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THE LEVEL AND COST BURDEN OF ABSENTEEISM AMONG HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 1 - 23, 29.08.2017
https://doi.org/10.22139/jobs.299082

Öz

This study was aimed at identifying the prevalence of unscheduled absenteeism resulting in loss of labor among healthcare professionals and its cost burden on hospitals. The study was conducted with the participation of 951 hospital employees that comprised the doctors, nurses/midwives, other healthcare professionals and administrative staff employed at two different hospitals in Turkey. ‘Health and Work Performance Questionnaire (HPQ)’ developed by Kessler et al. (2003) was used as the data collection tool. The results indicated greater absenteeism in healthcare professionals aged 30 and under, married employees, female employees, nurses/midwives, university hospital staff and employees with a maximum of 5 years of service. The unscheduled absences and the cost of absenteeism were calculated as 11.52 days and 2372.46 TRY per employee per year. The study results emphasised the significance of unscheduled absenteeism in hospitals and its financial consequences. Hospital administrators could develop effective solutions by analysing the underlying causes.

Kaynakça

  • Al-Shammari, S.A., Bamgboye, E.A & Olubuyide, I. (1994). Sickness Absenteeism Among Employees of a Teaching Hospital in Saudi Arabia. J R Soc Promot Health, 114: 6-10.
  • Bamgboye, E. & Adeleye, A. (1992). Sickness Absenteeism in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital. East Afr Med J, 69: 450-455.
  • Becker, S.G. & de Oliveira, M.L.C. (2008). Study on the Absenteeism of Nursing Professionals in a Psychiatric Center in Manaus. Brazil. Rev Latino-Am. Enfermagem, 16(1): 109-114. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-11692008000100017
  • Bierla, I., Huver, B. & Richard, S. (2013). New Evidence on Absenteeism and Presenteeism. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(7): 1536-1550.
  • Borda, R.G. & Norman, I.J. (1997). Testing a Model of Absence and Intent to Stay in Employment: a Study of Registered Nurses in Malta. Int J Nurs Stud., 34:375–384. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7489(97)00030-8
  • Campo, M. & Darragh, A.R. (2012). Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders are Associated with Impaired Presenteeism in Allied Health Care Professionals. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 54(1): 64-70. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e31823c768a.
  • Chenoweth, D. (2011). Promoting employee well-being: Wellness strategies to improve health, performance and the bottom line. USA: SHRM Foundation.
  • Collins, J.J., Baase, C.M., Sharda, C.E., Ozminkowski, R.J., Nicholson, S., Billotti, G.M., Turpin, R.S., Olson, M. & Berger, M.L. (2005) The Assessment of Chronic Health Conditions on Work Performance, Absence, and Total Economic Impact for Employers. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 47(6): 547-557.
  • Commerce Cleaning House [CCH]. (2006). 16th annual unscheduled absence survey: Unscheduled absences rising at U.S. workplaces. Chicago, Illinois: A CCH Publication: Human Resources Management Ideas and Trends
  • Donovan, T.L. (2006). Employee Absenteeism in a Southeastern Ontario Tertiary Care Hospital: A Record Linkage Study, Master’s Thesis, Kingston, Ontario, Canada: Queen’s University Department of Community Health and Epidemiology.
  • Eren E. (1993). Yönetim Psikolojisi. İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
  • Eriksen, W., Bruusgaard, D. & Knardahl, S. (2003). Work Factors as Predictors of Sickness Absence: A Three Month Prospective Study Of Nurses’ Aides. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60: 271-278. doi: 10.1136/oem.60.4.271
  • European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. (2010). İşe devamsızlık. Dublin, Ireland: The European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (Eurofound).
  • Goetzel, R.Z., Hawkins, K., Ozminkowski, R.J. & Wang, S. (2003). The Health and Productivity Cost Burden of the ‘Top 10’ Physical and Mental Health Conditions Affecting Six Large U.S. Employers in 1999. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 45(1): 5-14.
  • Gorman, E., Yu, S. & Alamgir, H. (2010). When healthcare workers get sick: Exploring sickness absenteeism in British Columbia, Canada. Work: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment and Rehabilitation, 35:117–123. doi: 10.3233/WOR-2010-0963.
  • Gupta, S., Isherwood, G., Jones, K. & Van Impe, K. (2015). Productivity Loss and Resource Utilization, and Associated Indirect and Direct Costs in Individuals Providing Care for Adults with Schizophrenia in the EU5. Clinico Economics and Outcomes Research, 7: 593–602. doi: https://doi.org/10.2147/CEOR.S94334
  • Health and Safety Executive. (2005). Survey of Workplace Absence Sickness and (Ill) Health (SWASH). http://www.hse.gov.uk/, (17.12.2013).
  • Health Canada. (2004). Our health, Our Future: Creating Quality Workplaces for Canadian Nurses. A Progress Report on Implementing the Final Report of the Canadian Nursing Advisory Committee, Canadian Policy Research Networks. http://www.cprn.org/documents/30762_en.pdf, (17.10.2017).
  • Ip, D.K.M., Lau, E.H.Y., Tam, Y.H., So, H.C., Cowling, B.J. & Kwok, H.K.H. (2015). Increases in Absenteeism Among Health Care Workers in Hong Kong During Influenza Epidemics, 2004–2009. BMC Infectious Diseases, 15: 586. doi: 10.1186/s12879-015-1316-y
  • Isah, E.C., Omorogbe, V.E., Orji, O. & Oyovwe, L. (2008). Self-reported Absenteeism Among Hospital Workers in Benin City. Nigeria. Ghana Med J., 42: 2–7.
  • Jain, G., Roy, A., Harikrishnan, V., Yu, S., Dabbous, O. & Lawrence, C. (2013). Patient-reported Depression Severity Measured by the PHQ-9 and Impact on Work Productivity: Results from a Survey of Full-Time Employees in the United States. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 55(3): 252-258. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e31828349c9.
  • Jex, S.M. (2002). Organizational Psychology: A scientist-practitioner approach. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Josephson, M., Lindberg, P., Voss, M., Alfredsson, L. & Vingård, E. (2008). The Same Factors İnfluence Job Turnover and Long Spells of Sick Leave–a 3-year Follow-up of Swedish Nurses. Eur J Public Health, 18: 380-385. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckn009
  • Josias, B.A. (2005). The Relationship Between Job Satisfaction and Absenteeism in a Selected Field Services Station within an Electricity Utility in the University of Western Cape, Master’s Thesis, South Africa: University of Western Cape.
  • Kessler, R.C., Barber, C., Beck, A., Berglund, P., Cleary, P.D., McKenas, D., Pronk, N., Simon, G., Stang, P., Üstün, T.U. & Wang, P. (2003). The World Health Organization Health and Work Performance Questionnaire (HPQ). Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 45(2): 156-174.
  • Kivimäki M, Sutinen R, Elovainio M, Vahtera, J., Räsänen, K., Töyry, S., Ferrie, J.E. & Firth-Cozens, J. (2001). Sickness Absence in Hospital Physicians: 2 Year Follow Up Study on Determinants. Occup Environ Med., 58: 361-366. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.58.6.361
  • Kristensen, E.T., Jensen, S., Kreiner, S. & Mikkelsen, S. (2010). Socioeconomic Status and Duration and Pattern of Sickness Absence: A 1-year follow-up Study of 2331 Hospital Employees. Biomed Central Public Health, 10: 1-11. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-643
  • Lowe, G.S. (2002). Here in Body, Absent in Productivity - Presenteeism hurts! http://www.refresher.com/Archives/!gslpresenteeism.html, (18.10.2013).
  • Mani, V. & Jaisingh, S. (2014). A Multivariate Approach to Determine the Drivers of Employee Absenteeism. Australian International Journal of Humanities and Social Studies, 1(1): 14-30.
  • Mudaly, P. & Nkosi, Z.Z. (2015). Factors Influencing Nurse Absenteeism in a General Hospital in Durban, South Africas. Journal of Nursing Management, 23: 623-631. doi: 10.1111/jonm.12189
  • Munro, L. (2007). Absenteeism and Presenteeism: Possible Causes and Solutions. The South African Radiographer, 45(1): 21-23.
  • Office for National Statistics [ONS]. (2014). Sickness absence in the labour market. UK: Office for National Statistics.
  • Örücü, E. & Kaplan, E. (2001). Kamu ve Özel Sektör Çalışanlarında Devamsızlık Sorunu. Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 7(1): 93-111.
  • Parboteeah, K.P., Addae, H.M. & Cullen, J.B. (2005). National Culture and Absenteeism: An Empirical Test. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 13(4): 343-361.
  • Peterson, U., Bergström, G., Demerouti, E., Gustavsson, P., Asberg, M. & Nygren, A. (2011). Burnout Levels and Self-Rated Health Prospectively Predict Future Long-Term Sickness Absence: A Study Among Female Health Professionals. J Occup Environ Med., 53: 788-793. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e318222b1dc
  • Queiroz-Lima, M.E. & Serranheira, F. (2016). Absenteeism and Presenteeism Costs from Occupational Accidents with WRMSDs in a Portuguese Hospital. DYNA, 83(196): 27-30. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v83n196.56605
  • Rajbhandary, S. & Basu, K. (2010). Working Conditions of Nurses and Absenteeism: Is There a Relationship? An Empirical Analysis Using National Survey of the Work and Health of Nurses. Health Policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 97:152–159. doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.04.010
  • Rantanen, I. & Tuominen, R. (2011). Relative Magnitude of Presenteeism and Absenteeism and Work Related Factors Affecting Them Among Health Care Professionals. Int Arch Occup Environ Healt, 84: 225-230. doi: 10.1007/s00420-010-0604-5.
  • Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario. (2005). The 70 per cent solutions: A Progress Report on Increasing Full-Time Employment for Ontario RNs. http://rnao.ca/sites/rnao-ca/files/storage/policy/reports/1146_70_Percent_Solution.pdf, (22.06.2014).
  • Ritchie, K.A., Macdonald, E.B., Gilmour, W.H. & Murray, K.J. (1999). Analysis of Sickness Absence Among Employees of Four NHS Trusts. Occup Environ Med., 56: 702-708.
  • Statistics Canada. (2012). Work Absences in 2011. Perspectives on Labour and Income, p. 1–11.
  • Sullivan, E. & Decker, P. (1988). Effective Management in Nursing. California: Addison Wesley.
  • The Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada. (2007). The Working Conditions of Nurses: Confronting the Challenges: Nursing Shortages, Where and Why, Canada. Health Policy Research Bulletin, 13: 1-46.
  • The Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health. (2009). Mental Health at Work: Developing the Business Case. PolicyPaper8,http://www.mentalhealthpromotion.net/resources/mental_health_at_work_developing_the_business_case.pdf, (18.01.2014).
  • Trinkoff, A.M., Storr, C.L. & Lipscomb, J.A. (2001). Physically Demanding Work and Inadequate Sleep, Pain Medication Use, and Absenteeism in Registered Nurses. J Occup Environ Med, 43: 355-363.
  • Tripathi, M., Mohan, U., Tripathi, M., Verma, R., Masih, L. & Pandey, H.C. (2010). Absenteeism among Nurses in a Tertiary Care Hospital in India. National Medical Journal of India, 23: 143-146.
  • Tsiba, J.B., Mabiala Babela, J.R., Ngoulou, M.N., Niambi Poaty, G., Moukouyou Ndombo, M. & Moukassa, D. (2013). Professional Absenteeism in the Pediatric Service of the General Hospital of Loandjili in Pointe-Noire (Congo). Bull Soc Pathol Exot., 106:286-289. doi: 10.1007/s13149-013-0309-6.
  • Verlag, G. (2007). Categories of Absenteeism at Work. Open Publishing GmbH, http://books.google.com.tr/books?id=3tbZacwP5GgC&hl=tr&source=gbs_navlinks_s, (13.07.2013).
  • Weyman, A., Meadows, P. & Buckingham, A. (2013). Extending Working Life, Annex 6: Audit of Research Relating to Impacts on NHS Employees. England: NHS Employers.
  • Williams, C. (2003). Stress at Work. Canadian Social Trends, 4(6): 7-13.

THE LEVEL AND COST BURDEN OF ABSENTEEISM AMONG HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 1 - 23, 29.08.2017
https://doi.org/10.22139/jobs.299082

Öz

This study was aimed at identifying the prevalence of unscheduled absenteeism resulting in loss of labor among healthcare professionals and its cost burden on hospitals. The study was conducted with the participation of 951 hospital employees that comprised the doctors, nurses/midwives, other healthcare professionals and administrative staff employed at two different hospitals in Turkey. ‘Health and Work Performance Questionnaire (HPQ)’ developed by Kessler et al. (2003) was used as the data collection tool. The results indicated greater absenteeism in healthcare professionals aged 30 and under, married employees, female employees, nurses/midwives, university hospital staff and employees with a maximum of 5 years of service. The unscheduled absences and the cost of absenteeism were calculated as 11.52 days and 2372.46 TRY per employee per year. The study results emphasised the significance of unscheduled absenteeism in hospitals and its financial consequences. Hospital administrators could develop effective solutions by analysing the underlying causes.

Kaynakça

  • Al-Shammari, S.A., Bamgboye, E.A & Olubuyide, I. (1994). Sickness Absenteeism Among Employees of a Teaching Hospital in Saudi Arabia. J R Soc Promot Health, 114: 6-10.
  • Bamgboye, E. & Adeleye, A. (1992). Sickness Absenteeism in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital. East Afr Med J, 69: 450-455.
  • Becker, S.G. & de Oliveira, M.L.C. (2008). Study on the Absenteeism of Nursing Professionals in a Psychiatric Center in Manaus. Brazil. Rev Latino-Am. Enfermagem, 16(1): 109-114. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-11692008000100017
  • Bierla, I., Huver, B. & Richard, S. (2013). New Evidence on Absenteeism and Presenteeism. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(7): 1536-1550.
  • Borda, R.G. & Norman, I.J. (1997). Testing a Model of Absence and Intent to Stay in Employment: a Study of Registered Nurses in Malta. Int J Nurs Stud., 34:375–384. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7489(97)00030-8
  • Campo, M. & Darragh, A.R. (2012). Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders are Associated with Impaired Presenteeism in Allied Health Care Professionals. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 54(1): 64-70. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e31823c768a.
  • Chenoweth, D. (2011). Promoting employee well-being: Wellness strategies to improve health, performance and the bottom line. USA: SHRM Foundation.
  • Collins, J.J., Baase, C.M., Sharda, C.E., Ozminkowski, R.J., Nicholson, S., Billotti, G.M., Turpin, R.S., Olson, M. & Berger, M.L. (2005) The Assessment of Chronic Health Conditions on Work Performance, Absence, and Total Economic Impact for Employers. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 47(6): 547-557.
  • Commerce Cleaning House [CCH]. (2006). 16th annual unscheduled absence survey: Unscheduled absences rising at U.S. workplaces. Chicago, Illinois: A CCH Publication: Human Resources Management Ideas and Trends
  • Donovan, T.L. (2006). Employee Absenteeism in a Southeastern Ontario Tertiary Care Hospital: A Record Linkage Study, Master’s Thesis, Kingston, Ontario, Canada: Queen’s University Department of Community Health and Epidemiology.
  • Eren E. (1993). Yönetim Psikolojisi. İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
  • Eriksen, W., Bruusgaard, D. & Knardahl, S. (2003). Work Factors as Predictors of Sickness Absence: A Three Month Prospective Study Of Nurses’ Aides. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60: 271-278. doi: 10.1136/oem.60.4.271
  • European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. (2010). İşe devamsızlık. Dublin, Ireland: The European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (Eurofound).
  • Goetzel, R.Z., Hawkins, K., Ozminkowski, R.J. & Wang, S. (2003). The Health and Productivity Cost Burden of the ‘Top 10’ Physical and Mental Health Conditions Affecting Six Large U.S. Employers in 1999. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 45(1): 5-14.
  • Gorman, E., Yu, S. & Alamgir, H. (2010). When healthcare workers get sick: Exploring sickness absenteeism in British Columbia, Canada. Work: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment and Rehabilitation, 35:117–123. doi: 10.3233/WOR-2010-0963.
  • Gupta, S., Isherwood, G., Jones, K. & Van Impe, K. (2015). Productivity Loss and Resource Utilization, and Associated Indirect and Direct Costs in Individuals Providing Care for Adults with Schizophrenia in the EU5. Clinico Economics and Outcomes Research, 7: 593–602. doi: https://doi.org/10.2147/CEOR.S94334
  • Health and Safety Executive. (2005). Survey of Workplace Absence Sickness and (Ill) Health (SWASH). http://www.hse.gov.uk/, (17.12.2013).
  • Health Canada. (2004). Our health, Our Future: Creating Quality Workplaces for Canadian Nurses. A Progress Report on Implementing the Final Report of the Canadian Nursing Advisory Committee, Canadian Policy Research Networks. http://www.cprn.org/documents/30762_en.pdf, (17.10.2017).
  • Ip, D.K.M., Lau, E.H.Y., Tam, Y.H., So, H.C., Cowling, B.J. & Kwok, H.K.H. (2015). Increases in Absenteeism Among Health Care Workers in Hong Kong During Influenza Epidemics, 2004–2009. BMC Infectious Diseases, 15: 586. doi: 10.1186/s12879-015-1316-y
  • Isah, E.C., Omorogbe, V.E., Orji, O. & Oyovwe, L. (2008). Self-reported Absenteeism Among Hospital Workers in Benin City. Nigeria. Ghana Med J., 42: 2–7.
  • Jain, G., Roy, A., Harikrishnan, V., Yu, S., Dabbous, O. & Lawrence, C. (2013). Patient-reported Depression Severity Measured by the PHQ-9 and Impact on Work Productivity: Results from a Survey of Full-Time Employees in the United States. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 55(3): 252-258. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e31828349c9.
  • Jex, S.M. (2002). Organizational Psychology: A scientist-practitioner approach. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Josephson, M., Lindberg, P., Voss, M., Alfredsson, L. & Vingård, E. (2008). The Same Factors İnfluence Job Turnover and Long Spells of Sick Leave–a 3-year Follow-up of Swedish Nurses. Eur J Public Health, 18: 380-385. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckn009
  • Josias, B.A. (2005). The Relationship Between Job Satisfaction and Absenteeism in a Selected Field Services Station within an Electricity Utility in the University of Western Cape, Master’s Thesis, South Africa: University of Western Cape.
  • Kessler, R.C., Barber, C., Beck, A., Berglund, P., Cleary, P.D., McKenas, D., Pronk, N., Simon, G., Stang, P., Üstün, T.U. & Wang, P. (2003). The World Health Organization Health and Work Performance Questionnaire (HPQ). Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 45(2): 156-174.
  • Kivimäki M, Sutinen R, Elovainio M, Vahtera, J., Räsänen, K., Töyry, S., Ferrie, J.E. & Firth-Cozens, J. (2001). Sickness Absence in Hospital Physicians: 2 Year Follow Up Study on Determinants. Occup Environ Med., 58: 361-366. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.58.6.361
  • Kristensen, E.T., Jensen, S., Kreiner, S. & Mikkelsen, S. (2010). Socioeconomic Status and Duration and Pattern of Sickness Absence: A 1-year follow-up Study of 2331 Hospital Employees. Biomed Central Public Health, 10: 1-11. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-643
  • Lowe, G.S. (2002). Here in Body, Absent in Productivity - Presenteeism hurts! http://www.refresher.com/Archives/!gslpresenteeism.html, (18.10.2013).
  • Mani, V. & Jaisingh, S. (2014). A Multivariate Approach to Determine the Drivers of Employee Absenteeism. Australian International Journal of Humanities and Social Studies, 1(1): 14-30.
  • Mudaly, P. & Nkosi, Z.Z. (2015). Factors Influencing Nurse Absenteeism in a General Hospital in Durban, South Africas. Journal of Nursing Management, 23: 623-631. doi: 10.1111/jonm.12189
  • Munro, L. (2007). Absenteeism and Presenteeism: Possible Causes and Solutions. The South African Radiographer, 45(1): 21-23.
  • Office for National Statistics [ONS]. (2014). Sickness absence in the labour market. UK: Office for National Statistics.
  • Örücü, E. & Kaplan, E. (2001). Kamu ve Özel Sektör Çalışanlarında Devamsızlık Sorunu. Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 7(1): 93-111.
  • Parboteeah, K.P., Addae, H.M. & Cullen, J.B. (2005). National Culture and Absenteeism: An Empirical Test. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 13(4): 343-361.
  • Peterson, U., Bergström, G., Demerouti, E., Gustavsson, P., Asberg, M. & Nygren, A. (2011). Burnout Levels and Self-Rated Health Prospectively Predict Future Long-Term Sickness Absence: A Study Among Female Health Professionals. J Occup Environ Med., 53: 788-793. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e318222b1dc
  • Queiroz-Lima, M.E. & Serranheira, F. (2016). Absenteeism and Presenteeism Costs from Occupational Accidents with WRMSDs in a Portuguese Hospital. DYNA, 83(196): 27-30. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v83n196.56605
  • Rajbhandary, S. & Basu, K. (2010). Working Conditions of Nurses and Absenteeism: Is There a Relationship? An Empirical Analysis Using National Survey of the Work and Health of Nurses. Health Policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 97:152–159. doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.04.010
  • Rantanen, I. & Tuominen, R. (2011). Relative Magnitude of Presenteeism and Absenteeism and Work Related Factors Affecting Them Among Health Care Professionals. Int Arch Occup Environ Healt, 84: 225-230. doi: 10.1007/s00420-010-0604-5.
  • Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario. (2005). The 70 per cent solutions: A Progress Report on Increasing Full-Time Employment for Ontario RNs. http://rnao.ca/sites/rnao-ca/files/storage/policy/reports/1146_70_Percent_Solution.pdf, (22.06.2014).
  • Ritchie, K.A., Macdonald, E.B., Gilmour, W.H. & Murray, K.J. (1999). Analysis of Sickness Absence Among Employees of Four NHS Trusts. Occup Environ Med., 56: 702-708.
  • Statistics Canada. (2012). Work Absences in 2011. Perspectives on Labour and Income, p. 1–11.
  • Sullivan, E. & Decker, P. (1988). Effective Management in Nursing. California: Addison Wesley.
  • The Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada. (2007). The Working Conditions of Nurses: Confronting the Challenges: Nursing Shortages, Where and Why, Canada. Health Policy Research Bulletin, 13: 1-46.
  • The Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health. (2009). Mental Health at Work: Developing the Business Case. PolicyPaper8,http://www.mentalhealthpromotion.net/resources/mental_health_at_work_developing_the_business_case.pdf, (18.01.2014).
  • Trinkoff, A.M., Storr, C.L. & Lipscomb, J.A. (2001). Physically Demanding Work and Inadequate Sleep, Pain Medication Use, and Absenteeism in Registered Nurses. J Occup Environ Med, 43: 355-363.
  • Tripathi, M., Mohan, U., Tripathi, M., Verma, R., Masih, L. & Pandey, H.C. (2010). Absenteeism among Nurses in a Tertiary Care Hospital in India. National Medical Journal of India, 23: 143-146.
  • Tsiba, J.B., Mabiala Babela, J.R., Ngoulou, M.N., Niambi Poaty, G., Moukouyou Ndombo, M. & Moukassa, D. (2013). Professional Absenteeism in the Pediatric Service of the General Hospital of Loandjili in Pointe-Noire (Congo). Bull Soc Pathol Exot., 106:286-289. doi: 10.1007/s13149-013-0309-6.
  • Verlag, G. (2007). Categories of Absenteeism at Work. Open Publishing GmbH, http://books.google.com.tr/books?id=3tbZacwP5GgC&hl=tr&source=gbs_navlinks_s, (13.07.2013).
  • Weyman, A., Meadows, P. & Buckingham, A. (2013). Extending Working Life, Annex 6: Audit of Research Relating to Impacts on NHS Employees. England: NHS Employers.
  • Williams, C. (2003). Stress at Work. Canadian Social Trends, 4(6): 7-13.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Makale
Yazarlar

Aysun Kandemir

Bayram Şahin

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Ağustos 2017
Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Mart 2017
Kabul Tarihi 28 Temmuz 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Kandemir, A., & Şahin, B. (2017). THE LEVEL AND COST BURDEN OF ABSENTEEISM AMONG HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS. İşletme Bilimi Dergisi, 5(2), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.22139/jobs.299082