Araştırma Makalesi
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Hemşirelerin Covid-19 Sürecinde Stigma ile İlgili Deneyimleri ve Başetme Yöntemleri: Kalitatif Bir Çalışma

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 17 Sayı: Pandemi Özel Sayısı, 3199 - 3220, 30.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.886387

Öz

Damgalanmayı azaltmak ve önlemek için gerekli tedbirlerin alınması ve koruyucu psikososyal müdahalelerin planlanması özellikle yüksek riskli hastalarla temas halinde olan hemşireler için büyük önem taşımaktadır.COVID-19 ile mücadele sürecinde hemşirelerin sosyal damgalanma konusundaki deneyimlerini belirlemektir. Tanımlayıcı nitel araştırma tasarımı uygulanan çalışma, bir eğitim ve araştırma hastanesinde Haziran ve Eylül 2020 tarihleri arasında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın örneklemini COVID-19 salgını sırasında bir pandemi hastanesinde çalışan 15 hemşire oluşturmuştur. Araştırma verileri, Sosyo-Demografik Bilgi Formu ve Yarı Yapılandırılmış Görüşme Formu ile toplanmıştır. Araştırma kalitatif çalışmalar için rehber niteliğindeki Kalitatif Araştırma Raporlama Konsolide Kriterleri kontrol listesi (COREQ) temel alınarak nitel araştırma paradigmasına göre planlanmıştır. Katılımcıların yaş ortalaması 38 (min: 24-maks: 54) olup 10'u kadın, 10'u bekar, 9'u çocuk, 10'u yüksek lisans mezunudur. Katılımcıların ortalama 12.9 yıllık iş tecrübesine (min: 1 - maks: 30), 7.1 yıl klinik çalışma (min: 1 - maks: 17) deneyimine sahip oldukları belirlenmiştir. Verilerin analizinde damgalanma deneyimleri, damgalanma ile baş etme ve damgalanmanın psikolojik-sosyal sonuçları olmak üzere üç ana tema belirlenmiştir. Klinik ve sosyal ortamlarında damgalanmış tutumlara maruz kalan hemşirelerin, daha sonra psikososyal olumsuz etkilere yol açan süreçte ağırlıklı olarak pasif başa çıkma yöntemlerine başvurdukları belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarının teorik, klinik, akademik ve idari alanda değerlendirilmesi önem taşımaktadır. Sağlık bakım uzmanlarına yönelik proaktif anti-stigma programlarının planlanması önemlidir.

Proje Numarası

bulunmamaktadır

Kaynakça

  • Abdelhafiz, A.S., and Alorabi, M. (2020). Social stigma: the hidden threat of COVID-19. Frontiers in Public Health, 8.
  • Abioye, I.A., Omotayo, M.O., Alakija, W. (2011). Socio-demographic determinants of stigma among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Lagos, Nigeria. Afr Health Sci Suppl 1, 100–4.
  • Bagcchi, S. (2020). Stigma during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet, (20),782.
  • Boddy, C.R. (2016). Sample size for qualitative research. Qualitative market research. An international journal, 19(4), 1–6.
  • Cai, H., Tu, B., Ma, J., Chen, L., Fu, L., Jiang, Y., and Zhuang, Q. (2020). Psychological impact and coping strategies of frontline medical staff in hunan between january and march 2020 during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) in hubei, china. Medical science monitor: International Medical Journal Of Experimental And Clinical Research, (26):e924171-1.
  • Canada Center For Occupational Health And Safety. (2020). Coronavirus (COVID-19) Tips. preventing stigma. https://www.ccohs.ca/newsletters/hsreport/issues/current.html#hsreport-ontopic accessed on 09.09.2020
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-COVID-19. (2019). Reducing stigma, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/reducing-stigma.html Access on 10.09.2020
  • Colorafi, K.J. and Evans, B. (2016). Qualitative descriptive methods in health science research. Health Environments Research and Design Journal, 9(4), 16–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586715614171.
  • Corrigan, P.W., Druss, B.G. and Perlick, D.A. (2014). The impact of mental illness stigma on seeking and participating in mental health care. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 15(2), 37-70.
  • Courtwright, A., Turner, AN. (2010). Tuberculosis and stigmatization:pathways and interventions. Public Health Rep, 125(4), 34–42.
  • Elo, S., Kyngäs, H. (2008). The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62(1), 107– 115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x
  • Ganapathy, N. (2020). Healthcare workers in India face stigma amid fight against coronavirus [Internet]. The Straits Times 2020 [cited April 26, 2020]. Available from: https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south- asia/healthcare-workers-face-stigma-amid-fight-against-coronavirus.
  • Giusti, E.M., Pedroli, E., D'Aniello, G. E., Badiale, C. S., Pietrabissa, G., Manna, C., Badiale, MS., Riva, G., Castelnuovo, G., and Molinari, E. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on health professionals: a cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(1684). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01684.
  • Goffman, E. (2014). Damga: örselenmiş kimliğin idare edilişi üzerine notlar. (Çev. L. S. Ş.Geniş), Ankara: Heretik Yayıncılık.
  • Kadıoğlu, M. and Hotun Şahin, N. (2015). Stigmatizasyon (damgalama) ve kadın. Sağlık ve Toplum, 25(3),3-9.
  • Kolkata HE-PSAR. (2020). Indian doctors being evicted from homes over coronavirus fears [Internet]. The Guardian, 2020 [cited May 2, 2020]. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/30/indian-doctors-being-evicted-from-homes-over-coronavirus-fears
  • Lai, J., Ma, S., Wang, Y., Cai, Z., Hu, J., Wei, N., Wu, J., Du, H., Chen T., Li, R., Tan, H., Kang, L., Yao, L., Huang, M., Wang, H., Wang, G., Liu, Z., Hu, S. (2020). Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Network Open, 3, Article e203976. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976.
  • Lobo, S. (2020). Mob denies burial to Chennai doctor after Covid-19 death, many ask is clapping hands enough. India Today [cited May 3, 2020]. Available from: https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/chennai-doctor-dies-of-coronavirus-denied-burial-10-points-1669313-2020-04-21.
  • Menon, V. (2020). Stigma and aggression against health care workers in india amidst COVID-19 times: possible drivers and mitigation strategies. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 4(42).
  • Mental Health Foundation, (2020). Looking after your mental health while working during the coronavirus outbreak. Available online at:https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/publications/looking-after-your- mentalhealth-during-coronavirus-outbreak/while-working (accessed September 25, 2020).
  • Oran, N.T., Şenuzun, F. (2008). Toplumda kırılması gereken bir zincir: HIV/AIDS stigması ve baş etme stratejileri. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(1),1-16.
  • Pandey, S.C., Patnaik, S. (2014). Establishing reliability and validity in qualitative inquiry: A critical examination. Jharkhand Journal of Development and Management Studies, 12(1),5743–5753.
  • Poudel, A. (2020). Stigma against health workers, patients and area locals continues in covid-19 hotspots. https://kathmandupost.com/national/2020/05/01/stigmaagainst-health-workers-patients-and-area- locals-continues-in-covid-19-hotspots.
  • Ramaci, T., Barattucci, M., Ledda, C. ve Rapisarda, V. (2020). Social stigma during COVID-19 and its impact on HCWs outcomes. Sustainability, 12,3834. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093834.
  • Sandelowski, M. (2010). What’s in a name ? Qualitative description revisited. Research in Nursing & Health, 77–84. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20362.
  • Sakhadeo, D. (2020). Healthcare workers attacked as fears about coronavirus take hold of India. Global Voices. Available from: https://globalvoices. org/2020/04/02/healthcare-workersattacked-as-fears- about-coronavirus-takehold-of-india/
  • Shigemura, J., Ursano, R. J., Morganstein, J. C., Kurosawa, M. ve Benedek, D. M. (2020). Public responses to the novel 2019 coronavirus (2019‐nCoV) in Japan: mental health consequences and target populations. Psychiatry And Clinical Neurosciences, 74(4),281.
  • Tandon, R. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic, personal reflections on editorial responsibility. Asian J. Psychiatr. 50, 102100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102100.
  • Taylor, S. (2019). The psychology of pandemics: Preparing for the next global outbreak of infectious disease. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • The Economist, (2020). Health workers become unexpected targets during COVID-19. The Economist May 11, 2020.
  • Türk Psikiyatri Derneği (Turkish Psychiatry Association) (2020). COVID-19 ve damgalama. https://www. psikiyatri.org.tr/uploadFiles/243202019327-DamgalanmaCOVID.pdf. (Access on 07.09.2020).
  • Tong, A., Sainsbury, P., and Craig, J. (2007). Consolidated criterio for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): A 32- item checklist for interviews and focus group. International Journal of Qualitative in Health Care, 19(6), 349–357. https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzm042.
  • Topkaya, N. (2011). Psikolojik yardım alma niyetinin sosyal damgalama, tedavi korkusu, beklenen yarar, beklenen risk ve tutum faktörleriyle modellenmesi. İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Uvais, N.A., Aziz, F. ve Hafeeq, B. (2020). COVID-19-related stigma and perceived stress among dialysis staff. Journal of Nephrology, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-020-00833-x.
  • Uvais NA., Shihabudheen P. ve Bishurul Hafi, NA. (2020). Perceived stress and stigma among doctors working in COVID-19-designated hospitals in India. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord, 22(4),20br02724
  • WHO, (2019). Events as they happen. Rolling updates on coronavirus disease (COVID-19) https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen
  • WHO, (2020). Mental health and psychosocial considerations during the covid-19 outbreak. Available online at, https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/mental-health-considerations.pdf (accessed June 28, 2020).
  • Withnall, A. (2020). Coronavirus: Why india has had to pass new law against attacks on healthcare workers. The Independent.
  • Xiong, Y., Peng, L. (2020). Focusing on health-care providers’ experiences in the COVID-19 crisis. Lancet Glob. Health 8(6), e740–741. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X (20)30214-X.
  • Yaman, E. and Güngör, H. (2013). Relationship between stigma tendencies of school administration teachers’ and organizational culture”. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 5(3), 783-797.
  • Yıldırım, A., Şimşek, H. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. 10. Baskı. Ankara, Türkiye: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Yu, H., Li, M., Li, Z., Xiang, W., Yuan, Y., Liu, Y., Li, Z., and Xiong, Z. (2020). The Coping style, social support and psychological distress in the general Chinese population in the early stages of the COVID-2019 epidemic. BMC Psychiatry, 20, 426. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02826-3.

Nurses Experiences and Coping Styles About Stigma During Covid-19: A Qualitative Study

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 17 Sayı: Pandemi Özel Sayısı, 3199 - 3220, 30.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.886387

Öz

It is of great importance to take necessary measures to reduce and prevent stigma, and plan protective psychosocial interventions for the healthcare workers, especially for the nurses who are in contact with high-risk patients. This study was conducted to solicit nurses’ views on social stigmatization in the process of combating COVID-19. A descriptive qualitative method was utilized on the nurses in a training and research hospital between June and September 2020. The sample of the study consisted of 15 nurses who worked in a designated pandemic hospital during the COVID-19 outbreak. The research data was gathered via Socio‐Demographic Information Form and Semi‐Structured Interview Form. Subsequently, content analysis was registered. This study was based on COREQ (consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research) which is known to establish explicit guidelines in reporting qualitative research. The average age of the participants was 38 (min: 24–max: 54), of which 10 were women, 10 were single, 9 had children, 10 had a graduate degree. Participants had an average of 12.9 years of work experience (min: 1- max:30) of which 7.1 years was clinical work (min: 1- max:17). Three main themes were identified for the analysis of data, namely, the experiences of stigma, coping with stigma, and psychological-social results of stigma. It was determined that nurses, who were exposed to stigmatized attitudes in their clinical and social environments, mainly had recourse to employ passive coping methods during the process which later posed psychosocial adverse effects. Evaluation of the research results in theoretical, clinical, academic, and administrative settings shows necessity. Health care professionals can make use of proactive anti-stigma programs to sustain their effective work environment.

Destekleyen Kurum

bulunmamaktadır

Proje Numarası

bulunmamaktadır

Teşekkür

Thanks to Assisst. Prof. Julide Gülizar Yıldırım for her support during data analysis.

Kaynakça

  • Abdelhafiz, A.S., and Alorabi, M. (2020). Social stigma: the hidden threat of COVID-19. Frontiers in Public Health, 8.
  • Abioye, I.A., Omotayo, M.O., Alakija, W. (2011). Socio-demographic determinants of stigma among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Lagos, Nigeria. Afr Health Sci Suppl 1, 100–4.
  • Bagcchi, S. (2020). Stigma during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet, (20),782.
  • Boddy, C.R. (2016). Sample size for qualitative research. Qualitative market research. An international journal, 19(4), 1–6.
  • Cai, H., Tu, B., Ma, J., Chen, L., Fu, L., Jiang, Y., and Zhuang, Q. (2020). Psychological impact and coping strategies of frontline medical staff in hunan between january and march 2020 during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) in hubei, china. Medical science monitor: International Medical Journal Of Experimental And Clinical Research, (26):e924171-1.
  • Canada Center For Occupational Health And Safety. (2020). Coronavirus (COVID-19) Tips. preventing stigma. https://www.ccohs.ca/newsletters/hsreport/issues/current.html#hsreport-ontopic accessed on 09.09.2020
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-COVID-19. (2019). Reducing stigma, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/reducing-stigma.html Access on 10.09.2020
  • Colorafi, K.J. and Evans, B. (2016). Qualitative descriptive methods in health science research. Health Environments Research and Design Journal, 9(4), 16–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586715614171.
  • Corrigan, P.W., Druss, B.G. and Perlick, D.A. (2014). The impact of mental illness stigma on seeking and participating in mental health care. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 15(2), 37-70.
  • Courtwright, A., Turner, AN. (2010). Tuberculosis and stigmatization:pathways and interventions. Public Health Rep, 125(4), 34–42.
  • Elo, S., Kyngäs, H. (2008). The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62(1), 107– 115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x
  • Ganapathy, N. (2020). Healthcare workers in India face stigma amid fight against coronavirus [Internet]. The Straits Times 2020 [cited April 26, 2020]. Available from: https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south- asia/healthcare-workers-face-stigma-amid-fight-against-coronavirus.
  • Giusti, E.M., Pedroli, E., D'Aniello, G. E., Badiale, C. S., Pietrabissa, G., Manna, C., Badiale, MS., Riva, G., Castelnuovo, G., and Molinari, E. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on health professionals: a cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(1684). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01684.
  • Goffman, E. (2014). Damga: örselenmiş kimliğin idare edilişi üzerine notlar. (Çev. L. S. Ş.Geniş), Ankara: Heretik Yayıncılık.
  • Kadıoğlu, M. and Hotun Şahin, N. (2015). Stigmatizasyon (damgalama) ve kadın. Sağlık ve Toplum, 25(3),3-9.
  • Kolkata HE-PSAR. (2020). Indian doctors being evicted from homes over coronavirus fears [Internet]. The Guardian, 2020 [cited May 2, 2020]. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/30/indian-doctors-being-evicted-from-homes-over-coronavirus-fears
  • Lai, J., Ma, S., Wang, Y., Cai, Z., Hu, J., Wei, N., Wu, J., Du, H., Chen T., Li, R., Tan, H., Kang, L., Yao, L., Huang, M., Wang, H., Wang, G., Liu, Z., Hu, S. (2020). Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Network Open, 3, Article e203976. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976.
  • Lobo, S. (2020). Mob denies burial to Chennai doctor after Covid-19 death, many ask is clapping hands enough. India Today [cited May 3, 2020]. Available from: https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/chennai-doctor-dies-of-coronavirus-denied-burial-10-points-1669313-2020-04-21.
  • Menon, V. (2020). Stigma and aggression against health care workers in india amidst COVID-19 times: possible drivers and mitigation strategies. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 4(42).
  • Mental Health Foundation, (2020). Looking after your mental health while working during the coronavirus outbreak. Available online at:https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/publications/looking-after-your- mentalhealth-during-coronavirus-outbreak/while-working (accessed September 25, 2020).
  • Oran, N.T., Şenuzun, F. (2008). Toplumda kırılması gereken bir zincir: HIV/AIDS stigması ve baş etme stratejileri. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(1),1-16.
  • Pandey, S.C., Patnaik, S. (2014). Establishing reliability and validity in qualitative inquiry: A critical examination. Jharkhand Journal of Development and Management Studies, 12(1),5743–5753.
  • Poudel, A. (2020). Stigma against health workers, patients and area locals continues in covid-19 hotspots. https://kathmandupost.com/national/2020/05/01/stigmaagainst-health-workers-patients-and-area- locals-continues-in-covid-19-hotspots.
  • Ramaci, T., Barattucci, M., Ledda, C. ve Rapisarda, V. (2020). Social stigma during COVID-19 and its impact on HCWs outcomes. Sustainability, 12,3834. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093834.
  • Sandelowski, M. (2010). What’s in a name ? Qualitative description revisited. Research in Nursing & Health, 77–84. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20362.
  • Sakhadeo, D. (2020). Healthcare workers attacked as fears about coronavirus take hold of India. Global Voices. Available from: https://globalvoices. org/2020/04/02/healthcare-workersattacked-as-fears- about-coronavirus-takehold-of-india/
  • Shigemura, J., Ursano, R. J., Morganstein, J. C., Kurosawa, M. ve Benedek, D. M. (2020). Public responses to the novel 2019 coronavirus (2019‐nCoV) in Japan: mental health consequences and target populations. Psychiatry And Clinical Neurosciences, 74(4),281.
  • Tandon, R. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic, personal reflections on editorial responsibility. Asian J. Psychiatr. 50, 102100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102100.
  • Taylor, S. (2019). The psychology of pandemics: Preparing for the next global outbreak of infectious disease. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • The Economist, (2020). Health workers become unexpected targets during COVID-19. The Economist May 11, 2020.
  • Türk Psikiyatri Derneği (Turkish Psychiatry Association) (2020). COVID-19 ve damgalama. https://www. psikiyatri.org.tr/uploadFiles/243202019327-DamgalanmaCOVID.pdf. (Access on 07.09.2020).
  • Tong, A., Sainsbury, P., and Craig, J. (2007). Consolidated criterio for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): A 32- item checklist for interviews and focus group. International Journal of Qualitative in Health Care, 19(6), 349–357. https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzm042.
  • Topkaya, N. (2011). Psikolojik yardım alma niyetinin sosyal damgalama, tedavi korkusu, beklenen yarar, beklenen risk ve tutum faktörleriyle modellenmesi. İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Uvais, N.A., Aziz, F. ve Hafeeq, B. (2020). COVID-19-related stigma and perceived stress among dialysis staff. Journal of Nephrology, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-020-00833-x.
  • Uvais NA., Shihabudheen P. ve Bishurul Hafi, NA. (2020). Perceived stress and stigma among doctors working in COVID-19-designated hospitals in India. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord, 22(4),20br02724
  • WHO, (2019). Events as they happen. Rolling updates on coronavirus disease (COVID-19) https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen
  • WHO, (2020). Mental health and psychosocial considerations during the covid-19 outbreak. Available online at, https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/mental-health-considerations.pdf (accessed June 28, 2020).
  • Withnall, A. (2020). Coronavirus: Why india has had to pass new law against attacks on healthcare workers. The Independent.
  • Xiong, Y., Peng, L. (2020). Focusing on health-care providers’ experiences in the COVID-19 crisis. Lancet Glob. Health 8(6), e740–741. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X (20)30214-X.
  • Yaman, E. and Güngör, H. (2013). Relationship between stigma tendencies of school administration teachers’ and organizational culture”. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 5(3), 783-797.
  • Yıldırım, A., Şimşek, H. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. 10. Baskı. Ankara, Türkiye: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Yu, H., Li, M., Li, Z., Xiang, W., Yuan, Y., Liu, Y., Li, Z., and Xiong, Z. (2020). The Coping style, social support and psychological distress in the general Chinese population in the early stages of the COVID-2019 epidemic. BMC Psychiatry, 20, 426. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02826-3.
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Psikoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Melike Yönder Ertem 0000-0002-7039-3650

Proje Numarası bulunmamaktadır
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2021
Kabul Tarihi 30 Mart 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 17 Sayı: Pandemi Özel Sayısı

Kaynak Göster

APA Yönder Ertem, M. (2021). Nurses Experiences and Coping Styles About Stigma During Covid-19: A Qualitative Study. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 17(Pandemi Özel Sayısı), 3199-3220. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.886387