Derleme
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Phantom Earthquake Sensation - Equilibrium and Vestibular Effects After Large Earthquakes

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 705 - 709, 21.06.2023

Faruk Tanık Derya Özer Kaya

Öz

Following a major earthquake, earthquake survivors experience a number of physiological, anatomical and psychological changes that begin immediately after the earthquake and continue for a long time. One of these problems is vestibular system effects and balance disorders, which can also be defined as phantom earthquake sensation, in which people feel that they are shaking without any effect. In these people, it has been observed that psychological responses are more effective in the feeling of swaying than the vestibular system and balance pathways. These changes may distract people from their daily life activities and social environment. Vestibular rehabilitation and physical activity play an important role in accelerating the return of earthquake victims to their daily lives. In this context, this review aims to provide a comprehensive discussion of balance and vestibular changes after major earthquakes, the concept of phantom earthquake sensation, the underlying neuroanatomical mechanisms, treatment options and the role of physiotherapists in managing this symptom.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Earthquake dizziness vestibular system balance psychological stress.

Kaynakça

  • Kario K, McEwen BS, Pickering TG. Disasters and the heart: a review of the effects of earthquake-induced stress on cardiovascular disease. Hypertens Res. 2003;26(5):355-67. Epub 2003/07/31. doi: 10.1291/ hypres.26.355.
  • Varela E, Koustouki V, Davos CH, Eleni K. Psychological consequences among adults following the 1999 earthquake in Athens, Greece. Disasters. 2008;32(2):280-91. Epub 2008/04/03. doi: 10.1111/j.1467- 7717.2008.01039.x.
  • Kumar V, Bhavana K. Post Earthquake Equilibrium Disturbance: A Study After Nepal-India Earthquake 2015. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;71(Suppl 2):1258-65. Epub 2019/11/22. doi: 10.1007/ s12070-018-1296-5.
  • Ehring T, Razik S, Emmelkamp PM. Prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression, and burnout in Pakistani earthquake recovery workers. Psychiatry Res. 2011;185(1- 2):161-6. Epub 2010/06/12. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2009.10.018.
  • Honma M, Endo N, Osada Y, Kim Y, Kuriyama K. Disturbances in equilibrium function after major earthquake. Sci Rep. 2012;2(1):749. Epub 2012/10/23. doi: 10.1038/srep00749.
  • Miwa T. Vestibular Function After the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquakes: A Retrospective Chart Review. Front Neurol. 2020;11:626613. Epub 2021/02/09. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.626613.
  • Yildiz MG, Bilal N, Kara I, Sagiroglu S, Orhan I, Doganer A. Characteristics of Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo Following an Earthquake. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2021;130(11):1236-44. Epub 2021/03/16. doi: 10.1177/0003489421996914.
  • Bajs Janovic M, Janovic S, Separovic Lisak M, Medved S, Ojdanic O, Veronek J. Phantom Earthquake Syndrome - A Pilot Study after Zagreb and Banovina 2020 Earthquake. Psychiatr Danub. 2021;33(Suppl 4):706- 9. Epub 2021/11/01.
  • Simon NM, Pollack MH, Tuby KS, Stern TA. Dizziness and panic disorder: a review of the association between vestibular dysfunction and anxiety. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry. 1998;10:75-80.
  • Furman JM, Jacob RG. A clinical taxonomy of dizziness and anxiety in the otoneurological setting. J Anxiety Disord. 2001;15(1-2):9-26. Epub 2001/06/05. doi: 10.1016/s0887-6185(00)00040-2.
  • Furman JM, Jacob RG. Psychiatric dizziness. Neurology. 1997;48(5):1161-6. Epub 1997/05/01. doi: 10.1212/wnl.48.5.1161.
  • Nomura Y, Toı T. Post earthquake dizziness syndrome. Equilibrium Research. 2014;73(3):167-73.
  • Zmigrod L, Garrison JR, Carr J, Simons JS. The neural mechanisms of hallucinations: A quantitative meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016;69:113-23. Epub 2016/07/31. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.037.
  • Rosengren SM, Colebatch JG, Young AS, Govender S, Welgampola MS. Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in practice: Methods, pitfalls and clinical applications. Clin Neurophysiol Pract. 2019;4:47-68. Epub 2019/04/06. doi: 10.1016/j.cnp.2019.01.005.
  • Kim HA, Lee H. Autonomic dysfunction as a possible cause of residual dizziness after successful treatment in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Clin Neurophysiol. 2014;125(3):608-14. Epub 2013/09/21. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.08.008.
  • Matsunaga T. Autonomic nervous system function tests in patients with vertigo. Pract Oto Rhinolaryngol. 1987;80:865-78.
  • Balaban CD. Neural substrates linking balance control and anxiety. Physiol Behav. 2002;77(4-5):469-75. Epub 2003/01/16. doi: 10.1016/ s0031-9384(02)00935-6.
  • Balaban CD. Projections from the parabrachial nucleus to the vestibular nuclei: potential substrates for autonomic and limbic influences on vestibular responses. Brain Res. 2004;996(1):126-37. Epub 2003/12/13. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2003.10.026.
  • Walker DL, Toufexis DJ, Davis M. Role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis versus the amygdala in fear, stress, and anxiety. Eur J Pharmacol. 2003;463(1-3):199-216. Epub 2003/02/26. doi: 10.1016/ s0014-2999(03)01282-2.
  • Kalueff AV, Keisala T, Minasyan A, Kumar SR, LaPorte JL, Murphy DL, et al. The regular and light-dark Suok tests of anxiety and sensorimotor integration: utility for behavioral characterization in laboratory rodents. Nat Protoc. 2008;3(1):129-36. Epub 2008/01/15. doi: 10.1038/nprot.2007.516.
  • Parker KJ, Hyde SA, Buckmaster CL, Tanaka SM, Brewster KK, Schatzberg AF, et al. Somatic and neuroendocrine responses to standard and biologically salient acoustic startle stimuli in monkeys. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2011;36(4):547-56. Epub 2010/09/28. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.08.009.
  • Herman R, Mixon J, Fisher A, Maulucci R, Stuyck J. Idiopathic scoliosis and the central nervous system: a motor control problem. The Harrington lecture, 1983. Scoliosis Research Society. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1985;10(1):1-14. Epub 1985/01/01. doi: 10.1097/00007632- 198501000-00001.
  • Grantyn A, Ong-Meang Jacques V, Berthoz A. Reticulo-spinal neurons participating in the control of synergic eye and head movements during orienting in the cat: II. Morphological properties as revealed by intra-axonal injections of horseradish peroxidase. Experimental brain research. 1987;66(2):355-77.
  • Redfern MS, Yardley L, Bronstein AM. Visual influences on balance. J Anxiety Disord. 2001;15(1-2):81-94. Epub 2001/06/05. doi: 10.1016/ s0887-6185(00)00043-8.
  • King DJ, Hodgekins J, Chouinard PA, Chouinard VA, Sperandio I. A review of abnormalities in the perception of visual illusions in schizophrenia. Psychon Bull Rev. 2017;24(3):734-51. Epub 2016/10/13. doi: 10.3758/s13423-016-1168-5.
  • Lui S, Chen L, Yao L, Xiao Y, Wu QZ, Zhang JR, et al. Brain structural plasticity in survivors of a major earthquake. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2013;38(6):381-7. Epub 2013/05/29. doi: 10.1503/jpn.120244.
  • Zhang XD, Yin Y, Hu XL, Duan L, Qi R, Xu Q, et al. Altered default mode network configuration in posttraumatic stress disorder after earthquake: A resting-stage functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(37):e7826. Epub 2017/09/15. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000007826.
  • Bruno F, Splendiani A, Tommasino E, Conson M, Quarantelli M, Saporito G, et al. Multimodal MRI Assessment of Thalamic Structural Changes in Earthquake Survivors. Diagnostics (Basel). 2021;11(1):70. Epub 2021/01/08. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics11010070.
  • Agrawal Y, Carey JP, Della Santina CC, Schubert MC, Minor LB. Disorders of balance and vestibular function in US adults: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001-2004. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(10):938-44. Epub 2009/05/27. doi: 10.1001/ archinternmed.2009.66.
  • Han BI, Song HS, Kim JS. Vestibular rehabilitation therapy: review of indications, mechanisms, and key exercises. J Clin Neurol. 2011;7(4):184- 96. Epub 2012/01/20. doi: 10.3988/jcn.2011.7.4.184.
  • Rimer J, Dwan K, Lawlor DA, Greig CA, McMurdo M, Morley W, et al. Exercise for depression. Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2012(7).
  • Young J, Angevaren M, Rusted J, Tabet N. Aerobic exercise to improve cognitive function in older people without known cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015(4):CD005381. Epub 2015/04/23. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005381.pub4.
  • Park SH, Han KS, Kang CB. Effects of exercise programs on depressive symptoms, quality of life, and self-esteem in older people: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Appl Nurs Res. 2014;27(4):219- 26. Epub 2014/03/08. doi: 10.1016/j.apnr.2014.01.004.
  • Angevaren M, Aufdemkampe G, Verhaar HJ, Aleman A, Vanhees L. Physical activity and enhanced fitness to improve cognitive function in older people without known cognitive impairment. Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2008(2).
  • Asarnow LD. Depression and sleep: what has the treatment research revealed and could the HPA axis be a potential mechanism? Current opinion in psychology. 2020;34:112-6.
  • Nicolaides NC, Kyratzi E, Lamprokostopoulou A, Chrousos GP, Charmandari E. Stress, the stress system and the role of glucocorticoids. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2015;22(1-2):6-19. Epub 2014/09/18. doi: 10.1159/000362736.
  • Arvidson E, Dahlman AS, Borjesson M, Gullstrand L, Jonsdottir IH. The effects of exercise training on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis reactivity and autonomic response to acute stress-a randomized controlled study. Trials. 2020;21(1):888. Epub 2020/10/29. doi: 10.1186/ s13063-020-04803-3.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour: web annex: evidence profiles. 2020

Fantom Deprem Hissi – Büyük Depremler Sonrasında Denge ve Vestibüler Etkilenimler

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 705 - 709, 21.06.2023

Faruk Tanık Derya Özer Kaya

Öz

Büyük depremler sonrasında hayatta kalan depremzedeler depremden hemen sonra başlayan ve uzunca bir süre devam eden bir takım fizyolojik, anatomik ve psikolojik değişimlerle karşılaşırlar. Bu problemlerin birisi de fantom deprem hissi olarak da tanımlanabilen kişilerin herhangi bir etki olmadan sallandığını hissettiği vestibüler sistem etkilenimleri ve denge bozukluklarıdır. Bu kişilerde vestibüler sistem ve denge yollarının etkilenimden daha çok psikolojik yanıtların sallanma hissinde daha etkili olduğu görülmüştür. Yaşanan bu değişimler kişileri günlük yaşam aktivitelerinden ve sosyal çevrelerinden uzaklaştırabilmektedir. Depremzedelerin günlük hayatlarına dönüşünü hızlandırmak için vestibüler rehabilitasyon ve fiziksel aktivite önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu kapsamda derlemede büyük depremlerden sonra görülen denge ve vestibüler değişimler ile fantom deprem hissi kavramını, altta yatan nöroanatomik mekanizmalarını, tedavi seçeneklerini ve fizyoterapistlerin bu semptomu yönetmedeki rollerini kapsamlı bir şekilde ele almak amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Deprem baş dönmesi vestibüler sistem denge psikolojik stres.

Kaynakça

  • Kario K, McEwen BS, Pickering TG. Disasters and the heart: a review of the effects of earthquake-induced stress on cardiovascular disease. Hypertens Res. 2003;26(5):355-67. Epub 2003/07/31. doi: 10.1291/ hypres.26.355.
  • Varela E, Koustouki V, Davos CH, Eleni K. Psychological consequences among adults following the 1999 earthquake in Athens, Greece. Disasters. 2008;32(2):280-91. Epub 2008/04/03. doi: 10.1111/j.1467- 7717.2008.01039.x.
  • Kumar V, Bhavana K. Post Earthquake Equilibrium Disturbance: A Study After Nepal-India Earthquake 2015. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;71(Suppl 2):1258-65. Epub 2019/11/22. doi: 10.1007/ s12070-018-1296-5.
  • Ehring T, Razik S, Emmelkamp PM. Prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression, and burnout in Pakistani earthquake recovery workers. Psychiatry Res. 2011;185(1- 2):161-6. Epub 2010/06/12. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2009.10.018.
  • Honma M, Endo N, Osada Y, Kim Y, Kuriyama K. Disturbances in equilibrium function after major earthquake. Sci Rep. 2012;2(1):749. Epub 2012/10/23. doi: 10.1038/srep00749.
  • Miwa T. Vestibular Function After the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquakes: A Retrospective Chart Review. Front Neurol. 2020;11:626613. Epub 2021/02/09. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.626613.
  • Yildiz MG, Bilal N, Kara I, Sagiroglu S, Orhan I, Doganer A. Characteristics of Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo Following an Earthquake. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2021;130(11):1236-44. Epub 2021/03/16. doi: 10.1177/0003489421996914.
  • Bajs Janovic M, Janovic S, Separovic Lisak M, Medved S, Ojdanic O, Veronek J. Phantom Earthquake Syndrome - A Pilot Study after Zagreb and Banovina 2020 Earthquake. Psychiatr Danub. 2021;33(Suppl 4):706- 9. Epub 2021/11/01.
  • Simon NM, Pollack MH, Tuby KS, Stern TA. Dizziness and panic disorder: a review of the association between vestibular dysfunction and anxiety. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry. 1998;10:75-80.
  • Furman JM, Jacob RG. A clinical taxonomy of dizziness and anxiety in the otoneurological setting. J Anxiety Disord. 2001;15(1-2):9-26. Epub 2001/06/05. doi: 10.1016/s0887-6185(00)00040-2.
  • Furman JM, Jacob RG. Psychiatric dizziness. Neurology. 1997;48(5):1161-6. Epub 1997/05/01. doi: 10.1212/wnl.48.5.1161.
  • Nomura Y, Toı T. Post earthquake dizziness syndrome. Equilibrium Research. 2014;73(3):167-73.
  • Zmigrod L, Garrison JR, Carr J, Simons JS. The neural mechanisms of hallucinations: A quantitative meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016;69:113-23. Epub 2016/07/31. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.037.
  • Rosengren SM, Colebatch JG, Young AS, Govender S, Welgampola MS. Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in practice: Methods, pitfalls and clinical applications. Clin Neurophysiol Pract. 2019;4:47-68. Epub 2019/04/06. doi: 10.1016/j.cnp.2019.01.005.
  • Kim HA, Lee H. Autonomic dysfunction as a possible cause of residual dizziness after successful treatment in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Clin Neurophysiol. 2014;125(3):608-14. Epub 2013/09/21. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.08.008.
  • Matsunaga T. Autonomic nervous system function tests in patients with vertigo. Pract Oto Rhinolaryngol. 1987;80:865-78.
  • Balaban CD. Neural substrates linking balance control and anxiety. Physiol Behav. 2002;77(4-5):469-75. Epub 2003/01/16. doi: 10.1016/ s0031-9384(02)00935-6.
  • Balaban CD. Projections from the parabrachial nucleus to the vestibular nuclei: potential substrates for autonomic and limbic influences on vestibular responses. Brain Res. 2004;996(1):126-37. Epub 2003/12/13. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2003.10.026.
  • Walker DL, Toufexis DJ, Davis M. Role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis versus the amygdala in fear, stress, and anxiety. Eur J Pharmacol. 2003;463(1-3):199-216. Epub 2003/02/26. doi: 10.1016/ s0014-2999(03)01282-2.
  • Kalueff AV, Keisala T, Minasyan A, Kumar SR, LaPorte JL, Murphy DL, et al. The regular and light-dark Suok tests of anxiety and sensorimotor integration: utility for behavioral characterization in laboratory rodents. Nat Protoc. 2008;3(1):129-36. Epub 2008/01/15. doi: 10.1038/nprot.2007.516.
  • Parker KJ, Hyde SA, Buckmaster CL, Tanaka SM, Brewster KK, Schatzberg AF, et al. Somatic and neuroendocrine responses to standard and biologically salient acoustic startle stimuli in monkeys. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2011;36(4):547-56. Epub 2010/09/28. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.08.009.
  • Herman R, Mixon J, Fisher A, Maulucci R, Stuyck J. Idiopathic scoliosis and the central nervous system: a motor control problem. The Harrington lecture, 1983. Scoliosis Research Society. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1985;10(1):1-14. Epub 1985/01/01. doi: 10.1097/00007632- 198501000-00001.
  • Grantyn A, Ong-Meang Jacques V, Berthoz A. Reticulo-spinal neurons participating in the control of synergic eye and head movements during orienting in the cat: II. Morphological properties as revealed by intra-axonal injections of horseradish peroxidase. Experimental brain research. 1987;66(2):355-77.
  • Redfern MS, Yardley L, Bronstein AM. Visual influences on balance. J Anxiety Disord. 2001;15(1-2):81-94. Epub 2001/06/05. doi: 10.1016/ s0887-6185(00)00043-8.
  • King DJ, Hodgekins J, Chouinard PA, Chouinard VA, Sperandio I. A review of abnormalities in the perception of visual illusions in schizophrenia. Psychon Bull Rev. 2017;24(3):734-51. Epub 2016/10/13. doi: 10.3758/s13423-016-1168-5.
  • Lui S, Chen L, Yao L, Xiao Y, Wu QZ, Zhang JR, et al. Brain structural plasticity in survivors of a major earthquake. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2013;38(6):381-7. Epub 2013/05/29. doi: 10.1503/jpn.120244.
  • Zhang XD, Yin Y, Hu XL, Duan L, Qi R, Xu Q, et al. Altered default mode network configuration in posttraumatic stress disorder after earthquake: A resting-stage functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(37):e7826. Epub 2017/09/15. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000007826.
  • Bruno F, Splendiani A, Tommasino E, Conson M, Quarantelli M, Saporito G, et al. Multimodal MRI Assessment of Thalamic Structural Changes in Earthquake Survivors. Diagnostics (Basel). 2021;11(1):70. Epub 2021/01/08. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics11010070.
  • Agrawal Y, Carey JP, Della Santina CC, Schubert MC, Minor LB. Disorders of balance and vestibular function in US adults: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001-2004. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(10):938-44. Epub 2009/05/27. doi: 10.1001/ archinternmed.2009.66.
  • Han BI, Song HS, Kim JS. Vestibular rehabilitation therapy: review of indications, mechanisms, and key exercises. J Clin Neurol. 2011;7(4):184- 96. Epub 2012/01/20. doi: 10.3988/jcn.2011.7.4.184.
  • Rimer J, Dwan K, Lawlor DA, Greig CA, McMurdo M, Morley W, et al. Exercise for depression. Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2012(7).
  • Young J, Angevaren M, Rusted J, Tabet N. Aerobic exercise to improve cognitive function in older people without known cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015(4):CD005381. Epub 2015/04/23. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005381.pub4.
  • Park SH, Han KS, Kang CB. Effects of exercise programs on depressive symptoms, quality of life, and self-esteem in older people: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Appl Nurs Res. 2014;27(4):219- 26. Epub 2014/03/08. doi: 10.1016/j.apnr.2014.01.004.
  • Angevaren M, Aufdemkampe G, Verhaar HJ, Aleman A, Vanhees L. Physical activity and enhanced fitness to improve cognitive function in older people without known cognitive impairment. Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2008(2).
  • Asarnow LD. Depression and sleep: what has the treatment research revealed and could the HPA axis be a potential mechanism? Current opinion in psychology. 2020;34:112-6.
  • Nicolaides NC, Kyratzi E, Lamprokostopoulou A, Chrousos GP, Charmandari E. Stress, the stress system and the role of glucocorticoids. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2015;22(1-2):6-19. Epub 2014/09/18. doi: 10.1159/000362736.
  • Arvidson E, Dahlman AS, Borjesson M, Gullstrand L, Jonsdottir IH. The effects of exercise training on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis reactivity and autonomic response to acute stress-a randomized controlled study. Trials. 2020;21(1):888. Epub 2020/10/29. doi: 10.1186/ s13063-020-04803-3.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour: web annex: evidence profiles. 2020
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Faruk Tanık 0000-0002-5975-0725

Derya Özer Kaya 0000-0002-6899-852X

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 13 Temmuz 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 21 Haziran 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Mart 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Tanık, F., & Özer Kaya, D. (2023). Fantom Deprem Hissi – Büyük Depremler Sonrasında Denge ve Vestibüler Etkilenimler. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(2), 705-709.
AMA Tanık F, Özer Kaya D. Fantom Deprem Hissi – Büyük Depremler Sonrasında Denge ve Vestibüler Etkilenimler. İKÇÜSBFD. Haziran 2023;8(2):705-709.
Chicago Tanık, Faruk, ve Derya Özer Kaya. “Fantom Deprem Hissi – Büyük Depremler Sonrasında Denge Ve Vestibüler Etkilenimler”. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 8, sy. 2 (Haziran 2023): 705-9.
EndNote Tanık F, Özer Kaya D (01 Haziran 2023) Fantom Deprem Hissi – Büyük Depremler Sonrasında Denge ve Vestibüler Etkilenimler. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 8 2 705–709.
IEEE F. Tanık ve D. Özer Kaya, “Fantom Deprem Hissi – Büyük Depremler Sonrasında Denge ve Vestibüler Etkilenimler”, İKÇÜSBFD, c. 8, sy. 2, ss. 705–709, 2023.
ISNAD Tanık, Faruk - Özer Kaya, Derya. “Fantom Deprem Hissi – Büyük Depremler Sonrasında Denge Ve Vestibüler Etkilenimler”. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 8/2 (Haziran 2023), 705-709.
JAMA Tanık F, Özer Kaya D. Fantom Deprem Hissi – Büyük Depremler Sonrasında Denge ve Vestibüler Etkilenimler. İKÇÜSBFD. 2023;8:705–709.
MLA Tanık, Faruk ve Derya Özer Kaya. “Fantom Deprem Hissi – Büyük Depremler Sonrasında Denge Ve Vestibüler Etkilenimler”. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 8, sy. 2, 2023, ss. 705-9.
Vancouver Tanık F, Özer Kaya D. Fantom Deprem Hissi – Büyük Depremler Sonrasında Denge ve Vestibüler Etkilenimler. İKÇÜSBFD. 2023;8(2):705-9.
 Kapak Resmi İndir

Creative Commons License 

Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.