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Yenidoğan Döneminde Hipoglisemiye Yaklaşım

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 31 - 38, 01.06.2013

Özlem Sangün Bumin Dündar

https://doi.org/10.4274/Jcp.11.06

Öz

Yenidoğanların enerji gereksinimi fazla, birçok enzim sistemleri ve substratları ise sıklıkla yetersizdir. Bu yüzden yenidoğan döneminde hipoglisemiye yatkınlık fazladır. Bu dönemde gözlenen hipoglisemiler, sıklıkla geçici karakterde olup, spesiŞ k klinik bulgu vermezler. Yenidoğanın keton ve laktat gibi alternatif enerji kaynakları düşüktür ve glukoz yenidoğanın başlıca enerji kaynağı olup, temel olarak beyin tarafından kullanılır. Günümüzde hipogliseminin nörogelişimsel gerilik ve kalıcı nörolojik hasarla ilişkili olduğu bilinmekte ve riskli bebeklerin korunması için hipoglisemi sınırları, izlem gerektiren durumlar ve tedavi protokolleri konusunda yaklaşımlar geliştirilmeye çalışılmaktadır. Hipoglisemi tedavisi özellikle de hasta semptomatikse acildir ve nedene yönelik araştırmalar devam ederken başlatılmalıdır. Postnatal erken dönemde ve özellikle anne sütü ile beslenme yenidoğanı hipoglisemiden korumakta oldukça etkilidir. Dirençli ve uzun süren hipoglisemilerde ileri araştırmalar yapılmalı ve nedene yönelik tedaviler uygulanmalıdır

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yenidoğan hipoglisemi tedavi

Kaynakça

  • 1. Williams AF. Hypoglycaemia of the newborn: a review. Bull World Health Organ 1997;75:261-90.
  • 2. Wolfsdorf JI, Weinstein DA. Hypoglycemia in children. In: Lifshitz F (ed). Pediatric Endocrinology. 5th ed. New York: Informa; 2007. p. 291-319.
  • 3. Lteif AN, Schwenk WF. Hypoglycemic disorders. Endocrinol Metab N Am 1999;28:619-46.
  • 4. Cornblath M, Ichord R. Hypoglicemia in the neonate. Semin Perinatol 2000;24:136-49.
  • 5. Gutberlet RL, Cornblath M. Neonatal hypoglycemia revisited. Pediatrics 1975;58:10-7.
  • 6. Hartmann AF, Jaudon JC. Hypoglycaemia. J Pediatr 1937;11:1.
  • 7. Cornblath M, Odell GB, Levin EY. Symptomatic neonatal hypoglycaemia associated with toxaemia of pregnancy. J Pediatr 1959;55:545-62.
  • 8. Cowett RM, Farrag HM. Selected principles of perinatalneonatal glucose metabolism. Semin Neonatol 2003;9:37-47.
  • 9. Kalhan SC, D’Angelo LJ, Savin SM, Adam PA. Glucose production in pregnant women at term gestation. Sources of glucose for human fetus. J Clin Invest 1979;63:388-94.
  • 10. De Leon DD, Stanely CA, Sperling MA. Hypoglycemia in Neonates and Infants. In: Sperling MA (ed) .Pediatric Endocrinology, 3rd ed. Philedelphia: Saunders Elsevier Co; 2008. p. 166-93.
  • 11. Srinivasan G, Pildes RS, Cattamanchi G, Voora S, Lilien LD. Plasma glucose values in normal neonates: a new look. J Pediatr 1986;109:114-7.
  • 12. Raju TN, Higgins RD, Stark AR, Leveno KJ. Optimizing care and outcome for late-preterm (near-term) infants: a summary of the workshop sponsored by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Pediatrics 2006;118:1207-14.
  • 13. Duvanel CB, Fawer CL, Cotting J, Hohlfeld P, Matthieu JM. Long-term effects of neonatal hypoglycemia on brain growth and psychomotor development in small-for-gestational-age preterm infants. J Pediatr 1999;134:492-8.
  • 14. Dalgiç N, Ergenekon E, Soysal S, Koç E, Atalay Y, Gücüyener K. Transient neonatal hypoglycemia--long-term effects on neurodevelopmental outcome. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2002;15:319-24.
  • 15. Auer RN. Hypoglycemic brain damage. Metab Brain Dis 2004;19:169-75.
  • 16. Vannucci RC, Vannucci SJ. Hypoglycemic brain injury. Semin Neonatol 2001;6:147-55.
  • 17. Brand PL, Molenaar NL, Kaaijk C, Wierenga WS. Neurodevelopmental outcome of hypoglycaemia in healthy, large for gestational age, term newborns. Arch Dis Child 2005;90:78-81.
  • 18. Moore H, Craft TK, Grimaldi LM, Babic B, Brunelli SA, Vannucci SJ. Moderate recurrent hypoglycemia during early development leads to persistent changes in affective behavior in the rat. Brain Behav Immun 2010;24:839-49.
  • 19. Koh TH, Eyre JA, Aynsley-Green A. Neonatal hypoglycaemia: the controversy regarding defi nition. Arch Dis Child 1988;63:1386-8.
  • 20. Cornblath M, Hawdon JM, Williams AF, Aynsley-Green A, Ward-Platt MP, Schwartz R et al. Controversies regarding defi nition of neonatal hypoglycemia: suggested operational thresholds. Pediatrics 2000;105:1141-5.
  • 21. Sperling MA. Hypoglycemia. In: Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB (eds). Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 17th Ed. Philedelphia: Saunders; 2004. p. 505-18.
  • 22. Nicolini U, Hubinont C, Santolaya J, Fisk NM, Coe AM, Rodeck CH. Maternal-fetal glucose gradient in normal pregnancies and in pregnancies complicated by alloimmunization and fetal growth retardation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;161:924-7.
  • 23. Economides DL, Nicolaides KH. Blood glucose and oxygen tension levels in small-for-gestational-age fetuses. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;160:385-9.
  • 24. Lucas A, Morley R, Cole TJ. Adverse neurodevelopmental outcome of moderate neonatal hypoglycaemia. BMJ 1988;297:1304-8.
  • 25. Rozance PJ, Hay WW Jr. Describing hypoglycemia--defi nition or operational threshold? Early Hum Dev 2010;86:275-80.
  • 26. Cornblath M, Schwartz R. Outcome of neonatal hypoglycemia Complete data are needed. BMJ 1999;318:194-5.
  • 27. Hay WW Jr, Raju TN, Higgins RD, Kalhan SC, Devaskar SU. Knowledge gaps and research needs for understanding and treating neonatal hypoglycemia: workshop report from Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. J Pediatr 2009;155:612-7.
  • 28. Straussman S, Levitsky LL. Neonatal hypoglycemia. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2010;17:20-4.
  • 29. Rozance PJ, Hay WW. Hypoglycemia in newborn infants: Features associated with adverse outcomes. Biol Neonate 2006;90:74-86.
  • 30. Ashish J, Aggarwal R, Jeeva Sankar M, Agarwal R, Deorari AK, Paul VK. Hypoglycemia in the newborn. Indian J Pediatr 2010; 77:1137-42.
  • 31. Croke J, Sullivan M, Ryan-Drover A, Randell E, Andrews W, Aziz K. Two hour blood glucose levels in at-risk babies: An audit of Canadian guidelines. Paediatr Child Health 2009;14:238-44.
  • 32. Marles SL, Casiro OG. Persistent neonatal hypoglycemia: Diagnosis and management. Paediatr Child Health 1998;3:16-9.
  • 33. Jain R, Myers TF, Kahn SE, Zeller WP. How accurate is glucose analysis in the presence of multiple interfering substances in the neonate? (glucose analysis and interfering substances). J Clin Lab Anal 1996;10:13-6.
  • 34. Beardsall K. Measurement of glucose levels in the newborn. Early Hum Dev 2010;86:263-7.
  • 35. Cowett RM, D’Amico LB. Capillary (heelstick) versus venous blood sampling for the determination of glucose concentration in the neonate. Biol Neonate 1992;62:32-6.
  • 36. Darendeliler F. Hipoglisemi. In: Günöz H, Öcal G, Yordam N, Kurtoglu S eds. Pediatrik Endokrinoloji. İstanbul: Pediatrik Endokrinoloji ve Oksoloji Derneği Yayınları Dernek Kitabı; 2003. s. 457-85.
  • 37. Palladino AA, Bennett MJ, Stanley CA. Hyperinsulinism in infancy and childhood: when an insulin level is not always enough. Ann Biol Clin (Paris) 2009;67:245-54.
  • 38. DeLeon DD, Stanley CA. Mechanisms of disease: advances in diagnosis and treatment of hyperinsulinism in neonates. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2007;3:57-68.
  • 39. Rahier J, Guiot Y, Sempoux C. Persistent hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia of infancy: a heterogeneous syndrome unrelated to nesidioblastosis. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2000;82:F108-12.
  • 40. Clayton PT, Eaton S, Aynsley-Green A, Edginton M, Hussain K, Krywawych S et al. Hyperinsulinism in short-chain L-3- hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase defi ciency reveals the importance of oxidation in insulin secretion. J Clin Invest 2001;108:457-65.
  • 41. Stanley CA, Lieu YK, Hsu BY, Burlina AB, Greenberg CR, Hopwood NJ et al. Hyperinsulinism and hyperammonemia in infants with regulatory mutations of the glutamate dehydrogenase gene. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1352-7.
  • 42. Otonkoski T, Jiao H, Kaminen-Ahola N, Tapia-Paez I, Ullah MS, Parton LE et al. Physical exercise- induced hypoglycemia caused by failed silencing of monocarboxylate transporter 1 in pancreatic _ cells. Am J Hum Genet 2007;81:467-74.
  • 43. Bas F, Darendeliler F, Demirkol D, Bundak R, Saka N, Günöz H. Successful therapy with calcium channel blocker (nifedipine) in persistent neonatal hyperinsulinemic hypoglycaemia of infancy. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 1999;12:873-8.
  • 44. Suprasongsin C, Suthutvoravut U, Mahachoklertwattana P, Preeyasombat C. Combined raw cornstarch and nifedipine as an additional treatment in persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycaemia of infancy. J Med Assoc Thai 1999;82:39-42.
  • 45. Kapoor RR, Flanagan SE, Fulton P, Chakrapani A, Chadefaux B, Ben-Omran T et al. Hyperinsulinism-hyperammonaemia syndrome: novel mutations in the GLUD1 gene and genotypephenotype correlations. Eur J Endocrinol 2009;161:731-5.
  • 46. Gloyn AL, Noordam K, Willemsen MA, Ellard S, Lam WW, Campbell IW et al. Insights into the biochemical and genetic basis of glucokinase activation from naturally occurring hypoglycemia mutations. Diabetes 2003;52:2433-40.
  • 47. Cuesta-Munoz AL, Huopio H, Otonkoski T, Gomez- Zumaquero JM, Nanto-Salonen K, Rahier J et al. Severe persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia due to a de novo glucokinase mutation. Diabetes 2004;53:2164-8.
  • 48. Kapoor RR, Locke J, Colclough K, Wales J, Conn JJ, Hattersley AT et al. Persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia and maturity-onset diabetes of the young due to heterozygous HNF4A mutations. Diabetes 2008;57:1659-63.
  • 49. Pearson ER, Boj SF, Steele AM, Barrett T, Stals K, Shield JP et al. Macrosomia and hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia in patients with heterozygous mutations in the HNF4A gene. PLoS Med 2007;4:e118.
  • 50. Mayatepek E, Hoffmann B, Meissner T. Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2010;24:607-18.
  • 51. Cori GT, Cori CF. Glucose-6-phosphatase of the liver in glycogen storage disease. J Biol Chem 1952;199:661-7.
  • 52. Koeberl DD, Kishnani PS, Chen YT. Glycogen storage disease types I and II: treatment updates. J Inherit Metab Dis 2007;30:159-64.
  • 53. Yiu WH, Pan CJ, Allamarvdasht M, Kim SY, Chou JY. Glucose- 6-phosphate transporter gene therapy corrects metabolic and myeloid abnormalities in glycogen storage disease type Ib mice. Gene Ther 2007;14:219-26.
  • 54. Hale DE, Bennett MJ. Fatty acid oxidation disorders: a new class of metabolic diseases. J Pediatr 1992;121:1-11.
  • 55. Touma EH, Charpentier C. Medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase defi ciency. Arch Dis Child 1992;67:142-5.
  • 56. Catzefl is C, Bachmann C, Hale DE, Coates PM, Wiesmann U, Colombo JP et al. Early diagnosis and treatment of neonatal medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenasedefi ciency: report of two siblings. Eur J Pediatr 1990;149:577-81.
  • 57. Wilcken B. Fatty acid oxidation disorders: outcome and longterm prognosis. J Inherit Metab Dis 2010;33:501-6.
  • 58. Pollitt RJ. Disorders of mitochondrial long chain fatty acid oxidation. J Inher Metab Dis 1995;18:473-90.
  • 59. Hewitt V, Watts R, Robertson J, Haddow, G. Nursing and midwifery management of hypoglycaemia in healthy term neonates. Int J Evid Based Healthc 2005;3:169-205.
  • 60. Chertok IR, Raz I, Shoham I, Haddad H, Wiznitzer A. Effects of early breastfeeding on neonatal glucose levels of term infants born to women with gestational diabetes. J Hum Nutr Diet 2009;22:166-9.
  • 61. Vanhatalo T, Tammela O. Glucose infusions into peripheral veins in the management of neonatal hypoglycemia--20% instead of 15%? Acta Paediatr 2010;99:350-3.

Management of Hypoglycemia in Neonatal Period

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 31 - 38, 01.06.2013

Özlem Sangün Bumin Dündar

https://doi.org/10.4274/Jcp.11.06

Öz

Although neonates have high energy requirement, most of their enzyme systems are immature and substrates are inadequate. Therefore they have a predisposition for hypoglycemia. There are no speciŞ c clinic symptoms and signs for hypoglycemia in neonatal period and it is usually transient. Alternative energy sources of the neonate like ketones and lactate are low and glucose is the major source of energy which is mainly used by the brain. Due to well known relation of hypoglycemia with neurodevelopemental delay and neurologic impairment, levels of hypoglycemia for at risk babies, conditions which require monitoring and treatment protocols are studied on. Treatment of hypoglycemia is an emergency especially when the patient is symptomatic and must be initiated together with the etiologic investigation. Early postnatal feeding particularly with human milk is quite effective in preventing from neonatal hypoglycemia. Further investigation must be performed in prolonged or resistant hypoglycemia which requires etiology-oriented approach

Anahtar Kelimeler

Neonatal hypoglycemia management

Kaynakça

  • 1. Williams AF. Hypoglycaemia of the newborn: a review. Bull World Health Organ 1997;75:261-90.
  • 2. Wolfsdorf JI, Weinstein DA. Hypoglycemia in children. In: Lifshitz F (ed). Pediatric Endocrinology. 5th ed. New York: Informa; 2007. p. 291-319.
  • 3. Lteif AN, Schwenk WF. Hypoglycemic disorders. Endocrinol Metab N Am 1999;28:619-46.
  • 4. Cornblath M, Ichord R. Hypoglicemia in the neonate. Semin Perinatol 2000;24:136-49.
  • 5. Gutberlet RL, Cornblath M. Neonatal hypoglycemia revisited. Pediatrics 1975;58:10-7.
  • 6. Hartmann AF, Jaudon JC. Hypoglycaemia. J Pediatr 1937;11:1.
  • 7. Cornblath M, Odell GB, Levin EY. Symptomatic neonatal hypoglycaemia associated with toxaemia of pregnancy. J Pediatr 1959;55:545-62.
  • 8. Cowett RM, Farrag HM. Selected principles of perinatalneonatal glucose metabolism. Semin Neonatol 2003;9:37-47.
  • 9. Kalhan SC, D’Angelo LJ, Savin SM, Adam PA. Glucose production in pregnant women at term gestation. Sources of glucose for human fetus. J Clin Invest 1979;63:388-94.
  • 10. De Leon DD, Stanely CA, Sperling MA. Hypoglycemia in Neonates and Infants. In: Sperling MA (ed) .Pediatric Endocrinology, 3rd ed. Philedelphia: Saunders Elsevier Co; 2008. p. 166-93.
  • 11. Srinivasan G, Pildes RS, Cattamanchi G, Voora S, Lilien LD. Plasma glucose values in normal neonates: a new look. J Pediatr 1986;109:114-7.
  • 12. Raju TN, Higgins RD, Stark AR, Leveno KJ. Optimizing care and outcome for late-preterm (near-term) infants: a summary of the workshop sponsored by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Pediatrics 2006;118:1207-14.
  • 13. Duvanel CB, Fawer CL, Cotting J, Hohlfeld P, Matthieu JM. Long-term effects of neonatal hypoglycemia on brain growth and psychomotor development in small-for-gestational-age preterm infants. J Pediatr 1999;134:492-8.
  • 14. Dalgiç N, Ergenekon E, Soysal S, Koç E, Atalay Y, Gücüyener K. Transient neonatal hypoglycemia--long-term effects on neurodevelopmental outcome. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2002;15:319-24.
  • 15. Auer RN. Hypoglycemic brain damage. Metab Brain Dis 2004;19:169-75.
  • 16. Vannucci RC, Vannucci SJ. Hypoglycemic brain injury. Semin Neonatol 2001;6:147-55.
  • 17. Brand PL, Molenaar NL, Kaaijk C, Wierenga WS. Neurodevelopmental outcome of hypoglycaemia in healthy, large for gestational age, term newborns. Arch Dis Child 2005;90:78-81.
  • 18. Moore H, Craft TK, Grimaldi LM, Babic B, Brunelli SA, Vannucci SJ. Moderate recurrent hypoglycemia during early development leads to persistent changes in affective behavior in the rat. Brain Behav Immun 2010;24:839-49.
  • 19. Koh TH, Eyre JA, Aynsley-Green A. Neonatal hypoglycaemia: the controversy regarding defi nition. Arch Dis Child 1988;63:1386-8.
  • 20. Cornblath M, Hawdon JM, Williams AF, Aynsley-Green A, Ward-Platt MP, Schwartz R et al. Controversies regarding defi nition of neonatal hypoglycemia: suggested operational thresholds. Pediatrics 2000;105:1141-5.
  • 21. Sperling MA. Hypoglycemia. In: Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB (eds). Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 17th Ed. Philedelphia: Saunders; 2004. p. 505-18.
  • 22. Nicolini U, Hubinont C, Santolaya J, Fisk NM, Coe AM, Rodeck CH. Maternal-fetal glucose gradient in normal pregnancies and in pregnancies complicated by alloimmunization and fetal growth retardation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;161:924-7.
  • 23. Economides DL, Nicolaides KH. Blood glucose and oxygen tension levels in small-for-gestational-age fetuses. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;160:385-9.
  • 24. Lucas A, Morley R, Cole TJ. Adverse neurodevelopmental outcome of moderate neonatal hypoglycaemia. BMJ 1988;297:1304-8.
  • 25. Rozance PJ, Hay WW Jr. Describing hypoglycemia--defi nition or operational threshold? Early Hum Dev 2010;86:275-80.
  • 26. Cornblath M, Schwartz R. Outcome of neonatal hypoglycemia Complete data are needed. BMJ 1999;318:194-5.
  • 27. Hay WW Jr, Raju TN, Higgins RD, Kalhan SC, Devaskar SU. Knowledge gaps and research needs for understanding and treating neonatal hypoglycemia: workshop report from Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. J Pediatr 2009;155:612-7.
  • 28. Straussman S, Levitsky LL. Neonatal hypoglycemia. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2010;17:20-4.
  • 29. Rozance PJ, Hay WW. Hypoglycemia in newborn infants: Features associated with adverse outcomes. Biol Neonate 2006;90:74-86.
  • 30. Ashish J, Aggarwal R, Jeeva Sankar M, Agarwal R, Deorari AK, Paul VK. Hypoglycemia in the newborn. Indian J Pediatr 2010; 77:1137-42.
  • 31. Croke J, Sullivan M, Ryan-Drover A, Randell E, Andrews W, Aziz K. Two hour blood glucose levels in at-risk babies: An audit of Canadian guidelines. Paediatr Child Health 2009;14:238-44.
  • 32. Marles SL, Casiro OG. Persistent neonatal hypoglycemia: Diagnosis and management. Paediatr Child Health 1998;3:16-9.
  • 33. Jain R, Myers TF, Kahn SE, Zeller WP. How accurate is glucose analysis in the presence of multiple interfering substances in the neonate? (glucose analysis and interfering substances). J Clin Lab Anal 1996;10:13-6.
  • 34. Beardsall K. Measurement of glucose levels in the newborn. Early Hum Dev 2010;86:263-7.
  • 35. Cowett RM, D’Amico LB. Capillary (heelstick) versus venous blood sampling for the determination of glucose concentration in the neonate. Biol Neonate 1992;62:32-6.
  • 36. Darendeliler F. Hipoglisemi. In: Günöz H, Öcal G, Yordam N, Kurtoglu S eds. Pediatrik Endokrinoloji. İstanbul: Pediatrik Endokrinoloji ve Oksoloji Derneği Yayınları Dernek Kitabı; 2003. s. 457-85.
  • 37. Palladino AA, Bennett MJ, Stanley CA. Hyperinsulinism in infancy and childhood: when an insulin level is not always enough. Ann Biol Clin (Paris) 2009;67:245-54.
  • 38. DeLeon DD, Stanley CA. Mechanisms of disease: advances in diagnosis and treatment of hyperinsulinism in neonates. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2007;3:57-68.
  • 39. Rahier J, Guiot Y, Sempoux C. Persistent hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia of infancy: a heterogeneous syndrome unrelated to nesidioblastosis. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2000;82:F108-12.
  • 40. Clayton PT, Eaton S, Aynsley-Green A, Edginton M, Hussain K, Krywawych S et al. Hyperinsulinism in short-chain L-3- hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase defi ciency reveals the importance of oxidation in insulin secretion. J Clin Invest 2001;108:457-65.
  • 41. Stanley CA, Lieu YK, Hsu BY, Burlina AB, Greenberg CR, Hopwood NJ et al. Hyperinsulinism and hyperammonemia in infants with regulatory mutations of the glutamate dehydrogenase gene. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1352-7.
  • 42. Otonkoski T, Jiao H, Kaminen-Ahola N, Tapia-Paez I, Ullah MS, Parton LE et al. Physical exercise- induced hypoglycemia caused by failed silencing of monocarboxylate transporter 1 in pancreatic _ cells. Am J Hum Genet 2007;81:467-74.
  • 43. Bas F, Darendeliler F, Demirkol D, Bundak R, Saka N, Günöz H. Successful therapy with calcium channel blocker (nifedipine) in persistent neonatal hyperinsulinemic hypoglycaemia of infancy. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 1999;12:873-8.
  • 44. Suprasongsin C, Suthutvoravut U, Mahachoklertwattana P, Preeyasombat C. Combined raw cornstarch and nifedipine as an additional treatment in persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycaemia of infancy. J Med Assoc Thai 1999;82:39-42.
  • 45. Kapoor RR, Flanagan SE, Fulton P, Chakrapani A, Chadefaux B, Ben-Omran T et al. Hyperinsulinism-hyperammonaemia syndrome: novel mutations in the GLUD1 gene and genotypephenotype correlations. Eur J Endocrinol 2009;161:731-5.
  • 46. Gloyn AL, Noordam K, Willemsen MA, Ellard S, Lam WW, Campbell IW et al. Insights into the biochemical and genetic basis of glucokinase activation from naturally occurring hypoglycemia mutations. Diabetes 2003;52:2433-40.
  • 47. Cuesta-Munoz AL, Huopio H, Otonkoski T, Gomez- Zumaquero JM, Nanto-Salonen K, Rahier J et al. Severe persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia due to a de novo glucokinase mutation. Diabetes 2004;53:2164-8.
  • 48. Kapoor RR, Locke J, Colclough K, Wales J, Conn JJ, Hattersley AT et al. Persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia and maturity-onset diabetes of the young due to heterozygous HNF4A mutations. Diabetes 2008;57:1659-63.
  • 49. Pearson ER, Boj SF, Steele AM, Barrett T, Stals K, Shield JP et al. Macrosomia and hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia in patients with heterozygous mutations in the HNF4A gene. PLoS Med 2007;4:e118.
  • 50. Mayatepek E, Hoffmann B, Meissner T. Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2010;24:607-18.
  • 51. Cori GT, Cori CF. Glucose-6-phosphatase of the liver in glycogen storage disease. J Biol Chem 1952;199:661-7.
  • 52. Koeberl DD, Kishnani PS, Chen YT. Glycogen storage disease types I and II: treatment updates. J Inherit Metab Dis 2007;30:159-64.
  • 53. Yiu WH, Pan CJ, Allamarvdasht M, Kim SY, Chou JY. Glucose- 6-phosphate transporter gene therapy corrects metabolic and myeloid abnormalities in glycogen storage disease type Ib mice. Gene Ther 2007;14:219-26.
  • 54. Hale DE, Bennett MJ. Fatty acid oxidation disorders: a new class of metabolic diseases. J Pediatr 1992;121:1-11.
  • 55. Touma EH, Charpentier C. Medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase defi ciency. Arch Dis Child 1992;67:142-5.
  • 56. Catzefl is C, Bachmann C, Hale DE, Coates PM, Wiesmann U, Colombo JP et al. Early diagnosis and treatment of neonatal medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenasedefi ciency: report of two siblings. Eur J Pediatr 1990;149:577-81.
  • 57. Wilcken B. Fatty acid oxidation disorders: outcome and longterm prognosis. J Inherit Metab Dis 2010;33:501-6.
  • 58. Pollitt RJ. Disorders of mitochondrial long chain fatty acid oxidation. J Inher Metab Dis 1995;18:473-90.
  • 59. Hewitt V, Watts R, Robertson J, Haddow, G. Nursing and midwifery management of hypoglycaemia in healthy term neonates. Int J Evid Based Healthc 2005;3:169-205.
  • 60. Chertok IR, Raz I, Shoham I, Haddad H, Wiznitzer A. Effects of early breastfeeding on neonatal glucose levels of term infants born to women with gestational diabetes. J Hum Nutr Diet 2009;22:166-9.
  • 61. Vanhatalo T, Tammela O. Glucose infusions into peripheral veins in the management of neonatal hypoglycemia--20% instead of 15%? Acta Paediatr 2010;99:350-3.
Toplam 61 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Collection
Yazarlar

Özlem Sangün Bu kişi benim

Bumin Dündar

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2013
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Sangün, Ö., & Dündar, B. (2013). Yenidoğan Döneminde Hipoglisemiye Yaklaşım. Güncel Pediatri, 11(1), 31-38. https://doi.org/10.4274/Jcp.11.06
AMA Sangün Ö, Dündar B. Yenidoğan Döneminde Hipoglisemiye Yaklaşım. Güncel Pediatri. Haziran 2013;11(1):31-38. doi:10.4274/Jcp.11.06
Chicago Sangün, Özlem, ve Bumin Dündar. “Yenidoğan Döneminde Hipoglisemiye Yaklaşım”. Güncel Pediatri 11, sy. 1 (Haziran 2013): 31-38. https://doi.org/10.4274/Jcp.11.06.
EndNote Sangün Ö, Dündar B (01 Haziran 2013) Yenidoğan Döneminde Hipoglisemiye Yaklaşım. Güncel Pediatri 11 1 31–38.
IEEE Ö. Sangün ve B. Dündar, “Yenidoğan Döneminde Hipoglisemiye Yaklaşım”, Güncel Pediatri, c. 11, sy. 1, ss. 31–38, 2013, doi: 10.4274/Jcp.11.06.
ISNAD Sangün, Özlem - Dündar, Bumin. “Yenidoğan Döneminde Hipoglisemiye Yaklaşım”. Güncel Pediatri 11/1 (Haziran 2013), 31-38. https://doi.org/10.4274/Jcp.11.06.
JAMA Sangün Ö, Dündar B. Yenidoğan Döneminde Hipoglisemiye Yaklaşım. Güncel Pediatri. 2013;11:31–38.
MLA Sangün, Özlem ve Bumin Dündar. “Yenidoğan Döneminde Hipoglisemiye Yaklaşım”. Güncel Pediatri, c. 11, sy. 1, 2013, ss. 31-38, doi:10.4274/Jcp.11.06.
Vancouver Sangün Ö, Dündar B. Yenidoğan Döneminde Hipoglisemiye Yaklaşım. Güncel Pediatri. 2013;11(1):31-8.