BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Animal Research in Nursing

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1, 56 - 69, 01.04.2012

Süheyla Özsoy Jülide Gülizar Yıldırım

Öz

Animal researches have been conducted in complementary therapiesand laboratory experiments to improve and protect human health. Yet,there are no researches on animal assisted therapies and experimental animal models in the field of nursing in Turkey. The aim of the present study was to raise awareness of the nurse researchers and informthem about the animal assisted therapies and experimental animal researches in nursing. There are many interventions in the field of nursing which are impossible to be experimented on human beings. Conducted researches in nursing are mostly descriptive and quasi-experimental design. Along with the improvements in time, need for the experimental research has increased so as to meet the expectations from the nurses. As remarkable part of the experimental researches consists of animal researches, nurses mayhave to focus on animal researches in the future.At this point, animal assisted therapies can leadnursing practice

Anahtar Kelimeler

Nursing research animal

Kaynakça

  • Haselen RV. Editorial: Animal Research in CAM: Is it still an issue? Complement Ther Med. 2008;16: 1-2.
  • Ernst E, Cassileth B. The prevalence of comple- mentary/ alternative medicine in cancer: A syste- matic review. Cancer 1998;83: 777-782.
  • Delta Society. Delta Society Pet Partner’s Prog- ram (online) 2009, Avalible from: http://www.del- tasociety.org/Page.aspx?pid=319, (Accessed 2011 01 May)
  • Cole KM, Gawlinski A. Animal-assisted therapy: The human-animal bond. AACN Clin Issues
  • Cevizci S, Erginöz E, Baltaş Z. İnsan sağlığının iyileştirilmesine yönelik hayvan destekli tedavi- ler. TAF Prev Med Bull. 2009;8(3): 263-272.
  • Urichuk L, Anderson D. Improving mental health through animal- assisted therapy. Canada: Chimo project pres, 2003;16-32.
  • Cevizci S, Erginöz E, Baltaş Z. Ruh sağlığının iyi- leştirilmesinde destek bir tedavi yaklaşımı: Hay- van destekli tedavi. Nobel Med. 2009;5(1): 4-9.
  • Muslu G ve Conk Z. Hayvan destekli uygulama- lar ve çocuklarda kullanımı. DUHYO ED 2001;4(2): 83-88.
  • Yunusla Terapi Derneği. Retrieved November 22, 2010 from http://www.yunuslaterapi.com
  • İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi (İBB) Özürlüler Müdürlüğü. Özürlülere at sırtında ücretsiz tedavi. (İnternet) Ulaşım adresi, http://www.ibb.gov.tr/si- tes/sdb/Documents/ hhaber/haber_1.htm, (Ulaşım tarihi 2010 20 Ekim)
  • National Research Council (NRC). Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals: Committee for the update of the guide for the care and Use of la- boratory animals. Environment, housing and ma- nagement. 8th edition, Washington DC: National Academies Pres, 2010; 41-99.
  • Chow PKH, Ng RTH, Ogden BE. Using animal models in biomedical research: A primer fort he investigator. Singapore: World Scientific,2008; 8- 18.
  • Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi. Hayvanları Koruma Kanu- nu. 24.06.2004 Resmi Gazete Sayısı: 5199. (İnter- net) Ulaşım adresi, http://mevzuat.basbakan- lik.gov.tr/Metin.Aspx? MevzuatKod=1.5.5199& MevzuatIliski=0&sourceXmlSearch=5199 (Ula- şım tarihi 2011 4 Haziran)
  • Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi. Hayvan Deneyleri Etik Kurullarının Çalışma Usul ve Esaslarına Dair Yö- netmelik. 06.07.2006 Resmi Gazete Sayısı: 26220. (İnternet) Ulaşım adresi, http://www.mevzu- at.gov.tr/Metin.Aspx?MevzuatKod=7.5.10472& MevzuatIliski=0&sourceXmlSearch=26220, (Ulaşım tarihi 2011 4 Haziran)
  • Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi (ODTÜ) Uygula- malı Araştırma Merkezi. Çevre ve Orman Bakan- lığı, Doğa Koruma ve Milli Parklar Genel Müdür- lüğü 12.12.2007 tarih ve 2007/11 sayı ile yayımla- nan Deney Hayvanları Kullanım Sertifikası Eğitim Programına Dair Genelge. (İnternet) Ulaşım adre- si http://www.ueam.metu.edu.tr/TURKCE/hdyek/ hdyek_odtuhdyek/setifika_programi.pdf (Ulaşım tarihi 2011 20 Şubat)
  • Morrison ML. Health benefits of animal-assisted interventions. Complement Health Pract Rev. 2007;12: 51-62.
  • Serpell JA. Animal-assisted interventions in histo- rical perspective. AH Fine (Eds.), Handbook on animalassisted therapy: Theoretical foundations and guidelines for practice. New York: Academic Press. 2010;17-32.
  • Bustad LK. Animals, aging and the aged. First Edition, USA: University of Minnesota Achieve Pres, 1980;5-17.
  • Bossad JH. The mental hygiene of owning a dog. Ment Hyg. 1944;28: 408-413.
  • Levinson BM. The dog as co-therapist. Ment Hyg.1962;46: 59-65.
  • Salotto P. Pet assisted therapy: A loving interven- tion and an emerging profession leading to friend- lier, healthier, and more peaceful world. Norton: DJ Publications, 2001; 20-27.
  • Banks MR, Banks WA. The Effects of Animal-as- sisted therapy on loneliness in an elderly popula- tion in long-term care facilities. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2002;57(7): 428-432.
  • Miller J, Cannor K, Deal B, Duke GW, Stanley- Hermanns M, Varnel G, Harlman K, McLArty J. How animal-assisted therapy affects discharge te- aching: A pilot study. Nurs Manage. 2003;34(1): 36-40.
  • Snyder M, Lindquist R. Animal- assisted therapy. In J Jorgenson (Eds.), Complementary / Alternati- ve Therapies in Nursing. 5th edition, New York: Springer Publishing Company, 2006;175-191.
  • Nightingale F. Notes on nursing: What it is and what is not? New York: Lane Medical Lib- rary,1860; 103.
  • Humane Society Pikes Peak Region (HSPPR). Petmobile Program. (Online) Avaible form http://hsppr.org/Page.aspx?pid=248 (Accessed 2011 27 Şubat)
  • Kawamura N, Niyama M, Niyama H. Long-term evaluation of animal-assisted therapy for instituti- onalized elderly people: A preliminary result. Psycho-Geriatric. 2007;7: 8-13.
  • Phelps KA, Miltenberger RG, Jens T, Wadeson H. An investigation of the effects of dog visits on depression, mood, and social interaction in elderly individuals living in a nursing home. Behav Inter- vent. 2008;23: 181-200.
  • Holtzclaw BJ, Hanneman SK. Use of non-human bio behavioral models in critical nursing research. Crit Care Nurs Q. 2002;24(4): 30-40.
  • Çobanoğlu N. Kuramsal ve uygulamalı tıp etiği. İstanbul: Eflatun yayınevi, 2009; 58-61.
  • Merdivenci A. Laboratuvar hayvanı bakımı, üreti- mi ve deney tekniği. İstanbul: Kutulmuş Yayınla- rı, 1971; 42-48.
  • Witek-Janusek L, Ratmeyer JK. Sepsis in the yo- ung rat: Maternal milk protects during cecal liga- tion and puncture sepsis but not during endotoxe- mia. Circ Shock. 1991;33: 200-206.
  • Ritter LS. Inflammatory and thrombotic cell inte- ractions in stroke, CRISP (Computer Retrieval of Information on Scientific Project), Medical Surgical Nursing, University of Arizona Tucson, National Institute of Nursing Research, 2000. (Online) Ava- ible from http://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/ peca- se/ritter_leslie.pdf (Accessed 2010 20 October)
  • Witek-Janusek L. Commentary on the importance of animal research to nursing science. Nurs Outlo- ok 2004;52(2): 108-110.
  • Jarosz PA, Lennie TA, Rowsey PJ, Metzger BL. Effect of genetic obesity on thermoregulatory ac- tivity responses to inversion of the light/dark cycle. Biol Res Nurs. 2001;2: 249-256.
  • Miaskowski C, Franck LS, Putris J, Levine JD. Temporal dissociation of recovery from antinoci- ceptive and motor effects following intrathecal ad- ministration of a selective mu-opioid agonist. Nurs Res.1993;42(6): 344-348.
  • Wyosocki AB. The effect of intermittent noise ex- posure on wound healing. Adv Wound Care 1996;9(1): 35-39.
  • Sungurbey İ. Hayvan Hakları. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Basımevi,1992;34-36.
  • Brodie SJ, Biley FC, Shewring M. An exploration of the potential risks associated with using pet the- rapy in healthcare settings. J Clin Nurs. 2002;11: 444-456.
  • Page GG. The importance of animal research to nursing science. Nurs Outlook 2004;52: 102-107.
  • Kocaman G. Hemşirelikte kanıta dayalı uygulama. HEMAR-G 2003;2: 61-69.
  • Holden JE. Neurobiology of hypothalamic pain modulation. CRISP (Computer Retrieval of Infor- mation on Scientific Project), Medical Surgical Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Nati- onal Institute of Nursing Research, 1999. (Online) Avaible from http://grants.nih.gov/grants/po- licy/pecase/%20holden_janean.pdf (Accessed 2010 20 October)
  • Holden JE, Naleway E. Microinjection of carbac- hol in the lateral hypothalamus produces opposing actions on nociception mediated by alpha (1) -and alpha (2) -adrenoceptors. Brain Res. 2001;911: 27-36.
  • Ritter LS, Orozco JA, Coull BM, McDonagh PF, Rosenblum WI. Leucocyte accumulation and he- modynamic changes in the cerebral microcircula- tion during early reperfusion after stroke. Stroke 2000;31: 1153-1161.
  • Landis CA, Whithney JD. Effects of 72 hours sle- ep deprivation on wound healing in the rat. Res Nurs Health 1997;20: 259-267.
  • Heitkemper MM, Bond EF. Gastric motility in rats with varying ovarian hormone status. West J Nurs Res. 1995;17(1): 9-19.
  • Bond EF, Heitkemper MM, Bailey SL. Estrogen suppresses gastric motility response thyrotropin- releasing hormone and stress in awake rats. Res Nurs Health 1998;21: 221-228.
  • Briones TL, Therrien B, Metzger B. Effects of en- vironment on enhancing functional plasticity fol- lowing cerebral ischemia. Biol Res Nurs.
  • Holden JE, Therrien B. The effect of familiarity on distraction and single cue use after hippocam- pal damage. Biol Res Nurs.2000;1: 165-178.
  • Tkacs NC, Dunn-Meynell AA, Levin BE. Presu- med apoptosis and reduced arcuate nucleus neuro- peptide Y and proopiomelanocortin mRNA in non- coma hypoglycemia. Diabetes 2000;49: 820-826.
  • Lennie TA. Relationship of body energy status to inflammation-induced anorexia and weight loss. Physiol Behav 1998;64(4): 475-481.
  • McCarthy DO. Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 have differential effects on food in- take and gastric emptying in fasted rats. Res Nurs Health 2000;23: 222-228.
  • Page GG, Blakely WP, Ben-Eliyahu S. Evidence that postoperative pain is a mediator of the tumor- promoting effects of surgery in rats. Pain 2001;90: 191-199.
  • Page GG, Ben-Eliyahu S. Increased surgery-indu- ced metastasis and suppressed natural killer cell activity during pro estrus/estrus in rats. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1997;45: 159-167.
  • Kasper CE, Xun L. Expression of titin in skeletal muscle varies with hind-limb unloading. Biol Res Nurs. 2000;2: 107-115.
  • PECASE Programı 1996. Retrieved May 01, 2011 from http://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/pecase.htm
  • Rudy E, Grady P. Biological researchers: Building nursing science. Nurs Outlook 2005;53(2): 88-94.

Hemşirelikte Hayvan Araştırmaları

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1, 56 - 69, 01.04.2012

Süheyla Özsoy Jülide Gülizar Yıldırım

Öz

İnsan sağlığının iyileştirilmesine ve korunmasına yönelik olarak tamamlayıcı tedavilerde ve laboratuar deneylerinde hayvan araştırmaları yürütülmektedir. Hemşirelik alanında Türkiye’de henüz hayvandestekli tedavi ve deneysel hayvan modelleri kullanımı konusundaaraştırmalar mevcut değildir. Bu makalenin amacı hemşirelikte hayvan destekli tedaviler ve deneysel hayvan araştırmaları konusundahemşire araştırmacıların farkındalıklarını artırmak ve bilgilendirmektir. Hemşirelik alanında yürütülen araştırmalarda da insanlardadenenemeyecek pek çok girişim mevcuttur. Hemşirelikte yürütülenaraştırmalar çoğunlukla tanımlayıcı ve yarı deneysel tipte yürütülençalışmalardır. Gelişen çağla birlikte hemşirelik mesleğinden beklentilerin karşılanabilmesi için deneysel araştırmalara gereksinim artmaktadır. Deneysel araştırmaların önemli bir bölümünü hayvan araştırmalarının oluşturması nedeniyle gelecekte hemşirelerin hayvanaraştırmalarına yönelmesi gerekebilir. Bu bağlamda, hayvan desteklitedaviler de hemşirelik uygulamalarına yön verebilir

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hemşirelik araştırma hayvan

Kaynakça

  • Haselen RV. Editorial: Animal Research in CAM: Is it still an issue? Complement Ther Med. 2008;16: 1-2.
  • Ernst E, Cassileth B. The prevalence of comple- mentary/ alternative medicine in cancer: A syste- matic review. Cancer 1998;83: 777-782.
  • Delta Society. Delta Society Pet Partner’s Prog- ram (online) 2009, Avalible from: http://www.del- tasociety.org/Page.aspx?pid=319, (Accessed 2011 01 May)
  • Cole KM, Gawlinski A. Animal-assisted therapy: The human-animal bond. AACN Clin Issues
  • Cevizci S, Erginöz E, Baltaş Z. İnsan sağlığının iyileştirilmesine yönelik hayvan destekli tedavi- ler. TAF Prev Med Bull. 2009;8(3): 263-272.
  • Urichuk L, Anderson D. Improving mental health through animal- assisted therapy. Canada: Chimo project pres, 2003;16-32.
  • Cevizci S, Erginöz E, Baltaş Z. Ruh sağlığının iyi- leştirilmesinde destek bir tedavi yaklaşımı: Hay- van destekli tedavi. Nobel Med. 2009;5(1): 4-9.
  • Muslu G ve Conk Z. Hayvan destekli uygulama- lar ve çocuklarda kullanımı. DUHYO ED 2001;4(2): 83-88.
  • Yunusla Terapi Derneği. Retrieved November 22, 2010 from http://www.yunuslaterapi.com
  • İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi (İBB) Özürlüler Müdürlüğü. Özürlülere at sırtında ücretsiz tedavi. (İnternet) Ulaşım adresi, http://www.ibb.gov.tr/si- tes/sdb/Documents/ hhaber/haber_1.htm, (Ulaşım tarihi 2010 20 Ekim)
  • National Research Council (NRC). Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals: Committee for the update of the guide for the care and Use of la- boratory animals. Environment, housing and ma- nagement. 8th edition, Washington DC: National Academies Pres, 2010; 41-99.
  • Chow PKH, Ng RTH, Ogden BE. Using animal models in biomedical research: A primer fort he investigator. Singapore: World Scientific,2008; 8- 18.
  • Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi. Hayvanları Koruma Kanu- nu. 24.06.2004 Resmi Gazete Sayısı: 5199. (İnter- net) Ulaşım adresi, http://mevzuat.basbakan- lik.gov.tr/Metin.Aspx? MevzuatKod=1.5.5199& MevzuatIliski=0&sourceXmlSearch=5199 (Ula- şım tarihi 2011 4 Haziran)
  • Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi. Hayvan Deneyleri Etik Kurullarının Çalışma Usul ve Esaslarına Dair Yö- netmelik. 06.07.2006 Resmi Gazete Sayısı: 26220. (İnternet) Ulaşım adresi, http://www.mevzu- at.gov.tr/Metin.Aspx?MevzuatKod=7.5.10472& MevzuatIliski=0&sourceXmlSearch=26220, (Ulaşım tarihi 2011 4 Haziran)
  • Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi (ODTÜ) Uygula- malı Araştırma Merkezi. Çevre ve Orman Bakan- lığı, Doğa Koruma ve Milli Parklar Genel Müdür- lüğü 12.12.2007 tarih ve 2007/11 sayı ile yayımla- nan Deney Hayvanları Kullanım Sertifikası Eğitim Programına Dair Genelge. (İnternet) Ulaşım adre- si http://www.ueam.metu.edu.tr/TURKCE/hdyek/ hdyek_odtuhdyek/setifika_programi.pdf (Ulaşım tarihi 2011 20 Şubat)
  • Morrison ML. Health benefits of animal-assisted interventions. Complement Health Pract Rev. 2007;12: 51-62.
  • Serpell JA. Animal-assisted interventions in histo- rical perspective. AH Fine (Eds.), Handbook on animalassisted therapy: Theoretical foundations and guidelines for practice. New York: Academic Press. 2010;17-32.
  • Bustad LK. Animals, aging and the aged. First Edition, USA: University of Minnesota Achieve Pres, 1980;5-17.
  • Bossad JH. The mental hygiene of owning a dog. Ment Hyg. 1944;28: 408-413.
  • Levinson BM. The dog as co-therapist. Ment Hyg.1962;46: 59-65.
  • Salotto P. Pet assisted therapy: A loving interven- tion and an emerging profession leading to friend- lier, healthier, and more peaceful world. Norton: DJ Publications, 2001; 20-27.
  • Banks MR, Banks WA. The Effects of Animal-as- sisted therapy on loneliness in an elderly popula- tion in long-term care facilities. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2002;57(7): 428-432.
  • Miller J, Cannor K, Deal B, Duke GW, Stanley- Hermanns M, Varnel G, Harlman K, McLArty J. How animal-assisted therapy affects discharge te- aching: A pilot study. Nurs Manage. 2003;34(1): 36-40.
  • Snyder M, Lindquist R. Animal- assisted therapy. In J Jorgenson (Eds.), Complementary / Alternati- ve Therapies in Nursing. 5th edition, New York: Springer Publishing Company, 2006;175-191.
  • Nightingale F. Notes on nursing: What it is and what is not? New York: Lane Medical Lib- rary,1860; 103.
  • Humane Society Pikes Peak Region (HSPPR). Petmobile Program. (Online) Avaible form http://hsppr.org/Page.aspx?pid=248 (Accessed 2011 27 Şubat)
  • Kawamura N, Niyama M, Niyama H. Long-term evaluation of animal-assisted therapy for instituti- onalized elderly people: A preliminary result. Psycho-Geriatric. 2007;7: 8-13.
  • Phelps KA, Miltenberger RG, Jens T, Wadeson H. An investigation of the effects of dog visits on depression, mood, and social interaction in elderly individuals living in a nursing home. Behav Inter- vent. 2008;23: 181-200.
  • Holtzclaw BJ, Hanneman SK. Use of non-human bio behavioral models in critical nursing research. Crit Care Nurs Q. 2002;24(4): 30-40.
  • Çobanoğlu N. Kuramsal ve uygulamalı tıp etiği. İstanbul: Eflatun yayınevi, 2009; 58-61.
  • Merdivenci A. Laboratuvar hayvanı bakımı, üreti- mi ve deney tekniği. İstanbul: Kutulmuş Yayınla- rı, 1971; 42-48.
  • Witek-Janusek L, Ratmeyer JK. Sepsis in the yo- ung rat: Maternal milk protects during cecal liga- tion and puncture sepsis but not during endotoxe- mia. Circ Shock. 1991;33: 200-206.
  • Ritter LS. Inflammatory and thrombotic cell inte- ractions in stroke, CRISP (Computer Retrieval of Information on Scientific Project), Medical Surgical Nursing, University of Arizona Tucson, National Institute of Nursing Research, 2000. (Online) Ava- ible from http://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/ peca- se/ritter_leslie.pdf (Accessed 2010 20 October)
  • Witek-Janusek L. Commentary on the importance of animal research to nursing science. Nurs Outlo- ok 2004;52(2): 108-110.
  • Jarosz PA, Lennie TA, Rowsey PJ, Metzger BL. Effect of genetic obesity on thermoregulatory ac- tivity responses to inversion of the light/dark cycle. Biol Res Nurs. 2001;2: 249-256.
  • Miaskowski C, Franck LS, Putris J, Levine JD. Temporal dissociation of recovery from antinoci- ceptive and motor effects following intrathecal ad- ministration of a selective mu-opioid agonist. Nurs Res.1993;42(6): 344-348.
  • Wyosocki AB. The effect of intermittent noise ex- posure on wound healing. Adv Wound Care 1996;9(1): 35-39.
  • Sungurbey İ. Hayvan Hakları. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Basımevi,1992;34-36.
  • Brodie SJ, Biley FC, Shewring M. An exploration of the potential risks associated with using pet the- rapy in healthcare settings. J Clin Nurs. 2002;11: 444-456.
  • Page GG. The importance of animal research to nursing science. Nurs Outlook 2004;52: 102-107.
  • Kocaman G. Hemşirelikte kanıta dayalı uygulama. HEMAR-G 2003;2: 61-69.
  • Holden JE. Neurobiology of hypothalamic pain modulation. CRISP (Computer Retrieval of Infor- mation on Scientific Project), Medical Surgical Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Nati- onal Institute of Nursing Research, 1999. (Online) Avaible from http://grants.nih.gov/grants/po- licy/pecase/%20holden_janean.pdf (Accessed 2010 20 October)
  • Holden JE, Naleway E. Microinjection of carbac- hol in the lateral hypothalamus produces opposing actions on nociception mediated by alpha (1) -and alpha (2) -adrenoceptors. Brain Res. 2001;911: 27-36.
  • Ritter LS, Orozco JA, Coull BM, McDonagh PF, Rosenblum WI. Leucocyte accumulation and he- modynamic changes in the cerebral microcircula- tion during early reperfusion after stroke. Stroke 2000;31: 1153-1161.
  • Landis CA, Whithney JD. Effects of 72 hours sle- ep deprivation on wound healing in the rat. Res Nurs Health 1997;20: 259-267.
  • Heitkemper MM, Bond EF. Gastric motility in rats with varying ovarian hormone status. West J Nurs Res. 1995;17(1): 9-19.
  • Bond EF, Heitkemper MM, Bailey SL. Estrogen suppresses gastric motility response thyrotropin- releasing hormone and stress in awake rats. Res Nurs Health 1998;21: 221-228.
  • Briones TL, Therrien B, Metzger B. Effects of en- vironment on enhancing functional plasticity fol- lowing cerebral ischemia. Biol Res Nurs.
  • Holden JE, Therrien B. The effect of familiarity on distraction and single cue use after hippocam- pal damage. Biol Res Nurs.2000;1: 165-178.
  • Tkacs NC, Dunn-Meynell AA, Levin BE. Presu- med apoptosis and reduced arcuate nucleus neuro- peptide Y and proopiomelanocortin mRNA in non- coma hypoglycemia. Diabetes 2000;49: 820-826.
  • Lennie TA. Relationship of body energy status to inflammation-induced anorexia and weight loss. Physiol Behav 1998;64(4): 475-481.
  • McCarthy DO. Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 have differential effects on food in- take and gastric emptying in fasted rats. Res Nurs Health 2000;23: 222-228.
  • Page GG, Blakely WP, Ben-Eliyahu S. Evidence that postoperative pain is a mediator of the tumor- promoting effects of surgery in rats. Pain 2001;90: 191-199.
  • Page GG, Ben-Eliyahu S. Increased surgery-indu- ced metastasis and suppressed natural killer cell activity during pro estrus/estrus in rats. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1997;45: 159-167.
  • Kasper CE, Xun L. Expression of titin in skeletal muscle varies with hind-limb unloading. Biol Res Nurs. 2000;2: 107-115.
  • PECASE Programı 1996. Retrieved May 01, 2011 from http://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/pecase.htm
  • Rudy E, Grady P. Biological researchers: Building nursing science. Nurs Outlook 2005;53(2): 88-94.
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Süheyla Özsoy Bu kişi benim

Jülide Gülizar Yıldırım

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Nisan 2012
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2012 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Özsoy, S., & Yıldırım, J. G. (2012). Hemşirelikte Hayvan Araştırmaları. Hemşirelikte Araştırma Geliştirme Dergisi, 14(1), 56-69.