Marek's disease, one of the diseases that threaten the poultry industry, is a lymphoproliferative infection caused by MHV (Marek's Disease Virus) from the alpha-herpesvirus family. MHV is a viral disease characterized by tumoral formations in peripheral nerves, various internal organs, gonads and muscles, with high mortality and morbidity. It is an infection.
Adedeji A, Abdu P, Akanbi O, Luka P. (2022). Molecular and pathological investigation outbreaks in vaccinated poultry farms in Plateau State, North Central-Nigeria. Vet Ital.18; 58(1):77-85. https://doi.org/10.12834/VetIt.2442.15397.
Arda, M., Minbay, A., Aydın N., Akay , Ö. ve izgür, M. (1990). Kanatlı Hayvan Hastalıkları. Pfizer İlaçları AŞ. Ortaköy, İstanbul.
Birhan, M., Gelaye, E., Ibrahim, SM., Berhane, N., Abayneh, T. Getachew, B., Zemene, A., Birie, K., Deresse, G., Adamu, K., Dessalegn, B., Gessese, AT., Kinde, MZ., & Bitew, M. (2023). Marek's disease in chicken farms from Northwest Ethiopia: gross pathology, virus isolation, and molecular characterization. Virology journal, 20(1), 45. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-023-02003-4
Calnek BW., (2001). Pathogenesis of Marek's disease virüs infection. Current topics in microbiology and immunology, 255, 25–55.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56863-3_2
Calnek BW., Shek WR., Schat KA. (1981). Latent infections with Marek's disease virus and turkey herpesvirus. J Natl Cancer Inst. 66(3):585-90. PMID: 6259403
Calnek, BW., and Witter, RL. (1997). Marek's disease. In: Diseases of Poultry. 10th Ed. Ed. ISBN-13: 978-0-8138-0718-8 (alk. paper)
Calnek BW., Hitchner SB. (1969). Localization of viral antigen in chickens infected with Marek’s disease herpesvirus. J Natl Cancer Inst.Oct;43(4):935-49. PMID: 4310100.
Carvallo, FR., French, RA., Gilbert-Marcheterre, K., Risatti, G., Dunn, J. R., Forster, F., Kiupel, M., & Smyth, JA. (2011). Mortality of one-week-old chickens during naturally occurring Marek's disease virus infection. Veterinary pathology, 48(5). doi:10.1177/0300985810395727
Chacon RD., Astolfi-Ferreira, C., Guimaraes, MB., Torres, LN., David I De la, T., Lilian R.M. de, S.(2019). Detection and molecular characterization of a natural coinfection of Marek’s dİsease Virus and reticuloendotheliosis virus in brazilian backyar chicken flock. Veterinary Sciences, 6(4), 92. doi: 10.3390/vetsci6040092
Çiçekgil, Z., Yazıcı, E. (2016). Türkiye’de Tavuk Yumurtası Mevcut Durumu ve Üretim Öngörüsü. Tarım Ekonomisi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 26-34.
Çiftçi, MK., Çelik, İ., Tuzcu, M., Sur, E., Oruç, E. (2011). Marek Hastalığı Teşhisinde Histokimyasal ve Histopatolojik Bulguların Değerlendirilmesi. Dicle Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi (2), 50-57.
Cui ZZ., Lee LF., Liu JL, Kung HJ. (1991). Structural analysis and transcriptional mapping of the Marek's disease virus gene encoding pp38, an antigen associated with transforme J Virol. Dec;65(12):6509-15. doi: 10.1128/JVI.65.12.6509-6515.1991
De Laney, DB., Morrow, CJ., Read, KM., & Tannock, GA. (1998). The development and evaluation of two tissue culture-grown Marek's disease challenge viruses. Avian pathology : journal of the W.V.P.A, 27(5), 472–477. doi:10.1080/03079459808419371
Dessie T, Ogle B. (2001). Village poultry production systems in the central highlands of Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2001 Dec;33(6):521. doi:10.1023/a:1012740832558
Dunn, JR., Mays, J., Hearn, C., & Hartman, A. (2021). Comparison of Marek's Disease Virus Challenge Strains and Bird Types for Vaccine Licensing. Avian diseases, 65(2), 241–249. doi: 10.1637/aviandiseases-D-20-00122
Djeraba A, Musset E, van Rooijen N, Quéré P. (2002) Resistance and susceptibility to Marek's disease: nitric oxide synthase/arginase activity balance. Vet Microbiol. May 1;86(3):229-44. doi:10. 1016/s0378-1135(02)00010-x
Engel, AT., Selvaraj, RK., Kamil, JP., Osterrieder, N., & Kaufer, B. B. (2012). Marek's disease viral interleukin-8 promotes lymphoma formation through targeted recruitment of B cells and CD4+ CD25+ T cells. Journal of virology, 86(16), 8536–8545. doi:10. 1128/JVI.00556-12
Faiz, NM., Cortes, AL., Guy, JS., Fletcher, OJ., West, M., Montiel, E., & Gimeno, IM. (2016). Early infection with Marek’s disease virus can jeopardize protection conferred by laryngotracheitis vaccines: a method to study MDV-induced immunosuppression. Avian Pathology, 45(6), 606–615. doi:10.1080/03079457.2016.1191618
Gimeno IM., Schat KA. (2018). Virus-Induced Immunosuppression in Chickens. Avian Dis. Sep;62(3):272-285. https://doi.org/10.1637/11841-041318-Review.1
Heidari M, Wang D, Fitzgerald SD., Sun S. (2016). Severe necrotic dermatitis in the combs of line 63 chickens infected with Marek’s disease virus. Avian Pathol 45(5):582–592. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2016.1189511
Heidari, M., Fitzgerald, S. D., & Zhang, H. (2014). Marek's disease virus-induced transient cecal tonsil atrophy. Avian diseases, 58(2), 262–270. https://doi.org/10.1637/10673-092013-Reg.1
Heidari, M., Wang, D., & Sun, S. (2017). Early Immune Responses to Marek's Disease Vaccines. Viral immunology, 30(3), 167–177. https://doi.org/10. 1089/vim.2016.0126
https://viralzone.expasy.org/522 Mardivirüs viryon Erişim tarihi 11.06.2024.
Jarosinski, KW., (2017). Interindividual spread of herpesviruses. Advances in Anatomy, Embryology, and Cell Biology, 223, 195–224. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53168-7_9
Kalyani, IH., Joshi, CG., Jhala, MK., Bhanderi, BB., & Purohit, JH. (2011). Characterization of 132 bp Repeats BamH1-H Region in Pathogenic Marek's Disease Virus of Poultry in Gujarat, India, Using PCR and Sequencing. Indian journal of virology : an official organ of Indian Virological Society, 22(1), 72–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-011-0031-6
Meydan, H.(2012).Tavuklarda Marek Hastalığının SNP genetik markerlerinden yararlanılarak araştırılması. Doktora tezi. Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
Minbay A, Marek hastalığı, In: Özgür M, Akan M, editors.(2002). Kanatlı Hayvan Hastalıkları, Medisan Yayınları, 1. Basım. Ankara 195-200
Nair V, Jones RC., Gough RE. (2008). Herpesviridae, In: Pattison M, McMullin PF, Alexander DJ, editors. Poultry disease, Saunders Elsevier, Sixth Edition, 258-67.
Nair V. (2005). Evolution of Marek's disease a paradigm for incessant race between the pathogen and the host. Veterinary journal, 170(2), 175–183. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.tvjl.2004.05.009
Nair, V. (2018). Spotlight on avian pathology: Marek’s disease. Avian Pathology, 47(5), 440–442. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2018.1484073
Notomi, T., Okayama, H., Masubuchi, H., Yonekawa, T., Watanabe, K., Amino, N., & Hase, T. (2000). Loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA. Nucleic acids research, 28(12), E63. https://doi.org/10. 1093/nar/28.12.e63
OIE (2020). World Organisation for Animals Health. Terrestrial Manual Chapter 3.3.13: Marek’s Disease.
Osterrieder, N., Kamil, J.P., Schumacher, D., Tischer, B.K. and Trap, S. (2006). Marek’s disease virus: from miasma to model. Nature Rev. Microbiology, Vol. 4; pp.283- 294. https://doi.org/101038/nrmicro1382
Omar AR., Schat KA. (1996). Syngeneic Marek's disease virus (MDV)-specific cell-mediatedbimmune responses against immediate early, late, and unique MDV proteins. Virology.
Aug 1;222(1):87-99. https://doi.org/10. 1006/viro.1996. 0400
Ozan, E., Muftuoglu, B., Sahindokuyucu, I., Kurucay, H. N., Inal, S., Kuruca, N., Elhag, A. E., Karaca, E., Tamer, C., Gumusova, S., Albayrak, H., Barry, G., Gulbahar, M. Y., & Yazici, Z. (2021). Marek's disease virus in vaccinated poultry flocks in Turkey: its first isolation with molecular characterization. Archives of virology, 166(2), 559–569. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-020-04943-6
Payne, L. N., & Venugopal, K. (2000). Neoplastic diseases: Marek's disease, avian leukosis and reticuloendotheliosis. Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics), 19(2), 544–564. https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.19.2.1226
Rémy S, Blondeau C, Le Vern Y, Lemesle M, Vautherot JF, Denesvre C. (2013). Fluorescent tagging of VP22 in N-terminus reveals that VP22 favors Marek's disease virus (MDV) virulence in chickens and allows morphogenesis study in MD tumor cells. Vet Res. 2013 Dec 21;44(1):125. https://doi.org/10.1186/1297-9716-44-125
Rozins C, Day T, Greenhalgh S. (2019). Managing Marek's disease in the egg industry. Epidemics. Jun;27: 52-58. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.epidem.2019.01.004
Rushton, J. (Ed.). (2009). The economics of animal health and production. Cabi. DOI:10.1079/ 9781845931940.0000
Schat KA., (1981). Role of the spleen in the pathogenesis of Marek's disease. Avian Pathol. 10(2):171-82. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079458108418471
Schidlovsky, G., Ahmed, M., & Jensen, KE. (1969). Herpesvirus in Marek's disease tumors. Science (New York, N.Y.), 164(3882), 959–961. https://doi.org/10. 1126/science.164.3882.959
Singh, SD., Barathidasan, R., Kumar, A., Deb, R., Verma, AK., & Dhama, K. (2012). Recent trends in diagnosis and control of Marek's disease (MD) in poultry. Pakistan journal of biological sciences: PJBS, 15(20), 964–970. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2012.964.970
Swayne, DE., (2013). Diseases of poultry. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN: 978-1-118-71973-2
St Hill CA., Silva RF., Sharma JM. (2004). Detection and localization of avian alphaherpesviruses in embryonic tissues following in ovo exposure. Virus Res. Mar 15;100(2):243-8. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.virusres.2003.11.011
Şengör, E. (2015). Türkiye’de Beyaz Et Üretiminin Tarihçesi. BESD-BİR Yayınevi, Ankara.
Tadelle, D., Million, T., Alemu, Y., & Peters, KJ. (2003). Village chicken production systems in Ethiopia: 2. Use patterns and performance valuation and chicken products and socio-economic functions of chicken.
The Taxonomicon. (2013). http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=214571
Venugopal, K., & Payne, L. N. (1995). Molecular pathogenesis of Marek's disease-recent developments. Avian pathology: journal of the W. V. P. A, 24(4), 597–609. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079459508419100
Viet Thu, HT., Trang, HN., Phuoc Chien, NT., Ngu, NT., & Hien, ND. (2022). Occurrence of Marek's Disease in Backyard Chicken Flocks in Vietnam. Avian diseases, 66(2), 230– 236. https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00009
Witter, RL., and Schat, KA. (2003). Marek’s disease In: Saif, Y.M., Barnes, H.J., Fadly, A.M., Glisson, J.R., McDouglad, L.R., Swayne, D.E., editors. Diseases of poultry, eleventh edition, Iowa, Iowa State University Press, 407-65.
Witter RL. (1998). Control strategies for Marek's disease: a perspective for the future. Poult Sci. Aug;77(8):1197-203. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/77.8.1197.
Kanatlı Hayvanlarda Marek Hastalığı
Year 2024,
Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 379 - 384, 31.12.2024
Kanatlı endüstrisini tehdit eden hastalıkların başında gelen Marek hastalığı, alfa-herpesvirüs ailesiden MHV (Marek Hastalığı Virüsü)’nin neden olduğu lenfoproliferatif bir enfeksiyondur.MHV yüksek mortalite ve morbidite ile seyreden periferal sinirlerde, çeşitli iç organlarda, gonadlarda ve kaslardatümöral oluşumlarla karakterize viral bir enfeksiyondur.
Adedeji A, Abdu P, Akanbi O, Luka P. (2022). Molecular and pathological investigation outbreaks in vaccinated poultry farms in Plateau State, North Central-Nigeria. Vet Ital.18; 58(1):77-85. https://doi.org/10.12834/VetIt.2442.15397.
Arda, M., Minbay, A., Aydın N., Akay , Ö. ve izgür, M. (1990). Kanatlı Hayvan Hastalıkları. Pfizer İlaçları AŞ. Ortaköy, İstanbul.
Birhan, M., Gelaye, E., Ibrahim, SM., Berhane, N., Abayneh, T. Getachew, B., Zemene, A., Birie, K., Deresse, G., Adamu, K., Dessalegn, B., Gessese, AT., Kinde, MZ., & Bitew, M. (2023). Marek's disease in chicken farms from Northwest Ethiopia: gross pathology, virus isolation, and molecular characterization. Virology journal, 20(1), 45. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-023-02003-4
Calnek BW., (2001). Pathogenesis of Marek's disease virüs infection. Current topics in microbiology and immunology, 255, 25–55.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56863-3_2
Calnek BW., Shek WR., Schat KA. (1981). Latent infections with Marek's disease virus and turkey herpesvirus. J Natl Cancer Inst. 66(3):585-90. PMID: 6259403
Calnek, BW., and Witter, RL. (1997). Marek's disease. In: Diseases of Poultry. 10th Ed. Ed. ISBN-13: 978-0-8138-0718-8 (alk. paper)
Calnek BW., Hitchner SB. (1969). Localization of viral antigen in chickens infected with Marek’s disease herpesvirus. J Natl Cancer Inst.Oct;43(4):935-49. PMID: 4310100.
Carvallo, FR., French, RA., Gilbert-Marcheterre, K., Risatti, G., Dunn, J. R., Forster, F., Kiupel, M., & Smyth, JA. (2011). Mortality of one-week-old chickens during naturally occurring Marek's disease virus infection. Veterinary pathology, 48(5). doi:10.1177/0300985810395727
Chacon RD., Astolfi-Ferreira, C., Guimaraes, MB., Torres, LN., David I De la, T., Lilian R.M. de, S.(2019). Detection and molecular characterization of a natural coinfection of Marek’s dİsease Virus and reticuloendotheliosis virus in brazilian backyar chicken flock. Veterinary Sciences, 6(4), 92. doi: 10.3390/vetsci6040092
Çiçekgil, Z., Yazıcı, E. (2016). Türkiye’de Tavuk Yumurtası Mevcut Durumu ve Üretim Öngörüsü. Tarım Ekonomisi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 26-34.
Çiftçi, MK., Çelik, İ., Tuzcu, M., Sur, E., Oruç, E. (2011). Marek Hastalığı Teşhisinde Histokimyasal ve Histopatolojik Bulguların Değerlendirilmesi. Dicle Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi (2), 50-57.
Cui ZZ., Lee LF., Liu JL, Kung HJ. (1991). Structural analysis and transcriptional mapping of the Marek's disease virus gene encoding pp38, an antigen associated with transforme J Virol. Dec;65(12):6509-15. doi: 10.1128/JVI.65.12.6509-6515.1991
De Laney, DB., Morrow, CJ., Read, KM., & Tannock, GA. (1998). The development and evaluation of two tissue culture-grown Marek's disease challenge viruses. Avian pathology : journal of the W.V.P.A, 27(5), 472–477. doi:10.1080/03079459808419371
Dessie T, Ogle B. (2001). Village poultry production systems in the central highlands of Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2001 Dec;33(6):521. doi:10.1023/a:1012740832558
Dunn, JR., Mays, J., Hearn, C., & Hartman, A. (2021). Comparison of Marek's Disease Virus Challenge Strains and Bird Types for Vaccine Licensing. Avian diseases, 65(2), 241–249. doi: 10.1637/aviandiseases-D-20-00122
Djeraba A, Musset E, van Rooijen N, Quéré P. (2002) Resistance and susceptibility to Marek's disease: nitric oxide synthase/arginase activity balance. Vet Microbiol. May 1;86(3):229-44. doi:10. 1016/s0378-1135(02)00010-x
Engel, AT., Selvaraj, RK., Kamil, JP., Osterrieder, N., & Kaufer, B. B. (2012). Marek's disease viral interleukin-8 promotes lymphoma formation through targeted recruitment of B cells and CD4+ CD25+ T cells. Journal of virology, 86(16), 8536–8545. doi:10. 1128/JVI.00556-12
Faiz, NM., Cortes, AL., Guy, JS., Fletcher, OJ., West, M., Montiel, E., & Gimeno, IM. (2016). Early infection with Marek’s disease virus can jeopardize protection conferred by laryngotracheitis vaccines: a method to study MDV-induced immunosuppression. Avian Pathology, 45(6), 606–615. doi:10.1080/03079457.2016.1191618
Gimeno IM., Schat KA. (2018). Virus-Induced Immunosuppression in Chickens. Avian Dis. Sep;62(3):272-285. https://doi.org/10.1637/11841-041318-Review.1
Heidari M, Wang D, Fitzgerald SD., Sun S. (2016). Severe necrotic dermatitis in the combs of line 63 chickens infected with Marek’s disease virus. Avian Pathol 45(5):582–592. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2016.1189511
Heidari, M., Fitzgerald, S. D., & Zhang, H. (2014). Marek's disease virus-induced transient cecal tonsil atrophy. Avian diseases, 58(2), 262–270. https://doi.org/10.1637/10673-092013-Reg.1
Heidari, M., Wang, D., & Sun, S. (2017). Early Immune Responses to Marek's Disease Vaccines. Viral immunology, 30(3), 167–177. https://doi.org/10. 1089/vim.2016.0126
https://viralzone.expasy.org/522 Mardivirüs viryon Erişim tarihi 11.06.2024.
Jarosinski, KW., (2017). Interindividual spread of herpesviruses. Advances in Anatomy, Embryology, and Cell Biology, 223, 195–224. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53168-7_9
Kalyani, IH., Joshi, CG., Jhala, MK., Bhanderi, BB., & Purohit, JH. (2011). Characterization of 132 bp Repeats BamH1-H Region in Pathogenic Marek's Disease Virus of Poultry in Gujarat, India, Using PCR and Sequencing. Indian journal of virology : an official organ of Indian Virological Society, 22(1), 72–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-011-0031-6
Meydan, H.(2012).Tavuklarda Marek Hastalığının SNP genetik markerlerinden yararlanılarak araştırılması. Doktora tezi. Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
Minbay A, Marek hastalığı, In: Özgür M, Akan M, editors.(2002). Kanatlı Hayvan Hastalıkları, Medisan Yayınları, 1. Basım. Ankara 195-200
Nair V, Jones RC., Gough RE. (2008). Herpesviridae, In: Pattison M, McMullin PF, Alexander DJ, editors. Poultry disease, Saunders Elsevier, Sixth Edition, 258-67.
Nair V. (2005). Evolution of Marek's disease a paradigm for incessant race between the pathogen and the host. Veterinary journal, 170(2), 175–183. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.tvjl.2004.05.009
Nair, V. (2018). Spotlight on avian pathology: Marek’s disease. Avian Pathology, 47(5), 440–442. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2018.1484073
Notomi, T., Okayama, H., Masubuchi, H., Yonekawa, T., Watanabe, K., Amino, N., & Hase, T. (2000). Loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA. Nucleic acids research, 28(12), E63. https://doi.org/10. 1093/nar/28.12.e63
OIE (2020). World Organisation for Animals Health. Terrestrial Manual Chapter 3.3.13: Marek’s Disease.
Osterrieder, N., Kamil, J.P., Schumacher, D., Tischer, B.K. and Trap, S. (2006). Marek’s disease virus: from miasma to model. Nature Rev. Microbiology, Vol. 4; pp.283- 294. https://doi.org/101038/nrmicro1382
Omar AR., Schat KA. (1996). Syngeneic Marek's disease virus (MDV)-specific cell-mediatedbimmune responses against immediate early, late, and unique MDV proteins. Virology.
Aug 1;222(1):87-99. https://doi.org/10. 1006/viro.1996. 0400
Ozan, E., Muftuoglu, B., Sahindokuyucu, I., Kurucay, H. N., Inal, S., Kuruca, N., Elhag, A. E., Karaca, E., Tamer, C., Gumusova, S., Albayrak, H., Barry, G., Gulbahar, M. Y., & Yazici, Z. (2021). Marek's disease virus in vaccinated poultry flocks in Turkey: its first isolation with molecular characterization. Archives of virology, 166(2), 559–569. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-020-04943-6
Payne, L. N., & Venugopal, K. (2000). Neoplastic diseases: Marek's disease, avian leukosis and reticuloendotheliosis. Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics), 19(2), 544–564. https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.19.2.1226
Rémy S, Blondeau C, Le Vern Y, Lemesle M, Vautherot JF, Denesvre C. (2013). Fluorescent tagging of VP22 in N-terminus reveals that VP22 favors Marek's disease virus (MDV) virulence in chickens and allows morphogenesis study in MD tumor cells. Vet Res. 2013 Dec 21;44(1):125. https://doi.org/10.1186/1297-9716-44-125
Rozins C, Day T, Greenhalgh S. (2019). Managing Marek's disease in the egg industry. Epidemics. Jun;27: 52-58. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.epidem.2019.01.004
Rushton, J. (Ed.). (2009). The economics of animal health and production. Cabi. DOI:10.1079/ 9781845931940.0000
Schat KA., (1981). Role of the spleen in the pathogenesis of Marek's disease. Avian Pathol. 10(2):171-82. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079458108418471
Schidlovsky, G., Ahmed, M., & Jensen, KE. (1969). Herpesvirus in Marek's disease tumors. Science (New York, N.Y.), 164(3882), 959–961. https://doi.org/10. 1126/science.164.3882.959
Singh, SD., Barathidasan, R., Kumar, A., Deb, R., Verma, AK., & Dhama, K. (2012). Recent trends in diagnosis and control of Marek's disease (MD) in poultry. Pakistan journal of biological sciences: PJBS, 15(20), 964–970. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2012.964.970
Swayne, DE., (2013). Diseases of poultry. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN: 978-1-118-71973-2
St Hill CA., Silva RF., Sharma JM. (2004). Detection and localization of avian alphaherpesviruses in embryonic tissues following in ovo exposure. Virus Res. Mar 15;100(2):243-8. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.virusres.2003.11.011
Şengör, E. (2015). Türkiye’de Beyaz Et Üretiminin Tarihçesi. BESD-BİR Yayınevi, Ankara.
Tadelle, D., Million, T., Alemu, Y., & Peters, KJ. (2003). Village chicken production systems in Ethiopia: 2. Use patterns and performance valuation and chicken products and socio-economic functions of chicken.
The Taxonomicon. (2013). http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=214571
Venugopal, K., & Payne, L. N. (1995). Molecular pathogenesis of Marek's disease-recent developments. Avian pathology: journal of the W. V. P. A, 24(4), 597–609. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079459508419100
Viet Thu, HT., Trang, HN., Phuoc Chien, NT., Ngu, NT., & Hien, ND. (2022). Occurrence of Marek's Disease in Backyard Chicken Flocks in Vietnam. Avian diseases, 66(2), 230– 236. https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00009
Witter, RL., and Schat, KA. (2003). Marek’s disease In: Saif, Y.M., Barnes, H.J., Fadly, A.M., Glisson, J.R., McDouglad, L.R., Swayne, D.E., editors. Diseases of poultry, eleventh edition, Iowa, Iowa State University Press, 407-65.
Witter RL. (1998). Control strategies for Marek's disease: a perspective for the future. Poult Sci. Aug;77(8):1197-203. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/77.8.1197.
The Journal of Sivas Cumhuriyet University Institute of Health Sciences is an international, peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Institute of Health Sciences.