Araştırma Makalesi
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Sivas’ta Tüketilen Çiğ Sütlerde Aflatoksin M1 Varlığı

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 142 - 148, 31.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.51754/cusbed.1220151

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, Sivas ve yöresinde açık olarak satışa sunulan sütlerde aflatoksin M1 (AFM1) varlığı ve kalıntı düzeyi araştırıldı.

Metod: Bu amaçla, 60 çiğ inek sütü örneği materyal olarak kullanıldı. Süt örnekleri, 2017 yılı Ocak ve Şubat aylarında Sivas ili’nde bulunan satış yerleri ve civar köylerden periyodik olarak toplandı. AFM1 analizlerinde ELISA tekniği uygulandı.

Sonuç: Analiz sonuçlarına göre, 55 çiğ süt örneğinde (%91,6) AFM1 tespit edildi. AFM1 değerleri en düşük 1,56, en yüksek 133,78 ve ortalama 36,59±3,98 ng/L olarak belirlendi. AFM1 düzeyi 43 örnekte (%78,2) Avrupa Birliği Komisyonu ve Türk Gıda Kodeksi tarafından bildirilen yasal limite (50 ng/L) uygun bulundu. AFM1 miktarı 12 örnekte (%21,8) 50 ng/L üzerinde belirlendi. Analizi yapılan 5 örnekte (%8,3) tespit edilebilir düzeyde AFM1 saptanmadı.

Tartışma: Araştırma sonuçları irdelendiğinde, Sivas ili ve yakın köylerden toplanan çiğ inek sütü örneklerinin önemli kısmının (%91,6) AFM1 ile kontamine olduğu saptanmıştır. Bu sonuç, tüketici açısından potansiyel risk oluşturmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, standart değerlere uygunluk gösteren örnek sayısı (43 örnek) ve oranının (%78,2) daha yüksek olması sevindirici bir bulgudur.

Kaynakça

  • Abyaneh, H. K., Bahonar, A., Noori, N., Yazdanpanah, H., & Shojaee Aliabadi, M. H. (2019). Aflatoxin M1 in raw, pasteurized and UHT milk marketed in Iran. Food additives & contaminants: part B, 12(4), 236-244. Akdemir, Ç., & Altıntaş, A. (2004). Ankara’da işlenen sütlerde aflatoksin-M1 varlığının ve düzeylerinin HPLC ile araştırılması. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 51(3), 174-179.
  • Albay, Z., & Şimşek, B. (2011). Süt ve ürünlerinde mikotoksinler ve özellikleri. Elektronik Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi TR, 9(2), 50-60.
  • Asghar, M. A., Ahmed, A., & Asghar, M. A. (2018). Aflatoxin M1 in fresh milk collected from local markets of Karachi, Pakistan. Food additives & contaminants: part B, 11(3), 167-174.
  • Assem, E., & Mohamad, A. (2011). A survey on the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw and processed milk samples marketed in Lebanon. Food Control, 22(12), 1856-1858.
  • Bahrami, R., Shahbazi, Y., & Nikousefat, Z. (2016). Aflatoxin M1 in milk and traditional dairy products from west part of Iran: occurrence and seasonal variation with an emphasis on risk assessment of human exposure. Food Control, 62, 250-256.
  • Bakırcı, İ. (1995). Sütlerde aflatoksin M1 oluşumu ve ürünlere geçişi üzerinde bir araştırma (Doktora Tezi, Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Van).
  • Bakirci, I. (2001). A study on the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in milk and milk products produced in Van province of Turkey. Food control, 12(1), 47-51.
  • Battacone, G., Nudda, A., Palomba, M., Pascale, M., Nicolussi, P., & Pulina, G. (2005). Transfer of aflatoxin B1 from feed to milk and from milk to curd and whey in dairy sheep fed artificially contaminated concentrates. Journal of Dairy Science, 88(9), 3063-3069.
  • Bilandžić, N., Varenina, I., Kolanović, B. S., Luburić, Ð. B., Benić, M., Cvetnić, L., Tankovic S & Cvetnić, Ž. (2016). Monitoring of aflatoxin M1 in raw cow milk in Croatia during winter 2015. Mljekarstvo, 66(1), 81-85.
  • Buldu, H., Koc, A. N., & Uraz, G. (2011). Aflatoxin M1 contamination in cow’s milk in Kayseri (central Turkey). Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, 35(2), 87-91.
  • Codeks Alimentarius Commission (CAC). (2001). Comments Submitted on the draft maximum level for aflatoxin M1 in milk. Codeks Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants 33rd Sesions, Hauge, The Netherlands.
  • Creppy, E. E. (2002). Update of survey, regulation and toxic effects of mycotoxins in Europe. Toxicology letters, 127(1-3), 19-28.
  • Darsanaki, R. K., Mohammadi, M., Kolavani, M. H., Issazadeh, K., & Aliabadi, M. A. (2013). Determination of aflatoxin M1 levels in raw milk samples in Gilan, Iran. Adv Stud Biol, 5(4), 151-6.
  • Delialioğlu, N., Otağ, F., Öcal, N. D., Aslan, G., & Emekdaş, G. (2010). Mersin ilinde çiğ ve market sütlerinde aflatoksin M1 düzeyinin araştırılması. Mikrobiyoloji Bülteni, 44(1), 87-91.
  • Demir, T., & Ağaoğlu, S. (2023). Exposure assessment of aflatoxin M1 through ingestion of infant formula in Türkiye. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 11(2), 396-402.
  • Eker, F. Y., Muratoglu, K., & Eser, A. G. (2019). Detection of aflatoxin M1 in milk and milk products in Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(8), 1-8.
  • Ertas, N., Gonulalan, Z., Yildirim, Y., & Karadal, F. (2011). A survey of concentration of aflatoxin M1 in dairy products marketed in Turkey. Food Control, 22(12), 1956-1959.
  • European Commission. (2010). Regulation (EC) No. 165/2010, setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs as regards aflatoxins. Official Journal of European Communities, L50, 8-12.
  • Fallah, A. A., Barani, A., & Nasiri, Z. (2015). Aflatoxin M1 in raw milk in Qazvin Province, Iran: a seasonal study. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, 8(3), 195-198.
  • Galvano, F., Galofaro, V., & Galvano, G. (1996). Occurrence and stability of aflatoxin M1 in milk and milk products: a worldwide review. Journal of Food protection, 59(10), 1079-1090.
  • Gerbers, A.E., & Caselman, W. (1995). Human hepatocellular carsinom and aflatoxins. Journal of Hepatology, 19, 312-315.
  • Ghanem, I., & Orfi, M. (2009). Aflatoxin M1 in raw, pasteurized and powdered milk available in the Syrian market. Food Control, 20(6), 603-605.
  • Golge, O. (2014). A survey on the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk produced in Adana province of Turkey. Food Control, 45, 150-155.
  • Han, R. W., Zheng, N., Wang, J. Q., Zhen, Y. P., Xu, X. M., & Li, S. L. (2013). Survey of aflatoxin in dairy cow feed and raw milk in China. Food control, 34(1), 35-39.
  • Hashemi, M. (2016). A survey of aflatoxin M1 in cow milk in Southern Iran. Journal of food and drug analysis, 24(4), 888-893.
  • Hazer, A. (2011). Denizli ve Aydın illerinden elde edilen çiğ sütlerde aflatoksin M1 prevalansı ve miktarının aranması (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Aydın).
  • Hussain, I., & Anwar, J. (2008). A study on contamination of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Food control, 19(4), 393-395.
  • International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).(1993). IARC monographs on the evaulation of carcinogenic risks to humans, some naturally occurring substances: Food items and constituents, heterocyclic aromatic amines and mycotoxins. No. 56, Lyon, France.
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  • Kamkar, A., Jahed, K. G. R., & Alavi, S. A. (2011). Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk produced in Ardebil of Iran. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 8(2), 123-128.
  • Kamkar, A., Yazdankhah, S., Mohammadi Nafchi, A., & Mozaffari Nejad, A. S. (2014). Aflatoxin M1 in raw cow and buffalo milk in Shush city of Iran. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, 7(1), 21-24.
  • Karadal, F., Onmaz, N. E., Hızlısoy, H., Yıldırım, Y., Al, S., & Gonulalan, Z. (2018). Aflatoxin M1 levels in raw sheep, goat and cow milks in Niğde province. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 11(2), 119-125.
  • Karakaya, Y. (2006). Mısır silajında aflatoksin B1 varlığının ve süte geçme durumunun araştırılması (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Erzurum).
  • Kaya, S. (2001). Mikotoksinler. Veteriner Hekimliğinde Toksikoloji. 2. Baskı, Kaya, S., Pirinçci, İ., Bilgili, A. (Ed.), s. 537-571, Medisan Yayınevi, Ankara.
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PRESENCE OF AFLATOXIN M1 IN RAW MILK CONSUMED IN SİVAS

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 142 - 148, 31.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.51754/cusbed.1220151

Öz

Objective: In this study, aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) presence and residue levels were investigated in milk presented for sale in Sivas and its region.

Methods: For this purpose, 60 raw cow milk samples were used as a material. Milk samples were collected periodically in January and February 2017 from central sales locations and surrounding villages. ELISA technique was applied in AFM1 analyzes.

Results: According to the analysis results, AFM1 was detected in 55 raw milk samples (%91.6). The lowest level of AFM1 was found to be 1.56, the highest was 133.78 and the mean was 36.59±3.98 ng/L. AFM1 level was approved to the limits set by European Union and Turkish Food Codex in 43 samples (%78,2). AFM1 values were determined over 50 ng/L in 12 samples (%21.8). AFM1 was not determined in 5 samples (%8,3) analyzed at a detectable level.

Conclusion: When the research results were examined, it was determined that a significant part (91.6%) of raw cow milk samples collected from Sivas province and nearby villages were contaminated with AFM1. This result poses a potential risk to the consumer. However, it is a pleasing finding that the number of samples (43 samples) and sample rate (78.2%) that comply with the standard values are higher.

Kaynakça

  • Abyaneh, H. K., Bahonar, A., Noori, N., Yazdanpanah, H., & Shojaee Aliabadi, M. H. (2019). Aflatoxin M1 in raw, pasteurized and UHT milk marketed in Iran. Food additives & contaminants: part B, 12(4), 236-244. Akdemir, Ç., & Altıntaş, A. (2004). Ankara’da işlenen sütlerde aflatoksin-M1 varlığının ve düzeylerinin HPLC ile araştırılması. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 51(3), 174-179.
  • Albay, Z., & Şimşek, B. (2011). Süt ve ürünlerinde mikotoksinler ve özellikleri. Elektronik Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi TR, 9(2), 50-60.
  • Asghar, M. A., Ahmed, A., & Asghar, M. A. (2018). Aflatoxin M1 in fresh milk collected from local markets of Karachi, Pakistan. Food additives & contaminants: part B, 11(3), 167-174.
  • Assem, E., & Mohamad, A. (2011). A survey on the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw and processed milk samples marketed in Lebanon. Food Control, 22(12), 1856-1858.
  • Bahrami, R., Shahbazi, Y., & Nikousefat, Z. (2016). Aflatoxin M1 in milk and traditional dairy products from west part of Iran: occurrence and seasonal variation with an emphasis on risk assessment of human exposure. Food Control, 62, 250-256.
  • Bakırcı, İ. (1995). Sütlerde aflatoksin M1 oluşumu ve ürünlere geçişi üzerinde bir araştırma (Doktora Tezi, Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Van).
  • Bakirci, I. (2001). A study on the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in milk and milk products produced in Van province of Turkey. Food control, 12(1), 47-51.
  • Battacone, G., Nudda, A., Palomba, M., Pascale, M., Nicolussi, P., & Pulina, G. (2005). Transfer of aflatoxin B1 from feed to milk and from milk to curd and whey in dairy sheep fed artificially contaminated concentrates. Journal of Dairy Science, 88(9), 3063-3069.
  • Bilandžić, N., Varenina, I., Kolanović, B. S., Luburić, Ð. B., Benić, M., Cvetnić, L., Tankovic S & Cvetnić, Ž. (2016). Monitoring of aflatoxin M1 in raw cow milk in Croatia during winter 2015. Mljekarstvo, 66(1), 81-85.
  • Buldu, H., Koc, A. N., & Uraz, G. (2011). Aflatoxin M1 contamination in cow’s milk in Kayseri (central Turkey). Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, 35(2), 87-91.
  • Codeks Alimentarius Commission (CAC). (2001). Comments Submitted on the draft maximum level for aflatoxin M1 in milk. Codeks Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants 33rd Sesions, Hauge, The Netherlands.
  • Creppy, E. E. (2002). Update of survey, regulation and toxic effects of mycotoxins in Europe. Toxicology letters, 127(1-3), 19-28.
  • Darsanaki, R. K., Mohammadi, M., Kolavani, M. H., Issazadeh, K., & Aliabadi, M. A. (2013). Determination of aflatoxin M1 levels in raw milk samples in Gilan, Iran. Adv Stud Biol, 5(4), 151-6.
  • Delialioğlu, N., Otağ, F., Öcal, N. D., Aslan, G., & Emekdaş, G. (2010). Mersin ilinde çiğ ve market sütlerinde aflatoksin M1 düzeyinin araştırılması. Mikrobiyoloji Bülteni, 44(1), 87-91.
  • Demir, T., & Ağaoğlu, S. (2023). Exposure assessment of aflatoxin M1 through ingestion of infant formula in Türkiye. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 11(2), 396-402.
  • Eker, F. Y., Muratoglu, K., & Eser, A. G. (2019). Detection of aflatoxin M1 in milk and milk products in Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(8), 1-8.
  • Ertas, N., Gonulalan, Z., Yildirim, Y., & Karadal, F. (2011). A survey of concentration of aflatoxin M1 in dairy products marketed in Turkey. Food Control, 22(12), 1956-1959.
  • European Commission. (2010). Regulation (EC) No. 165/2010, setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs as regards aflatoxins. Official Journal of European Communities, L50, 8-12.
  • Fallah, A. A., Barani, A., & Nasiri, Z. (2015). Aflatoxin M1 in raw milk in Qazvin Province, Iran: a seasonal study. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, 8(3), 195-198.
  • Galvano, F., Galofaro, V., & Galvano, G. (1996). Occurrence and stability of aflatoxin M1 in milk and milk products: a worldwide review. Journal of Food protection, 59(10), 1079-1090.
  • Gerbers, A.E., & Caselman, W. (1995). Human hepatocellular carsinom and aflatoxins. Journal of Hepatology, 19, 312-315.
  • Ghanem, I., & Orfi, M. (2009). Aflatoxin M1 in raw, pasteurized and powdered milk available in the Syrian market. Food Control, 20(6), 603-605.
  • Golge, O. (2014). A survey on the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk produced in Adana province of Turkey. Food Control, 45, 150-155.
  • Han, R. W., Zheng, N., Wang, J. Q., Zhen, Y. P., Xu, X. M., & Li, S. L. (2013). Survey of aflatoxin in dairy cow feed and raw milk in China. Food control, 34(1), 35-39.
  • Hashemi, M. (2016). A survey of aflatoxin M1 in cow milk in Southern Iran. Journal of food and drug analysis, 24(4), 888-893.
  • Hazer, A. (2011). Denizli ve Aydın illerinden elde edilen çiğ sütlerde aflatoksin M1 prevalansı ve miktarının aranması (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Aydın).
  • Hussain, I., & Anwar, J. (2008). A study on contamination of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Food control, 19(4), 393-395.
  • International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).(1993). IARC monographs on the evaulation of carcinogenic risks to humans, some naturally occurring substances: Food items and constituents, heterocyclic aromatic amines and mycotoxins. No. 56, Lyon, France.
  • International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) .(2002). Some traditional herbal medicines, some mycotoxins, natphtalene and styrene. IARC monographs on the evaulation of carcinogenic risks to humans. No. 82, Lyon, France.
  • Kamkar, A., Jahed, K. G. R., & Alavi, S. A. (2011). Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk produced in Ardebil of Iran. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 8(2), 123-128.
  • Kamkar, A., Yazdankhah, S., Mohammadi Nafchi, A., & Mozaffari Nejad, A. S. (2014). Aflatoxin M1 in raw cow and buffalo milk in Shush city of Iran. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, 7(1), 21-24.
  • Karadal, F., Onmaz, N. E., Hızlısoy, H., Yıldırım, Y., Al, S., & Gonulalan, Z. (2018). Aflatoxin M1 levels in raw sheep, goat and cow milks in Niğde province. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 11(2), 119-125.
  • Karakaya, Y. (2006). Mısır silajında aflatoksin B1 varlığının ve süte geçme durumunun araştırılması (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Erzurum).
  • Kaya, S. (2001). Mikotoksinler. Veteriner Hekimliğinde Toksikoloji. 2. Baskı, Kaya, S., Pirinçci, İ., Bilgili, A. (Ed.), s. 537-571, Medisan Yayınevi, Ankara.
  • Kireçci, E., Savaşçı, M., & Ayyıldız, A. (2007). Sarıkamış’ta Tüketilen Süt Ve Peynir Ürünlerinde Aflatoksin M1 Varlığının Belirlenmesi. İnfeksiyon Dergisi (Turkish Journal of Infection), 21(2), 93-96.
  • Kocasari, F. S., Tasci, F., & Mor, F. (2012). Survey of aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products consumed in Burdur, Turkey. International journal of dairy technology, 65(3), 365-371.
  • Kök, Z. (2006). Aydın ili ve çevresinde üretilen süt ve süt ürünlerinde aflatoksin varlığının araştırılması (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Aydın).
  • Langat, G., Tetsuhiro, M., Gonoi, T., Matiru, V., & Bii, C. (2016). Aflatoxin M1 contamination of milk and its products in Bomet County, Kenya. Advances in Microbiology, 6(07), 528-536.
  • Lee, J. E., Kwak, B. M., Ahn, J. H., & Jeon, T. H. (2009). Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk in South Korea using an immunoaffinity column and liquid chromatography. Food Control, 20(2), 136-138.
  • Lindahl, J. F., Kagera, I. N., & Grace, D. (2018). Aflatoxin M1 levels in different marketed milk products in Nairobi, Kenya. Mycotoxin Research, 34(4), 289-295.
  • Marnissi, B. E., Belkhou, R., Morgavi, D. P., Bennani, L., & Boudra, H. (2012). Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk collected from traditional dairies in Morocco. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 50(8), 2819-2821.
  • Muhammad, K., Tipu, M. Y., Abbas, M., Khan, A. M., & Anjum, A. A. (2010). Monitoring of aflatoxin M1 in market raw milk in Lahore City, Pakistan. Pak. J. Zool, 42, 697-700.
  • Nuryono, N., Agus, A., Wedhastri, S., Maryudani, Y. B., Setyabudi, F. S., Böhm, J., & Razzazi-Fazeli, E. (2009). A limited survey of aflatoxin M1 in milk from Indonesia by ELISA. Food control, 20(8), 721-724.
  • Oruç, H. H., Temelli, S., & Sorucu, A. (2011). Bursa’da çiğ süt ve UHT sütlerde aflatoksin M1 düzeyleri. Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 30(2), 1-4.
  • Özmenteşe, N. (2002). İstanbul piyasasından sağlanan süt ve süt ürünlerinin aflatoksin B1 ve M1 içerikleri yönünden yüksek basınçlı sıvı kromatografisi yöntemi ile araştırılması (Doktora Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul).
  • Özsunar, A. (2005). Trakya Bölgesi’nde üretilen inek sütlerinde aflatoksin M1 varlığı (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Trakya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Tekirdağ).
  • Pei, S. C., Zhang, Y. Y., Eremin, S. A., & Lee, W. J. (2009). Detection of aflatoxin M1 in milk products from China by ELISA using monoclonal antibodies. Food control, 20(12), 1080-1085.
  • Rothschild, L. J. (1992). IARC classes AFB1 as class 1 human carcinogen. Food Chem. News, 34(23), 62-66.
  • Sabuncuoğlu, S. A., Baydar, T., Giray, B., & Şahin, G. (2008). Mikotoksinler: Toksik etkileri, degredasyonları, oluşumlarının önlenmesi ve zararlı etkilerinin azaltılması. Hacettepe University Journal of the Faculty of Pharmacy, 28(1), 63-92.
  • Sahin, H. Z., Celik, M., Kotay, S., & Kabak, B. (2016). Aflatoxins in dairy cow feed, raw milk and milk products from Turkey. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, 9(2), 152-158.
  • Sefidgar, S. A., Azizi, G., Khosravi, A. R., & Roudbar-Mohammadi, S. (2008). Presence of Aflatoxin M1 in raw milk at cattle farms in Babol, Iran. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences: PJBS, 11(3), 484-486.
  • Shaker, E. M., & Elsharkawy, E. E. (2014). Occurrence and the level of contamination of afl atoxin M1 in raw, pasteurized, and ultra-heat treated buff alo milk consumed in Sohag and Assiut, upper Egypt. Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health, 3(3), 136-140.
  • Sharma, H., Jadhav, V. J., & Garg, S. R. (2020). Aflatoxin M1 in milk in Hisar city, Haryana, India and risk assessment. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, 13(1), 59-63.
  • Stojkovic, E. D., Dimzoska, B.S., Ilievska, G., Uzunov, R., Stojkovic, G., Musliu, Z. H., Jankuloski, D. (2016). Assessment of aflatoxin contamination in raw milk and feed in Macedonia during 2013. Food Control, 59, 201-206.
  • Suliman, E., & Abdalla, M.A. (2013). Presence of aflatoxin M1 in dairy cattle milk in Khartoum State, Sudan. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research 2(4), 10-12.
  • Sümbüllüoğlu, K., Sümbüllüoğlu, V. (2014). Biyoistatistik. 16. Baskı, Hatipoğlu Yayınevi, s. 1-229, Ankara.
  • Sumon, A. H., Islam, F., Mohanto, N. C., Kathak, R. R., Molla, N. H., Rana, S., Degen, G.H. & Ali, N. (2021). The presence of Aflatoxin M1 in milk and milk products in Bangladesh. Toxins, 13(7), 440.
  • Tadesse, S., Berhanu, T., & Woldegiorgis, A. Z. (2020). Aflatoxin M1 in milk and milk products marketed by local and industrial producers in Bishoftu town of Ethiopia. Food control, 118, 107386.
  • Tahoun, A. B., Ahmed, M. M., Abou Elez, R. M., & AbdEllatif, S. S. (2017). Aflatoxin M1 in Milk and some Dairy Products: Level, Effect of Manufature and Public Health Concerns. Zagazig Veterinary Journal, 45(2), 188-196.
  • Tajik, H., Rohani, S. M. R., & Moradi, M. (2007). Detection of aflatoxin M1 in raw and commercial pasteurized milk in Urmia, Iran. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 10(22), 4103-4107.
  • Temamogullari, F., & Kanici, A. (2014). Aflatoxin M1 in dairy products sold in Şanlıurfa, Turkey. Journal of Dairy Science, 97(1), 162-165.
  • Torres, B. P., Salazar, D., Cachiguango, M., Cisneros, G., & Gómez-Bravo, C. (2020). Determination of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk from different provinces of Ecuador. Toxins, 12(8), 498.
  • Türk Gıda Kodeksi Yönetmeliği (TGK).(2011). Gıda Maddelerinde Belirli Bulaşanların Maksimum Seviyelerinin Belirlenmesi Hakkında Tebliğ. Resmi Gazete, 29 Aralık 2011, s. 28157, Başbakanlık Basımevi.
  • Turkoglu, C., & Keyvan, E. (2019). Determination of aflatoxin M1 and ochratoxin A in raw, pasteurized and UHT milk in Turkey. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, 47(1), 1626-1633.
  • Ünlütürk, A. (1998). Gıda Kaynaklı Küf İntoksikasyonları (Mikotoksikozis). Gıda Mikrobiyolojisi, Mengi Tan Basımevi, s. 289-307, İzmir.
  • Wang, J. S., & Tang, L. (2004). Epidemiology of aflatoxin exposure and human liver cancer. Journal of Toxicology: Toxin Reviews, 23(2-3), 249-271.
  • Yentür, G., & Er, B. (2011). Gıdalarda aflatoksin varlığının değerlendirilmesi. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, 69(1), 41-52.
  • Yurt, B., & Ulucay, B. (2016). Determination of Some Chemical Properties and Aflatoxin M1 of Raw Cow Milk Produced on Igdır and Region. In International Conference on Natural Science and Engineering (ICNASE’16), March (Vol. 19, No. 20, pp. 3624-3635).
Toplam 68 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Veteriner Bilimleri (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Gonca Şimşek 0000-0001-5252-8040

Sema Ağaoğlu 0000-0001-6165-1614

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Şimşek, G., & Ağaoğlu, S. (2023). Sivas’ta Tüketilen Çiğ Sütlerde Aflatoksin M1 Varlığı. Instıtute of Health Sciences Journal, 8(2), 142-148. https://doi.org/10.51754/cusbed.1220151

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