal of Genocide Research, 21(1), 83-95.
  • McPherson, P. (2017, December 14). 6,700 Rohingya Muslims killed in one month in Myanmar, MSF says. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/14/6700-rohingya-muslims-killed-in-attacks-in-myanmar-says-medecins-sans-frontieres
  • Mcpherson, P., & Lone, W. (2022, August 04). New evidence shows how Myanmar’s military planned its brutal purge of the Rohingya. Reuters. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/myanmar-rohingya-warcrimes-investigation/
  • McVeigh, K. and Ellis-Petersen, H. (2019, July 04). UN official likens Rohingya living conditions to Nazi concentration camps. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/04/un-warns-of-possible-new-war-crimes-in-myanmar#:~:text=UN%20official%20likens%20Rohingya%20living%20conditions%20to%20Nazi%20concentration%20camps,-This%20article%20is&text=Hundreds%20of%20thousands%20of%20Rohingya,a%20UN%20investigator%20has%20said.
  • Molla, M., A. (2022, August). Bhasan Char: Better conditions, but home still beckons. The Daily Star. Retrieved from https://www.thedailystar.net/rohingya-influx/news/bhasan-char-better-conditions-home-still-beckons-3102681
  • Myanmar’s pro-Rohingya social media campaign gathers mass support. (2021, June 14). Aljazeera. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/14/myanmars-pro-rohingya-social-media-campaign-shows-mass-support
  • Ng, K. (2023, March 13). Rohingya camp fire was ‘planned sabotage’ – investigators. BBC. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-64935831
  • Nguyen, H. and Lewis, T. (2022, February 08). Bhasan Char and Refugee ‘Warehousing’. The Diplomat. Retrieved from https://thediplomat.com/2022/02/bhasan-char-and-refugee-warehousing/ 963 more Rohingyas relocated to Bhasan Char. (2022, October 17). The Daily Star. Retrieved from https://www.thedailystar.net/rohingya-influx/news/963-more-rohingyas-relocated-bhasan-char-3145186
  • Paul, R. & McPherson, P. (2021, July 27). Six killed in landslide, flooding at Rohingya camps in Bangladesh. Reuters. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/six-killed-landslide-flooding-rohingya-camps-bangladesh-2021-07-27/
  • Quiroz, N., F., Walls, R., Chamberlain, P., Tan, G., ve Milke, J. (2023). Incident Report and Analysis of the 2021 Cox’s Bazar Rohingya Refugee Camp Fire in Bangladesh. Fire Technology, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-023-01406-7
  • Rai, A. (2022, August 8). Bangladesh seeks cooperation from China to repatriate Rohingya refugees to Myanmar. The Independent. Retrieved from https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/south-asia/bangladesh-china-rohingya-refugees-myanmar-b2140459.html
  • Rashid, M. (2022, October 30). 41 Rohingyas arrested in operation ‘root out’ in Bangladesh camps. New Age. Retrieved from https://www.newagebd.net/article/185028/41-rohingyas-arrested-in-operation-root-out
  • Ratcliffe, R (2022, August 25). Five years after the crackdown, Myanmar’s remaining Rohingya ‘living like animals’. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/aug/25/five-years-after-the-crackdown-myanmars-remaining-rohingya-living-like-animals
  • Ratcliffe, R. (2023, March 6). Huge fire at Rohingya refugee camp leaves thousands without shelter. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/06/rohingya-refugee-camp-fire-bangladesh-coxs-bazar
  • Regan, H. (2023, May 19). Myanmar junta travel restrictions are holding up vital aid to cyclone-hit communities. CNN. Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2023/05/18/asia/cyclone-mocha-aid-restrictions-myanmar-intl-hnk/index.html
  • Regan, H. and Wright, R. (2020, December 08). Fears of forced removals as Bangladesh moves hundreds of Rohingya refugees to remote island. CNN. Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2020/12/03/asia/rohingya-relocations-bhasan-char-intl-hnk/index.html
  • Rohingya Couple Killed in “Gunfight”. (2019, September 2). New Age, pp. 1, 2
  • Rohingya leader shot dead at Cox’s Bazar camp. (2023, March 9). The Daily Star. Retrieved from https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/rohingya-leader-shot-dead-coxs-bazar-camp-3266371
  • Rohingya refugee camp fire: Several dead, hundreds missing and thousands homeless. (2021, March 23). BBC. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-56493708
  • Rohingya refugees reach Indonesia shores in latest boat arrival. (2023, December 02). Al Jazeera. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/12/2/photos-rohingya-asylum-seekers-reach-shores-of-indonesia-aceh-province
  • Rohingya volunteer killed in shooting at Cox’s Bazar camp. (2023, March 15). bdnews24.com. Retrieved from https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/daw4hmrum4
  • Root of the Rohingya crisis ‘lies in Myanmar’: PM. (2023, September 22). The Daily Star. Retrieved from https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/root-the-rohingya-crisis-lies-myanmar-pm-3425281 Root, R. (2023, January 11). More than 100 Rohingya refugees jailed for trying to flee Myanmar camps. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/11/more-than-100-rohingya-refugees-jailed-for-trying-to-flee-myanmar-camps
  • Sadi, A. (2022, December 13). The complexities behind the violence in Rohingya camps. The Daily Star. Retrieved from https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/views/news/the-complexities-behind-the-violence-rohingya-camps-3195041
  • Sakib, S., N. (2022, February 20). UNHCR official calls for continued support for Rohingya refugees. Anadolu Agency. Retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/unhcr-official-calls-for-continued-support-for-rohingya-refugees/2507735
  • Strangio, S. (2021, August 26). Myanmar’s shadow government promises justice for rohingya atrocities. The Diplomat. Retrieved from https://thediplomat.com/2021/08/myanmars-shadow-government-promises-justice-for-rohingya-atrocities/
  • Talukder, M. I. A. (2022). Are refugees a blessing or a curse: An analysis of economic impact of Rohingya refugees on Bangladesh since the exodus. In K., Bülbül, M.N. Islam, & M. S. Khan (Eds.), Rohingya Refugee Crisis in Myanmar: Ethnic Conflict and Resolution (pp. 173-188). Springer Nature.
  • Teresia, A. and Widianto, S. (2023, March 27). More than 180 Rohingya Muslims arrive by boat in Indonesia’s Aceh. Reuters. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/more-than-180-rohingya-muslims-arrive-by-boat-indonesias-aceh-2023-03- 27/#:~:text=A%20spokesperson%20for%20the%20local,many%20vessels%20they%20were%20on 39 Rohingya youths detained, fined for playing football outside camps. (2022, December 04). New Age. Retrieved from https://www.newagebd.net/article/188201/39-rohingya-youths-detained-fined-for-playing-football-outside-camps 3 Rohingyas killed in landslide. (2023, March 30). The Daily Star, p. 2
  • Two more Rohingyas killed in camp. (2022, October 27). New Age. Retrieved from https://www.newagebd.net/article/184794/two-more-rohingyas-killed-in-camp Two Rohingya leaders killed at Bangladesh refugee camp 8 hours apart. (2023, January 8). bdnews24.com. Retrieved from https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/tzmuj4v7p5#:~:text=The%20first%20murder%20took%20place,the%20wee%20hours%20of%20Sunday Uddin, N. (2019). Ethnic cleansing of the Rohingya people. The Palgrave Handbook of Ethnicity, 1575-1591. UN agencies face funding challenges in feeding Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh, official says. (2023, May 30). Associated Press. Retrieved from https://apnews.com/article/rohingya-bangladesh-myanmar-abab6f34f4a3d5f972dae9de4bec5030
  • UN says 2022 among deadliest years for Rohingya at sea. (2022, December 26). Al Jazeera. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/12/26/deadliest-year-for-rohingya-at-sea-with-180-presumed-dead-un
  • UNHRC. (2018). Report of the detailed findings of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar. Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/myanmar-ffm/index Vaidyanathan, R. (2023, May 15). Cyclone Mocha: Deadly storm hits Myanmar and Bangladesh coasts. BBC. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-65587321
  • Vu, H. T., & Lynn, N. (2020). When the news takes sides: Automated framing analysis of news coverage of the Rohingya crisis by the elite press from three countries. Journalism Studies, 21(9), 1284-1304. Wade, F. (2019). Myanmar’s enemy within: Buddhist violence and the making of a Muslim’other’. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Wright, R. & Saeed, S. (2020, May 04). Dozens of refugees stranded at sea to be quarantined on controversial island. Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/04/asia/refugees-stranded-rohingya-bangladesh-intl-hnk/index.html
  • Youth Congress Rohingya. (2023). “This persecution is the worst there is”: Restrictions on Rohingya freedom of movement in Bangladesh. Retrieved from https://youthcongressrohingya.com/this-persecution-is-the-worst-there-is/
  • Zaman, M. (2021, November 23). After the UN resolution on Rohingya crisis, what comes next? The Daily Star. Retrieved from https://www.thedailystar.net/views/opinion/news/after-the-un-resolution-rohingya-crisis-what-comes-next-2900446
Toplam 71 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uluslararası Siyaset
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Tariquil Islam 0000-0003-4711-9829

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Mart 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Şubat 2024
Kabul Tarihi 26 Mart 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Islam, T. (2024). EXAMINING THE PRESENT SITUATION OF ROHINGYA PEOPLE. Enderun, 8(1), 55-77. https://doi.org/10.59274/enderun.1435436