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Yıl 2023, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3, 279 - 286, 30.12.2023

Çiğdem Eda Balkan Bozlak Abdullah Gümüş Ahmet Yılmaz

Öz

Kaynakça

  • 1. Lindenbach BD, Rice CM. Unravelling hepatitis C virus replication from genome to function. Nature. 2005;436: 933-8
  • 2. Dore GJ, Bajis S. Hepatitis C virus elimination: laying the foundation for achieving 2030 targets. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020; 18: 91-2.
  • 3. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c. 18.12.2020
  • 4. Razavi H, Elkhoury AC, Elbasha E, Estes C, Pasini K, Poynard T et al. Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) disease burden and cost in the United States. Hepatology. 2013;57:2164–2170. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5. Petruzziello A, Marigliano S, Loquercio G, Cozzolino A, Cacciapuoti C. Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection: An up-date of the distribution and circulation of hepatitis C virus genotypes. World J Gastroenterol. 2016; 22: 7824–40.
  • 6. Cooke GS, Lemoine M, Thursz M, Gore C, Swan T, Kamarulzaman A et al. Viral hepatitis and the Global Burden of Disease: a need to regroup. J Viral Hepat. 2013; 20: 600–1.
  • 7. Mohd Hanafiah K, Groeger J, Flaxman AD, Wiersma ST. Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection: new estimates of age-specific antibody to HCV seroprevalence. Hepatology. 2013; 57:1333–42.
  • 8. Kato N. Genome of human hepatitis C virus (HCV): gene organization, sequence diversity, and variation. Microbial & comparative genomics, 2000, 5.3: 129-151.
  • 9. Messina JP, Humphreys I, Flaxman A, Brown A, Cooke GS, Pybus OG et al. Global distribution and prevalence of hepatitis C virus genotypes. Hepatology, 2015, 61.1: 77-87.
  • 10. McOmish F, Yap PL, Dow BC, Follett EA, Seed C, Keller AJ et al. Geographical distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in blood donors: an international collaborative survey. J Clin Microbiol. 1994; 32: 884- 92.
  • 11. Simmonds P, Holmes EC, Cha TA, Chan SW, McOmish F, Irvine B et al. Classification of hepatitis C virus into six major genotypes and a series of subtypes by phylogenetic analysis of the NS-5 region. J Gen Virol. 1993; 74:2391-9.
  • 12. Altindis M, Dal T, Akyar I, Karatuna O, Gokahmetoglu S, Tezcan US et al. Six-year distribution pattern of hepatitis C virus in Turkey: a multicentre study. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2016; 30: 335-40.
  • 13. https://euhcvdb.lyon.inserm.fr/euHCVdb/jsp/index.jsp. 21.09.2023
  • 14. The Global Burden of Hepatitis C Working Group. Global burden of disease (GBD) for hepatitis C. J Clin Pharmacol. 2004; 44: 20–9.
  • 15. Polaris Observatory. The authoritative resource for epidemiological data, modeling tools, training, and decision analytics to support global elimination of hepatitis B and C by 2030. Available at: http://www.hepbunited.org/assets/Webinar-Slides/8b54a78215/POLARIS-Brief-181217.pdf.
  • 16. Dore GJ. The changing therapeutic landscape for hepatitis C. Med J Aust 2012; 196: 629–2.
  • 17. World Health Organization. Guidelines for the Screening Care and Treatment of Persons with Chronic Hepatitis C Infection Updated Version April 2016: Guidelines. World Health Organization.p:15-16
  • 18. Sandres-Sauné K, Deny P, Pasquier C, Thibaut V, Duverlie G, Izopet J. Determining hepatitis C genotype by analyzing the sequence of the NS5b region, J Virol Methods. 2003; 109: 187-93.
  • 19. Patiño-Galindo JÁ, Salvatierra K, González-Candelas F, López-Labrador FX. Comprehensive screening for naturally occurring hepatitis C virus resistance to direct-acting antivirals in the NS3, NS5A, and NS5B genes in worldwide isolates of viral genotypes 1 to 6. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016; 60: 2402-16.
  • 20. Prakash S, Shukla S, Ramakrishna V, Jain A. Distribution of hepatitis C genotypes in Uttar Pradesh, India; rare genotype 4 detected. J Med Virol. 2018; 90:1875–81.
  • 21. Li R, Xie Y, Liu W, Ma Y. Hepatitis C virus genotype and subtype distribution among ethnic minorities in Liaoning Province of China. Medicine. 2021; 100: e24137
  • 22. Krekulova L, Rehak V, Strunecky O, Nemecek V. Current situation and trends in the hepatitis C virus genotype distribution among injecting drug users in the Czech Republic. Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol. 2009; 58: 84–9.
  • 23. Nemecek V, Strunecky O. Genotypic heterogeneity of hepatitis C virus (HCV) from blood donors in the Czech Republic. Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol. 2009; 58: 63–72.
  • 24. Karmochkine M, Carrat F, Dos Santos O, Cacoub P, Raguin G. A case– control study of risk factors for hepatitis C infection in patients with unexplained routes of infection. J Viral Hepat. 2006; 13: 775–82.
  • 25. Martinot-Peignoux M, Roudot-Thoraval F, Mendel I, Costel J, Izopet J, Duverlie J et al. Hepatitis C virus genotypes in France: relationship with epidemiology, pathogenicity and response to interferon therapy. J Viral Hepat. 1999; 6: 435–43.
  • 26. Feucht HH, Zöllner B, Schröter M, Hoyer A, Sterneck M, Polywka S. Distribution of genotypes and response to alpha-interferon in patients with hepatitis C virus infection in Germany. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1996; 15: 128–32.
  • 27. Ross RS, Viazov SO, Holtzer CD, Beyou A, Monnet A, Mazure C et al. Genotyping of hepatitis C virus isolates using CLIP sequencing. J Clin Microbiol. 2000; 38: 3581–4.
  • 28. Raptopoulou M, Touloumi G, Tzourmakliotis D, Nikolopoulou G, Dimopoulou M, Giannoulis G et al. Significant epidemiological changes in chronic hepatitis C infection: results of the nationwide HEPNET-GREECE cohort study. Hippokratia. 2011; 15: 26–31.
  • 29. Sarvari C, Ujhelyi E, Szlavik J. Determination of hepatitis C virus genotypes in Hungary using the Trugene HCV 5’NC genotyping test. ISMD2010 Eighth International Symposium on Molecular Diagnostics 2010 Graz, Austria Clin Chem Lab Med. 2010; 48: A1
  • 30. Matera G, Lamberti A, Quirino A, Foca D, Giancotti A, Barreca GS et al. Changes in the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 4 in Calabria, Southern Italy. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2002; 42: 169–73.
  • 31. Chlabicz S, Flisiak R, Kowalczuk O, Grzeszczuk A, Pytel-Krolczuk B, Prokopowicz D et al. Changing HCV genotypes distribution in Poland relation to source and time of infection. J Clin Virol. 2008; 42: 156–9.
  • 32. Dalgard O, Jeansson S, Skaug K, Raknerud N, Bell H. Hepatitis C in the general adult population of Oslo: prevalence and clinical spectrum. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2003; 38: 864–70.
  • 33. Zuckerman E. Liver Unit, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel. Hepatitis C in Israel. Conversation with Razavi HA. Center for Disease Analysis, Kromite, Louisville, CO, USA 2 October 2010.
  • 34. Abuelhassan WB, Gasim GI, Ally R, Menezes C. Hepatitis C infection at a tertiary hospital in South Africa: Clinical presentation, non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis, and response to therapy. S Afr Med J. 2020; 110: 920-5.
  • 35. Khadempour-Arani H, Shojaeian A, Mehri-Ghahfarrokhi A, Shahraki HR, Karimi A, Dehghan A et al. Identifying genotype profile of chronic hepatitis C infection in Southwest Iran. J Res Med Sci. 2020; 25: 1-5.
  • 36. Hadinedoushan H, Salmanroghani H, Amirbaigy MK, Akhondi-Meybodi M. “Hepatitis C virus genotypes and association with viral load in yazd, central province of iran.” Hepa Month. 2019; 14: e11705.
  • 37. Brady Z, Stoykova Z. Hepatitis C virus genotype analysis in patients with chronic hepatitis in North Eastern Bulgaria. J Drug Assess. 2019; 8:146-9.
  • 38. Sarvar E, Ozekinci T, Mese S, Atmaca S. Hepatitis C virus genotypes are changing in the Southeast of Turkey. Biotechnol Biotechnol Eq. 2009; 23: 1521-23.
  • 39. Şanlıdağ T, Akcali S, Ozbakkaloğlu B, Ertekin D, Akduman E. Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in Manisa region, Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2009; 43: 613-8.
  • 40. Çelik C, Bakıcı MZ, Kaygusuz R, Ertürk R. Investigation of HCV genotype distributions in Sivas region. Viral Hepatit Derg. 2010; 16: 106-10.
  • 41. Kalayci R, Altindiş M, Gülamber G, Demirtürk N, Akcan Y, Demirdal T. Genotype distribution of chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis C patients and investigation of the resistance patterns in hepatitis B cases. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2010; 44: 237-43.
  • 42. Aktaş E, Ogedey ED, Külah C, Beğendik Cömert F. Hepatitis C virus genotypes in a province of Western Black-Sea region, Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2010; 44: 647-50.
  • 43 Özbek T, Savaş E, Savaş MC. Genotype distribution and 5’ UTR nucleotide changes in hepatitis C virus. Balkan Med J. 2011; 28: 232-6.
  • 44. Tezcan S, Ülger M, Aslan G, Yaraş S, Altındaş E, Sezgin O et al. Genotype Distribution in Mersin Province, Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2013; 47: 332-8.
  • 45. Buruk CK, Bayramoglu G, Reis A, Kaklıkkaya N, Tosun I, Aydın F. Determination of hepatitis C virus genotypes among hepatitis C patients in eastern black sea region, Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2013; 47: 650-7.
  • 46. Sağlik İ, Mutlu D, Öngut G, İnan D, Öğünç D, Can Sarinoğlu R et al. Distribution of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes among Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Infection in Akdeniz University Hospital, Antalya, Turkey: A Five-Year Evaluation. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2014; 48: 429-37.
  • 47. Calıskan A, Kirisci O, Ozkaya E, Ozden S, Tümer S, Caglar S et al. Distribution and Predomi-nance of Genotype 3 in Hepatitis C Virus Carriers in the Province of Kahramanmaras, Turkey. Hepat Mon. 2015; 15: e25142
  • 48. Cetin Duran A, Kibar F, Cetiner S, Yaman A. Determination of Hepatitis C virus genotype and HCV infection transmission routes in Cukurova University Medical Faculty Hospital. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg 2017; 74: 201-210.
  • 49. Tüzüner U, Saran Gülcen B, Özdemir M, Feyzioğlu B, Baykan M. Seven-year Genotype Distribution Among Hepatitis C Patients in a City in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. Viral Hepat J. 2018; 24:12-7.
  • 50. Karabulut N, Alaçam S, Yolcu A, Onel M, Agaçfidan A. Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in Istanbul, Turkey. Indian journal of medical microbiology. 2018; 36: 192-6.
  • 51. Duran AÇ, Çetinkaya ÖK, Sayıner AA, Şeydaoğlu G, Özkarataş E, Abacıoğlu H. Changes on Hepatitis C Virus Genotype Distribution in Western Turkey: Evaluation of Twelve-Year Data. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2020; 31: 128-35.
  • 52. Suntur BM, Kaya H, Şahin Eker HB, Kara B, Bozok T, Unal N. A cross-sectional study of real-life data of HCV from Turkey south region, J Infect Dev Ctries. 2020; 14: 380-386.

Hepatitis C Genotype Assay and Sequence Analysis at a University Hospital in Eastern Türkiye

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3, 279 - 286, 30.12.2023

Çiğdem Eda Balkan Bozlak Abdullah Gümüş Ahmet Yılmaz

Öz

Aim: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a virus with many genotypes and subtypes that can cause cirrhosis, liver failure, and cancer worldwide. Countries must also identify their genotypes and subtypes to determine the treatment process for HCV infections. This study aimed to determine the HCV genotype among 71 patients who visited Kafkas University Hospital and tested positive for anti-HCV via macro-ELISA over three years.
Material and Method: 71 samples collected from patients admitted to our hospital and identified as anti-HCV positive using the ELISA method were included in our study. The 5’untranslated region (5’UTR) region of HCV was amplified and sequenced by PCR. 5’-ctgtgaggaactactgtctt-3’ and 5’-atactcgaggtgcacggtctacgagacct- 3’ primers were used for 5’UTR region. Sequence reactions were conducted on an ABI Prism 3130xl DNA sequencer, and sequence analysis was performed. The resulting sequence was screened in HCV Databank to detect genotype.
Results: The HCV genotype distribution of 56 samples was as follows: 27 (48%) patients were male and 29 (51%) were female. Genotype1a, 6 (8.5%); Genotype1b, 40 (71%); Genotype3a, 7 (12%); Genotype4, 3 (6%). According to our results, Type1b, the most common species in Türkiye, was also found to be the highest in our city.
Conclusion: We hope this study provides the regional distribution of the procedures to be followed in the formation of treatments for HCV-positive patients in Türkiye since it is the first study to determine HCV genotype in our region.

Anahtar Kelimeler

HCV genotype subtypes sequence analysis; polymerase chain reaction

Kaynakça

  • 1. Lindenbach BD, Rice CM. Unravelling hepatitis C virus replication from genome to function. Nature. 2005;436: 933-8
  • 2. Dore GJ, Bajis S. Hepatitis C virus elimination: laying the foundation for achieving 2030 targets. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020; 18: 91-2.
  • 3. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c. 18.12.2020
  • 4. Razavi H, Elkhoury AC, Elbasha E, Estes C, Pasini K, Poynard T et al. Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) disease burden and cost in the United States. Hepatology. 2013;57:2164–2170. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5. Petruzziello A, Marigliano S, Loquercio G, Cozzolino A, Cacciapuoti C. Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection: An up-date of the distribution and circulation of hepatitis C virus genotypes. World J Gastroenterol. 2016; 22: 7824–40.
  • 6. Cooke GS, Lemoine M, Thursz M, Gore C, Swan T, Kamarulzaman A et al. Viral hepatitis and the Global Burden of Disease: a need to regroup. J Viral Hepat. 2013; 20: 600–1.
  • 7. Mohd Hanafiah K, Groeger J, Flaxman AD, Wiersma ST. Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection: new estimates of age-specific antibody to HCV seroprevalence. Hepatology. 2013; 57:1333–42.
  • 8. Kato N. Genome of human hepatitis C virus (HCV): gene organization, sequence diversity, and variation. Microbial & comparative genomics, 2000, 5.3: 129-151.
  • 9. Messina JP, Humphreys I, Flaxman A, Brown A, Cooke GS, Pybus OG et al. Global distribution and prevalence of hepatitis C virus genotypes. Hepatology, 2015, 61.1: 77-87.
  • 10. McOmish F, Yap PL, Dow BC, Follett EA, Seed C, Keller AJ et al. Geographical distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in blood donors: an international collaborative survey. J Clin Microbiol. 1994; 32: 884- 92.
  • 11. Simmonds P, Holmes EC, Cha TA, Chan SW, McOmish F, Irvine B et al. Classification of hepatitis C virus into six major genotypes and a series of subtypes by phylogenetic analysis of the NS-5 region. J Gen Virol. 1993; 74:2391-9.
  • 12. Altindis M, Dal T, Akyar I, Karatuna O, Gokahmetoglu S, Tezcan US et al. Six-year distribution pattern of hepatitis C virus in Turkey: a multicentre study. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2016; 30: 335-40.
  • 13. https://euhcvdb.lyon.inserm.fr/euHCVdb/jsp/index.jsp. 21.09.2023
  • 14. The Global Burden of Hepatitis C Working Group. Global burden of disease (GBD) for hepatitis C. J Clin Pharmacol. 2004; 44: 20–9.
  • 15. Polaris Observatory. The authoritative resource for epidemiological data, modeling tools, training, and decision analytics to support global elimination of hepatitis B and C by 2030. Available at: http://www.hepbunited.org/assets/Webinar-Slides/8b54a78215/POLARIS-Brief-181217.pdf.
  • 16. Dore GJ. The changing therapeutic landscape for hepatitis C. Med J Aust 2012; 196: 629–2.
  • 17. World Health Organization. Guidelines for the Screening Care and Treatment of Persons with Chronic Hepatitis C Infection Updated Version April 2016: Guidelines. World Health Organization.p:15-16
  • 18. Sandres-Sauné K, Deny P, Pasquier C, Thibaut V, Duverlie G, Izopet J. Determining hepatitis C genotype by analyzing the sequence of the NS5b region, J Virol Methods. 2003; 109: 187-93.
  • 19. Patiño-Galindo JÁ, Salvatierra K, González-Candelas F, López-Labrador FX. Comprehensive screening for naturally occurring hepatitis C virus resistance to direct-acting antivirals in the NS3, NS5A, and NS5B genes in worldwide isolates of viral genotypes 1 to 6. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016; 60: 2402-16.
  • 20. Prakash S, Shukla S, Ramakrishna V, Jain A. Distribution of hepatitis C genotypes in Uttar Pradesh, India; rare genotype 4 detected. J Med Virol. 2018; 90:1875–81.
  • 21. Li R, Xie Y, Liu W, Ma Y. Hepatitis C virus genotype and subtype distribution among ethnic minorities in Liaoning Province of China. Medicine. 2021; 100: e24137
  • 22. Krekulova L, Rehak V, Strunecky O, Nemecek V. Current situation and trends in the hepatitis C virus genotype distribution among injecting drug users in the Czech Republic. Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol. 2009; 58: 84–9.
  • 23. Nemecek V, Strunecky O. Genotypic heterogeneity of hepatitis C virus (HCV) from blood donors in the Czech Republic. Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol. 2009; 58: 63–72.
  • 24. Karmochkine M, Carrat F, Dos Santos O, Cacoub P, Raguin G. A case– control study of risk factors for hepatitis C infection in patients with unexplained routes of infection. J Viral Hepat. 2006; 13: 775–82.
  • 25. Martinot-Peignoux M, Roudot-Thoraval F, Mendel I, Costel J, Izopet J, Duverlie J et al. Hepatitis C virus genotypes in France: relationship with epidemiology, pathogenicity and response to interferon therapy. J Viral Hepat. 1999; 6: 435–43.
  • 26. Feucht HH, Zöllner B, Schröter M, Hoyer A, Sterneck M, Polywka S. Distribution of genotypes and response to alpha-interferon in patients with hepatitis C virus infection in Germany. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1996; 15: 128–32.
  • 27. Ross RS, Viazov SO, Holtzer CD, Beyou A, Monnet A, Mazure C et al. Genotyping of hepatitis C virus isolates using CLIP sequencing. J Clin Microbiol. 2000; 38: 3581–4.
  • 28. Raptopoulou M, Touloumi G, Tzourmakliotis D, Nikolopoulou G, Dimopoulou M, Giannoulis G et al. Significant epidemiological changes in chronic hepatitis C infection: results of the nationwide HEPNET-GREECE cohort study. Hippokratia. 2011; 15: 26–31.
  • 29. Sarvari C, Ujhelyi E, Szlavik J. Determination of hepatitis C virus genotypes in Hungary using the Trugene HCV 5’NC genotyping test. ISMD2010 Eighth International Symposium on Molecular Diagnostics 2010 Graz, Austria Clin Chem Lab Med. 2010; 48: A1
  • 30. Matera G, Lamberti A, Quirino A, Foca D, Giancotti A, Barreca GS et al. Changes in the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 4 in Calabria, Southern Italy. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2002; 42: 169–73.
  • 31. Chlabicz S, Flisiak R, Kowalczuk O, Grzeszczuk A, Pytel-Krolczuk B, Prokopowicz D et al. Changing HCV genotypes distribution in Poland relation to source and time of infection. J Clin Virol. 2008; 42: 156–9.
  • 32. Dalgard O, Jeansson S, Skaug K, Raknerud N, Bell H. Hepatitis C in the general adult population of Oslo: prevalence and clinical spectrum. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2003; 38: 864–70.
  • 33. Zuckerman E. Liver Unit, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel. Hepatitis C in Israel. Conversation with Razavi HA. Center for Disease Analysis, Kromite, Louisville, CO, USA 2 October 2010.
  • 34. Abuelhassan WB, Gasim GI, Ally R, Menezes C. Hepatitis C infection at a tertiary hospital in South Africa: Clinical presentation, non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis, and response to therapy. S Afr Med J. 2020; 110: 920-5.
  • 35. Khadempour-Arani H, Shojaeian A, Mehri-Ghahfarrokhi A, Shahraki HR, Karimi A, Dehghan A et al. Identifying genotype profile of chronic hepatitis C infection in Southwest Iran. J Res Med Sci. 2020; 25: 1-5.
  • 36. Hadinedoushan H, Salmanroghani H, Amirbaigy MK, Akhondi-Meybodi M. “Hepatitis C virus genotypes and association with viral load in yazd, central province of iran.” Hepa Month. 2019; 14: e11705.
  • 37. Brady Z, Stoykova Z. Hepatitis C virus genotype analysis in patients with chronic hepatitis in North Eastern Bulgaria. J Drug Assess. 2019; 8:146-9.
  • 38. Sarvar E, Ozekinci T, Mese S, Atmaca S. Hepatitis C virus genotypes are changing in the Southeast of Turkey. Biotechnol Biotechnol Eq. 2009; 23: 1521-23.
  • 39. Şanlıdağ T, Akcali S, Ozbakkaloğlu B, Ertekin D, Akduman E. Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in Manisa region, Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2009; 43: 613-8.
  • 40. Çelik C, Bakıcı MZ, Kaygusuz R, Ertürk R. Investigation of HCV genotype distributions in Sivas region. Viral Hepatit Derg. 2010; 16: 106-10.
  • 41. Kalayci R, Altindiş M, Gülamber G, Demirtürk N, Akcan Y, Demirdal T. Genotype distribution of chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis C patients and investigation of the resistance patterns in hepatitis B cases. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2010; 44: 237-43.
  • 42. Aktaş E, Ogedey ED, Külah C, Beğendik Cömert F. Hepatitis C virus genotypes in a province of Western Black-Sea region, Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2010; 44: 647-50.
  • 43 Özbek T, Savaş E, Savaş MC. Genotype distribution and 5’ UTR nucleotide changes in hepatitis C virus. Balkan Med J. 2011; 28: 232-6.
  • 44. Tezcan S, Ülger M, Aslan G, Yaraş S, Altındaş E, Sezgin O et al. Genotype Distribution in Mersin Province, Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2013; 47: 332-8.
  • 45. Buruk CK, Bayramoglu G, Reis A, Kaklıkkaya N, Tosun I, Aydın F. Determination of hepatitis C virus genotypes among hepatitis C patients in eastern black sea region, Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2013; 47: 650-7.
  • 46. Sağlik İ, Mutlu D, Öngut G, İnan D, Öğünç D, Can Sarinoğlu R et al. Distribution of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes among Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Infection in Akdeniz University Hospital, Antalya, Turkey: A Five-Year Evaluation. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2014; 48: 429-37.
  • 47. Calıskan A, Kirisci O, Ozkaya E, Ozden S, Tümer S, Caglar S et al. Distribution and Predomi-nance of Genotype 3 in Hepatitis C Virus Carriers in the Province of Kahramanmaras, Turkey. Hepat Mon. 2015; 15: e25142
  • 48. Cetin Duran A, Kibar F, Cetiner S, Yaman A. Determination of Hepatitis C virus genotype and HCV infection transmission routes in Cukurova University Medical Faculty Hospital. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg 2017; 74: 201-210.
  • 49. Tüzüner U, Saran Gülcen B, Özdemir M, Feyzioğlu B, Baykan M. Seven-year Genotype Distribution Among Hepatitis C Patients in a City in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. Viral Hepat J. 2018; 24:12-7.
  • 50. Karabulut N, Alaçam S, Yolcu A, Onel M, Agaçfidan A. Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in Istanbul, Turkey. Indian journal of medical microbiology. 2018; 36: 192-6.
  • 51. Duran AÇ, Çetinkaya ÖK, Sayıner AA, Şeydaoğlu G, Özkarataş E, Abacıoğlu H. Changes on Hepatitis C Virus Genotype Distribution in Western Turkey: Evaluation of Twelve-Year Data. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2020; 31: 128-35.
  • 52. Suntur BM, Kaya H, Şahin Eker HB, Kara B, Bozok T, Unal N. A cross-sectional study of real-life data of HCV from Turkey south region, J Infect Dev Ctries. 2020; 14: 380-386.
Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Klinik Mikrobiyoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Çiğdem Eda Balkan Bozlak Bu kişi benim

Abdullah Gümüş Bu kişi benim

Ahmet Yılmaz

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Balkan Bozlak, Ç. E., Gümüş, A., & Yılmaz, A. (2023). Hepatitis C Genotype Assay and Sequence Analysis at a University Hospital in Eastern Türkiye. Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences, 13(3), 279-286.
AMA Balkan Bozlak ÇE, Gümüş A, Yılmaz A. Hepatitis C Genotype Assay and Sequence Analysis at a University Hospital in Eastern Türkiye. Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences. Aralık 2023;13(3):279-286.
Chicago Balkan Bozlak, Çiğdem Eda, Abdullah Gümüş, ve Ahmet Yılmaz. “Hepatitis C Genotype Assay and Sequence Analysis at a University Hospital in Eastern Türkiye”. Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences 13, sy. 3 (Aralık 2023): 279-86.
EndNote Balkan Bozlak ÇE, Gümüş A, Yılmaz A (01 Aralık 2023) Hepatitis C Genotype Assay and Sequence Analysis at a University Hospital in Eastern Türkiye. Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences 13 3 279–286.
IEEE Ç. E. Balkan Bozlak, A. Gümüş, ve A. Yılmaz, “Hepatitis C Genotype Assay and Sequence Analysis at a University Hospital in Eastern Türkiye”, Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences, c. 13, sy. 3, ss. 279–286, 2023.
ISNAD Balkan Bozlak, Çiğdem Eda vd. “Hepatitis C Genotype Assay and Sequence Analysis at a University Hospital in Eastern Türkiye”. Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences 13/3 (Aralık 2023), 279-286.
JAMA Balkan Bozlak ÇE, Gümüş A, Yılmaz A. Hepatitis C Genotype Assay and Sequence Analysis at a University Hospital in Eastern Türkiye. Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences. 2023;13:279–286.
MLA Balkan Bozlak, Çiğdem Eda vd. “Hepatitis C Genotype Assay and Sequence Analysis at a University Hospital in Eastern Türkiye”. Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences, c. 13, sy. 3, 2023, ss. 279-86.
Vancouver Balkan Bozlak ÇE, Gümüş A, Yılmaz A. Hepatitis C Genotype Assay and Sequence Analysis at a University Hospital in Eastern Türkiye. Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences. 2023;13(3):279-86.
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