Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Covid-19 Aşılarına İlişkin Komplo İnancının Aşı Tutumuna Etkisi: Sakarya Örneği

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1, 105 - 125, 28.03.2023

Ayhan Durmuş Özgün Ünal

Öz

Çalışmada bireylerin aşı komplo inançlarının aşılara yönelik tutumları üzerindeki etkisinin belirlenmesi ve katılımcıların demografik özelliklerinin değişkenlerle arasındaki farklılığın ortaya çıkarılması amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışmada veri toplama aracı olarak Demografik Bilgi Formu, Aşıya Komplo İnancı Ölçeği ve Aşıya Yönelik Tutumlar Ölçeği’nden oluşan çevrim içi anket formu kullanılmıştır. Veri analizinde; tanımlayıcı istatistiksel yöntemler, keşfedici faktör analizi, doğrulayıcı faktör analizi, güvenilirlik analizi, korelasyon analizi, regresyon analizi ve fark analizleri kullanılmıştır. Aşı komplo inancının olumlu aşı tutumu üzerinde negatif, olumsuz aşı tutumu üzerinde ise pozitif etkisi olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca bireylerin cinsiyetleri ile olumlu aşı tutumu ve olumsuz aşı tutumu arasında, B1 (Aşılar güvensiz olduklarından dolayı bence uygun değiller) ve B2 (Doğal bağışıklığımız olduğu için aşı olmamıza gerek yoktur) ifadeleri ile olumlu aşı tutumu, olumsuz aşı tutumu ve aşı komplo inancı arasında istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir. Covid-19 aşıları hakkında ortaya atılan komplo teorileri ve bilime olan inanç eksikliği veya güvensizliği, aşıya yönelik olumlu tutumu negatif etkilediği için toplumsal bağışıklığın kazanımının gecikmesine veya azalmasına yol açmaktadır. Bundan dolayı bireylerin güvenlik endişeleri giderilmeli, yanlış bilgi ve komplo teorileri çürütülmeli, bireylerin Covid-19 aşısı olma niyeti artırılmalıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Covid-19 aşı komplo inancı aşı tutumu olumlu aşı tutumu olumsuz aşı tutumu

Kaynakça

  • Bertin, P., Nera, K., & Delouvée, S. (2020). Conspiracy beliefs, rejection of vaccination, and support for hydroxychloroquine: A conceptual replication-extension in the COVID-19 pandemic context. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 2471. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.565128
  • Bloom, B. R., Marcuse, E., & Mnookin, S. (2014). Addressing vaccine hesitancy. Science, 344(6182), 339. doi: 10.1126/science.1254834
  • Boyon, N. (2020). COVID-19 vaccination intent is decreasing globally. https://www.ipsos.com/en/global-attitudes-covid-19-vaccine-october-2020 adresinde 23/05/2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Callaghan, T., Motta, M., Sylvester, S., Trujillo, K. L., & Blackburn, C. C. (2019). Parent psychology and the decision to delay childhood vaccination. Social Science & Medicine, 238, 112407.
  • Charan, J., & Biswas, T. (2013). How to calculate sample size for different study designs in medical research? Indian journal of psychological medicine, 35(2), 121-126.
  • Coşkun, R., Altunışık, R., Bayraktaroğlu, S., & Yıldırım, E. (2015). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri- SPSS uygulamalı (8. Baskı). Sakarya Yayıncılık.
  • Craciun, C., & Baban, A. (2012). “Who will take the blame?”: Understanding the reasons why Romanian mothers decline HPV vaccination for their daughters. Vaccine, 30(48), 6789-6793.
  • Çırakoğlu, O. C. (2011). Domuz Gribi (H1N1) Salgınıyla ilişkili algıların, kaygı ve kaçınma düzeyi değişkenleri bağlamında incelenmesi. Turk Psikoloji Dergisi, 26(67), 49-67.
  • Dolgin, E. (2021). How COVID unlocked the power of RNA vaccines. Nature, 189-191.
  • Earnshaw, V. A., Bogart, L. M., Klompas, M., & Katz, I. T. (2019). Medical mistrust in the context of Ebola: Implications for intended care-seeking and quarantine policy support in the United States. Journal of health psychology, 24(2), 219-228.
  • Earnshaw, V. A., Eaton, L. A., Kalichman, S. C., Brousseau, N. M., Hill, E. C., & Fox, A. B. (2020). COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs, health behaviors, and policy support. Translational behavioral medicine, 10(4), 850-856. https://doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibaa090
  • Engin, C., & Vezzoni, C. (2020). Who's skeptical of vaccines? Prevalence and determinants of anti-vaccination attitudes in Italy. Population Review, 59(2), 156-179. https://doi.org/10.1353/prv.2020.0007
  • Evci, N., & Aylar, F. (2017). Derleme: Ölçek geliştirme çalışmalarında doğrulayıcı faktör analizinin kullanımı. SOBİDER Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10, 389-412.
  • Geniş, B., Gürhan, N., Koç, M., Geniş, Ç., Şirin, B., Çırakoğlu, O. C., & Coşar, B. (2020). Development of perception and attitude scales related with Covid-19 pandemia. Pearson Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 5(7), 306-326.
  • George, D., & Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. Pearson.
  • Global Research Center for Research on Globalization. The real coronavirus victims: relations between people. www.globalresearch.ca/the-real-coronavirusvictims-relations-between- people/5712970 adresinden 31.05.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Goldberg, Z. J., & Richey, S. (2020). Anti-vaccination beliefs and unrelated conspiracy theories. World Affairs, 183(2), 105-124.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R.E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7. Baskı). Prentice Hall.
  • Harvard School of Public Health. (2009). Survey finds many Americans have taken steps to protect themselves against H1N1. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/survey-swine-flu- americans-protect-themselves-h1n1/ adresinden 31.05.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Hornsey, M. J., Harris, E. A., & Fielding, K. S. (2018). The psychological roots of anti-vaccination attitudes: A 24-nation investigation. Health Psychology, 37(4), 307-315
  • Johnson, N. F., Velásquez, N., Restrepo, N. J., Leahy, R., Gabriel, N., El Oud, S., ... & Lupu, Y. (2020). The online competition between pro-and anti-vaccination views. Nature, 582(7811), 230-233.
  • Jolley, D., & Douglas, K. M. (2014). The effects of anti-vaccine conspiracy theories on vaccination intentions. PloS one, 9(2), e89177.
  • Jolley, D., & Douglas, K. M. (2017). Prevention is better than cure: Addressing anti‐vaccine conspiracy theories. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 47(8), 459-469.
  • Jolley, D., & Paterson, J. L. (2020). Pylons ablaze: Examining the role of 5G COVID‐19 conspiracy beliefs and support for violence. British journal of social psychology, 59(3), 628-640.
  • Karafillakis, E., & Larson, H. J. (2017). The benefit of the doubt or doubts over benefits? A systematic literature review of perceived risks of vaccines in European populations. Vaccine, 35(37), 4840-4850.
  • Karagöz, Y., & Bardakçı, S. (2020). Bilimsel araştırmalarda kullanılan ölçme araçları ve ölçek geliştirme. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Karagöz, Y. (2017). SPSS ve AMOS uygulamalı bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri ve yayın etiği. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Karagöz, Y. (2014). SPSS 21.1 uygulamalı biyoistatistik. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Klofstad, C. A., Uscinski, J. E., Connolly, J. M., & West, J. P. (2019). What drives people to believe in Zika conspiracy theories? Palgrave Communications, 5(1), 1-8.
  • Lazarus, J. V., Ratzan, S. C., Palayew, A., Gostin, L. O., Larson, H. J., Rabin, K., ... & El-Mohandes, A. (2021). A global survey of potential acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine. Nature Medicine, 27(2), 225-228.
  • Loehlin, J. C., & Beaujean, A. A. (2016). Latent variable models: An introduction to factor, path, and structural equation analysis. Taylor & Francis.
  • Lohiniva, A. L., Barakat, A., Dueger, E., Restrepo, S., & El Aouad, R. (2014). A qualitative study of vaccine acceptability and decision making among pregnant women in Morocco during the A (H1N1) pdm09 pandemic. PLoS One, 9(10), e96244.
  • Male, V. (2021). Are COVID-19 vaccines safe in pregnancy? Nature Reviews Immunology, 21, 200-201. DOİ: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-021-00525-y
  • Mangtani, P., Breeze, E., Stirling, S., Hanciles, S., Kovats, S., & Fletcher, A. (2006). Cross-sectional survey of older peoples' views related to influenza vaccine uptake. BMC Public Health, 6(1), 249.
  • Morgado, F. F. R., Meireles, J. F. F., Neves, C. M., Amaral, A. C. S., & Ferreira, M. E. C. (2017). Scale development: Ten main limitations and recommendations to improve future research practices. Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica, 30(3), 1-20.
  • Munoz, D. C., Llamas, L. M., & Bosch-Capblanch, X. (2015). Exposing concerns about vaccination in low-and middle-income countries: A systematic review. International Journal of Public Health, 60(7), 767-780.
  • Napolitano, C. L., & Ogunseitan, O. A. (1999). Gender differences in the perception of genetic engineering applied to human reproduction. Social Indicators Research, 46(2), 191-204.
  • Nasuhbeyoğlu, N., & Topçu, İ. (2020). Önemli bir etik problem olarak viroloji laboratuvarlarının biyogüvenliği. Anadolu Kliniği Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, 25(Special Issue on COVID 19), 252-259.
  • Neumann-Böhme, S., Varghese, N. E., Sabat, I. et al. (2020). Once we have it, will we use it? A European survey on willingness to be vaccinated against COVID-19. The European Journal of Health Economics, 21, 977–982. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-020-01208-6
  • Nuzhath, T., Tasnim, S., Sanjwal, R. K., Trisha, N. F., Rahman, M., Mahmud, S., … & Hossain, M. (2020, December 11). COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy, misinformation and conspiracy theories on social media: A content analysis of Twitter data. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/vc9jb
  • Olufowote, J. O. (2011). Local resistance to the global eradication of polio: Newspaper coverage of the 2003-2004 vaccination stoppage in northern Nigeria. Health Communication, 26(8), 743-753.
  • Özceylan, G., Toprak, D., & Esen, E. S. (2020). Vaccine rejection and hesitation in Turkey. Human Vaccines & İmmunotherapeutics, 16(5), 1034-1039.
  • Petravić, L., Arh, R., Gabrovec, T., Jazbec, L., Rupčić, N., Starešinič, N., ... & Slavec, A. (2021). Factors affecting attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination: An online survey in Slovenia. Vaccines, 9(3), 247. DOİ: https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9030247
  • Pivetti, M., Melotti, G., Bonomo, M., & Hakoköngäs, E. (2021). Conspiracy beliefs and acceptance of COVID-vaccine: An exploratory study in Italy. Social Sciences, 10(3), 108. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10030108
  • Polack, F. P., Thomas, S. J., Kitchin, N., Absalon, J., Gurtman, A., Lockhart, S., ... & Gruber, W. C. (2020). Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. New England Journal of Medicine, 383(27), 2603-2615.
  • Rhodes, A., Hoq, M., Measey, M. A., & Danchin, M. (2021). Intention to vaccinate against COVID-19 in Australia. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 21(5), e110. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30724-6.
  • Romer, D., & Jamieson, K. H. (2020). Conspiracy theories as barriers to controlling the spread of COVID-19 in the US. Social Science & Medicine, 263, 113356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113356
  • Roozenbeek, J., Schneider, C. R., Dryhurst, S., Kerr, J., Freeman, A. L., Recchia, G., ... & Van Der Linden, S. (2020). Susceptibility to misinformation about COVID-19 around the world. Royal Society Open Science, 7(10), 201199.
  • Salalı, G. D. (2020). Komplo teorileri, COVID-19 aşısı ve Türkiye’de aşı kararsızlığının yükselişi: COVID-19 aşısına yönelik endişelerin kaynağı ne? doi: 10.47023/ea.bilim.9513
  • Salali, G. D., & Uysal, M. S. (2020). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is associated with beliefs on the origin of the novel coronavirus in the UK and Turkey. Psychological Medicine, 1-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720004067
  • Sallam, M. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy worldwide: a concise systematic review of vaccine acceptance rates. Vaccines, 9(2), 160. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9020160
  • Sallam, M., Dababseh, D., Eid, H., Hasan, H., Taim, D., Al-Mahzoum, K., ... & Mahafzah, A. (2021). Low covid-19 vaccine acceptance is correlated with conspiracy beliefs among university students in Jordan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5), 2407. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052407
  • Sarathchandra, D., Navin, M. C., Largent, M. A., & McCright, A. M. (2018). A survey instrument for measuring vaccine acceptance. Preventive Medicine, 109, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.01.006
  • Shapiro, G. K., Holding, A., Perez, S., Amsel, R., & Rosberger, Z. (2016). Validation of the vaccine conspiracy beliefs scale. Papillomavirus Research, 2, 167-172.
  • Simon, R. M. (2010). Gender differences in knowledge and attitude towards biotechnology. Public Understanding of Science, 19(6), 642-653.
  • Suresh, K. P., & Chandrashekara, S. (2012). Sample size estimation and power analysis for clinical research studies. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences, 5(1), 7.
  • Tezcan, C. (2008). Yapısal eşitlik modelleri. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • World Health Organization-WHO (2013). What influences vaccine acceptance: A model of determinants of vaccine hesitancy. https://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2013/april/1_Model_analyze_driversofvaccineConfidence_22_March.pdf adresinden 31.05.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • World Medical Association. (2013). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. Jama, 310(20), 2191-2194.

The Effect of Conspiracy Beliefs Regarding Covid-19 Vaccines on Vaccine Attitude: The Case of Sakarya

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1, 105 - 125, 28.03.2023

Ayhan Durmuş Özgün Ünal

Öz

The aim of the study is to determine the effect of individuals’ vaccine conspiracy beliefs on their attitudes towards vaccines and to reveal the differences between the demographic characteristics of the participants and the variables. In the study, an online questionnaire consisting of Demographic Information Form, Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs Scale and Attitudes Towards Vaccine Scale was used as data collection tool. Descriptive statistical methods, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, regression analysis and difference analysis were used in data analysis. It was determined that the vaccine conspiracy beliefs had a negative effect on the positive vaccination attitude and a positive effect on the negative vaccination attitude. In addition, statistically significant differences were found between the gender of the individuals and positive vaccination attitude, negative vaccination attitude. And that between B1 (I am not favorable to vaccines because they are unsafe.), B2 (There is no need to vaccinate because natural immunity exists.) and positive vaccine attitude, negative vaccine attitude and vaccine conspiracy belief. The conspiracy theories about Covid-19 vaccines and the lack of faith or distrust in science negatively affect the positive attitude towards the vaccine, leading to a delay or decrease in the acquisition of herd immunity. Therefore, the security concerns of individuals should be eliminated, misinformation and conspiracy theories should be disproved, and the intention of individuals to be vaccinated against Covid-19 should be increased.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Covid-19 vaccine conspiracy beliefs vaccine attitude positive vaccine attitude negative vaccine attitude.

Kaynakça

  • Bertin, P., Nera, K., & Delouvée, S. (2020). Conspiracy beliefs, rejection of vaccination, and support for hydroxychloroquine: A conceptual replication-extension in the COVID-19 pandemic context. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 2471. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.565128
  • Bloom, B. R., Marcuse, E., & Mnookin, S. (2014). Addressing vaccine hesitancy. Science, 344(6182), 339. doi: 10.1126/science.1254834
  • Boyon, N. (2020). COVID-19 vaccination intent is decreasing globally. https://www.ipsos.com/en/global-attitudes-covid-19-vaccine-october-2020 adresinde 23/05/2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Callaghan, T., Motta, M., Sylvester, S., Trujillo, K. L., & Blackburn, C. C. (2019). Parent psychology and the decision to delay childhood vaccination. Social Science & Medicine, 238, 112407.
  • Charan, J., & Biswas, T. (2013). How to calculate sample size for different study designs in medical research? Indian journal of psychological medicine, 35(2), 121-126.
  • Coşkun, R., Altunışık, R., Bayraktaroğlu, S., & Yıldırım, E. (2015). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri- SPSS uygulamalı (8. Baskı). Sakarya Yayıncılık.
  • Craciun, C., & Baban, A. (2012). “Who will take the blame?”: Understanding the reasons why Romanian mothers decline HPV vaccination for their daughters. Vaccine, 30(48), 6789-6793.
  • Çırakoğlu, O. C. (2011). Domuz Gribi (H1N1) Salgınıyla ilişkili algıların, kaygı ve kaçınma düzeyi değişkenleri bağlamında incelenmesi. Turk Psikoloji Dergisi, 26(67), 49-67.
  • Dolgin, E. (2021). How COVID unlocked the power of RNA vaccines. Nature, 189-191.
  • Earnshaw, V. A., Bogart, L. M., Klompas, M., & Katz, I. T. (2019). Medical mistrust in the context of Ebola: Implications for intended care-seeking and quarantine policy support in the United States. Journal of health psychology, 24(2), 219-228.
  • Earnshaw, V. A., Eaton, L. A., Kalichman, S. C., Brousseau, N. M., Hill, E. C., & Fox, A. B. (2020). COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs, health behaviors, and policy support. Translational behavioral medicine, 10(4), 850-856. https://doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibaa090
  • Engin, C., & Vezzoni, C. (2020). Who's skeptical of vaccines? Prevalence and determinants of anti-vaccination attitudes in Italy. Population Review, 59(2), 156-179. https://doi.org/10.1353/prv.2020.0007
  • Evci, N., & Aylar, F. (2017). Derleme: Ölçek geliştirme çalışmalarında doğrulayıcı faktör analizinin kullanımı. SOBİDER Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10, 389-412.
  • Geniş, B., Gürhan, N., Koç, M., Geniş, Ç., Şirin, B., Çırakoğlu, O. C., & Coşar, B. (2020). Development of perception and attitude scales related with Covid-19 pandemia. Pearson Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 5(7), 306-326.
  • George, D., & Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. Pearson.
  • Global Research Center for Research on Globalization. The real coronavirus victims: relations between people. www.globalresearch.ca/the-real-coronavirusvictims-relations-between- people/5712970 adresinden 31.05.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Goldberg, Z. J., & Richey, S. (2020). Anti-vaccination beliefs and unrelated conspiracy theories. World Affairs, 183(2), 105-124.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R.E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7. Baskı). Prentice Hall.
  • Harvard School of Public Health. (2009). Survey finds many Americans have taken steps to protect themselves against H1N1. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/survey-swine-flu- americans-protect-themselves-h1n1/ adresinden 31.05.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Hornsey, M. J., Harris, E. A., & Fielding, K. S. (2018). The psychological roots of anti-vaccination attitudes: A 24-nation investigation. Health Psychology, 37(4), 307-315
  • Johnson, N. F., Velásquez, N., Restrepo, N. J., Leahy, R., Gabriel, N., El Oud, S., ... & Lupu, Y. (2020). The online competition between pro-and anti-vaccination views. Nature, 582(7811), 230-233.
  • Jolley, D., & Douglas, K. M. (2014). The effects of anti-vaccine conspiracy theories on vaccination intentions. PloS one, 9(2), e89177.
  • Jolley, D., & Douglas, K. M. (2017). Prevention is better than cure: Addressing anti‐vaccine conspiracy theories. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 47(8), 459-469.
  • Jolley, D., & Paterson, J. L. (2020). Pylons ablaze: Examining the role of 5G COVID‐19 conspiracy beliefs and support for violence. British journal of social psychology, 59(3), 628-640.
  • Karafillakis, E., & Larson, H. J. (2017). The benefit of the doubt or doubts over benefits? A systematic literature review of perceived risks of vaccines in European populations. Vaccine, 35(37), 4840-4850.
  • Karagöz, Y., & Bardakçı, S. (2020). Bilimsel araştırmalarda kullanılan ölçme araçları ve ölçek geliştirme. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Karagöz, Y. (2017). SPSS ve AMOS uygulamalı bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri ve yayın etiği. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Karagöz, Y. (2014). SPSS 21.1 uygulamalı biyoistatistik. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Klofstad, C. A., Uscinski, J. E., Connolly, J. M., & West, J. P. (2019). What drives people to believe in Zika conspiracy theories? Palgrave Communications, 5(1), 1-8.
  • Lazarus, J. V., Ratzan, S. C., Palayew, A., Gostin, L. O., Larson, H. J., Rabin, K., ... & El-Mohandes, A. (2021). A global survey of potential acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine. Nature Medicine, 27(2), 225-228.
  • Loehlin, J. C., & Beaujean, A. A. (2016). Latent variable models: An introduction to factor, path, and structural equation analysis. Taylor & Francis.
  • Lohiniva, A. L., Barakat, A., Dueger, E., Restrepo, S., & El Aouad, R. (2014). A qualitative study of vaccine acceptability and decision making among pregnant women in Morocco during the A (H1N1) pdm09 pandemic. PLoS One, 9(10), e96244.
  • Male, V. (2021). Are COVID-19 vaccines safe in pregnancy? Nature Reviews Immunology, 21, 200-201. DOİ: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-021-00525-y
  • Mangtani, P., Breeze, E., Stirling, S., Hanciles, S., Kovats, S., & Fletcher, A. (2006). Cross-sectional survey of older peoples' views related to influenza vaccine uptake. BMC Public Health, 6(1), 249.
  • Morgado, F. F. R., Meireles, J. F. F., Neves, C. M., Amaral, A. C. S., & Ferreira, M. E. C. (2017). Scale development: Ten main limitations and recommendations to improve future research practices. Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica, 30(3), 1-20.
  • Munoz, D. C., Llamas, L. M., & Bosch-Capblanch, X. (2015). Exposing concerns about vaccination in low-and middle-income countries: A systematic review. International Journal of Public Health, 60(7), 767-780.
  • Napolitano, C. L., & Ogunseitan, O. A. (1999). Gender differences in the perception of genetic engineering applied to human reproduction. Social Indicators Research, 46(2), 191-204.
  • Nasuhbeyoğlu, N., & Topçu, İ. (2020). Önemli bir etik problem olarak viroloji laboratuvarlarının biyogüvenliği. Anadolu Kliniği Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, 25(Special Issue on COVID 19), 252-259.
  • Neumann-Böhme, S., Varghese, N. E., Sabat, I. et al. (2020). Once we have it, will we use it? A European survey on willingness to be vaccinated against COVID-19. The European Journal of Health Economics, 21, 977–982. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-020-01208-6
  • Nuzhath, T., Tasnim, S., Sanjwal, R. K., Trisha, N. F., Rahman, M., Mahmud, S., … & Hossain, M. (2020, December 11). COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy, misinformation and conspiracy theories on social media: A content analysis of Twitter data. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/vc9jb
  • Olufowote, J. O. (2011). Local resistance to the global eradication of polio: Newspaper coverage of the 2003-2004 vaccination stoppage in northern Nigeria. Health Communication, 26(8), 743-753.
  • Özceylan, G., Toprak, D., & Esen, E. S. (2020). Vaccine rejection and hesitation in Turkey. Human Vaccines & İmmunotherapeutics, 16(5), 1034-1039.
  • Petravić, L., Arh, R., Gabrovec, T., Jazbec, L., Rupčić, N., Starešinič, N., ... & Slavec, A. (2021). Factors affecting attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination: An online survey in Slovenia. Vaccines, 9(3), 247. DOİ: https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9030247
  • Pivetti, M., Melotti, G., Bonomo, M., & Hakoköngäs, E. (2021). Conspiracy beliefs and acceptance of COVID-vaccine: An exploratory study in Italy. Social Sciences, 10(3), 108. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10030108
  • Polack, F. P., Thomas, S. J., Kitchin, N., Absalon, J., Gurtman, A., Lockhart, S., ... & Gruber, W. C. (2020). Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. New England Journal of Medicine, 383(27), 2603-2615.
  • Rhodes, A., Hoq, M., Measey, M. A., & Danchin, M. (2021). Intention to vaccinate against COVID-19 in Australia. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 21(5), e110. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30724-6.
  • Romer, D., & Jamieson, K. H. (2020). Conspiracy theories as barriers to controlling the spread of COVID-19 in the US. Social Science & Medicine, 263, 113356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113356
  • Roozenbeek, J., Schneider, C. R., Dryhurst, S., Kerr, J., Freeman, A. L., Recchia, G., ... & Van Der Linden, S. (2020). Susceptibility to misinformation about COVID-19 around the world. Royal Society Open Science, 7(10), 201199.
  • Salalı, G. D. (2020). Komplo teorileri, COVID-19 aşısı ve Türkiye’de aşı kararsızlığının yükselişi: COVID-19 aşısına yönelik endişelerin kaynağı ne? doi: 10.47023/ea.bilim.9513
  • Salali, G. D., & Uysal, M. S. (2020). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is associated with beliefs on the origin of the novel coronavirus in the UK and Turkey. Psychological Medicine, 1-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720004067
  • Sallam, M. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy worldwide: a concise systematic review of vaccine acceptance rates. Vaccines, 9(2), 160. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9020160
  • Sallam, M., Dababseh, D., Eid, H., Hasan, H., Taim, D., Al-Mahzoum, K., ... & Mahafzah, A. (2021). Low covid-19 vaccine acceptance is correlated with conspiracy beliefs among university students in Jordan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5), 2407. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052407
  • Sarathchandra, D., Navin, M. C., Largent, M. A., & McCright, A. M. (2018). A survey instrument for measuring vaccine acceptance. Preventive Medicine, 109, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.01.006
  • Shapiro, G. K., Holding, A., Perez, S., Amsel, R., & Rosberger, Z. (2016). Validation of the vaccine conspiracy beliefs scale. Papillomavirus Research, 2, 167-172.
  • Simon, R. M. (2010). Gender differences in knowledge and attitude towards biotechnology. Public Understanding of Science, 19(6), 642-653.
  • Suresh, K. P., & Chandrashekara, S. (2012). Sample size estimation and power analysis for clinical research studies. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences, 5(1), 7.
  • Tezcan, C. (2008). Yapısal eşitlik modelleri. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • World Health Organization-WHO (2013). What influences vaccine acceptance: A model of determinants of vaccine hesitancy. https://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2013/april/1_Model_analyze_driversofvaccineConfidence_22_March.pdf adresinden 31.05.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • World Medical Association. (2013). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. Jama, 310(20), 2191-2194.
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sosyal Psikoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Ayhan Durmuş 0000-0001-8362-2769

Özgün Ünal 0000-0002-1245-2456

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Mart 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Durmuş, A., & Ünal, Ö. (2023). Covid-19 Aşılarına İlişkin Komplo İnancının Aşı Tutumuna Etkisi: Sakarya Örneği. İnsan Ve Toplum, 13(1), 105-125.
 Kapak Resmi İndir