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Klonlama Uygulamaları ve Biyoetik

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 28 - 38, 29.03.2024

Fatıma Elmusa

Öz

Klonlama, aseksüel yol ile genotip olarak birbiriyle aynı (özdeş) olan hücrelerin veya organizmaların elde edilmesidir. Klonlama, moleküler (gen) klonlama, terapötik (tedavi amaçlı) klonlama ve reprodüktif (üreme amaçlı) klonlama olmak üzere üçe ayrılmaktadır. Moleküler klonlama, genetik mühendisliği teknikleri ile belirli bir DNA dizinin çoğaltılmasıdır. Terapötik klonlama hücre topluluğunun çoğaltılması anlamına gelirken reprodüktif klonlama aynı genetik yapıya sahip organizmaların elde edilmesi anlamına gelmektedir. Bu iki klonlamanın başlangıç aşaması benzer olsa da ilkinde laboratuvar ortamında oluşturulan blastosist kök hücre elde etmek için kullanılırken ikinci klonlama türünde blastosist bir taşıyıcı annenin rahmine yerleştirilerek yeni bireyin oluşturulması için kullanılmaktadır. Bu iki klonlama türü her zaman moleküler klonlamadan daha tartışmalı olmuştur. Özellikle son yıllarda reprodüktif klonlama ile ilgili atılan adımlar ve geliştirilen teknolojiler dikkat çekmeye başlamıştır. 1996 yılında Somatik Hücre Nükleer Transferi (SCNT) tekniği ile Dolly adlı ilk memeli hayvanın klonlanması, reprodüktif klonlama başta olmak üzere klonlama ile ilgili tartışmaların artmasına neden olmuştur. Bazıları, yeni olan bu teknolojinin hem insan hem çevre için olumsuz sonuçlara yol açacağı görüşünü savunurken bazıları klonlamanın gerekli olduğunu ve hayvancılık ve tıp gibi alanlarda yeni imkanlar sağlayacağı görüşünü savunmaktadır. Bu konuda devam eden tartışmalar klonlamanın ilerlemesini engelleyen en önemli faktörlerden biridir. Bir yandan insan ve hayvan hakları tartışma konusu olmuşken diğer yandan klonlamanın çevreye olan etkisi de tartışılmaktadır. Bu makalede klonlama karşıtları ve taraflarının klonlama ile ilgili tartıştığı noktalara değinmeden önce klonlama teknolojisi, tarihçesi ve uygulama alanları üzerinde durulacaktır. Böylece klonlama konusu ile ilgili temel kavramlar açıklanarak genel bilgi edinilecek ve konunun daha iyi anlaşılması sağlanacaktır. Daha sonra klonlama ile ilgili yapılan etik tartışmalar özetlenecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Klonlama Etik Biyoetik Terapötik klonlama Reprodüktif klonlama

Kaynakça

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  • Steensma DP. The origin and evolution of the term “clone.” Leuk Res. 2017 Jun 1;57:97–101.
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  • Shull GH. “Genotypes,” “biotypes,” “pure lines” and “clones.” Science (1979) [Internet]. 1912 [cited 2023 Sep 13];35(888):27–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17752896/
  • Nabavizadeh SL, Mehrabani D, Vahedi Z, Manafi F. Cloning: A Review on Bioethics, Legal, Jurisprudence and Regenerative Issues in Iran. World J Plast Surg [Internet]. 2016 Sep [cited 2023 Sep 13];5(3):213–25. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27853684
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  • William J.Thieman, Michael A.Pallodino. Biyoteknolojiye Giriş. Mücella Tekeoğlu, editor. Palme Yayıncılık; 2013. 323–324, 133 p.
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  • Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy [Internet]. [cited 2023 Sep 13]. Bioethics. Available from: https://iep.utm.edu/bioethics/
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  • Altıntaş L, Enver H, Tutun H. Recombinant DNA Technology and Use in Veterinary Drug Development. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2022 Feb 1];193–204. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/391014
  • Bertero A, Brown S, Vallier L. Methods of Cloning. In: Basic Science Methods for Clinical Researchers. Elsevier Inc.; 2017. p. 19–39.
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  • Steward FC, Mapes MO, Mears K. Growth and Organized Development of Cultured Cells. II. Organization in Cultures Grown from Freely Suspended Cells. Am J Bot. 1958 Dec;45(10):705.
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Cloning Applications and Bioethics

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 28 - 38, 29.03.2024

Fatıma Elmusa

Öz

Cloning is the asexual reproduction of cells or organisms that are genotypically identical to each other. Cloning is divided into three as molecular (gene) cloning, therapeutic cloning, and reproductive cloning. Molecular cloning is the duplication of a specific DNA sequence using genetic engineering techniques. Therapeutic cloning means the reproduction of the cell population, while reproductive cloning means obtaining organisms with the same genetic makeup. Although the initial stage of these two cloning types is similar, the blastocyst created in the laboratory is used to obtain stem cells in the first type, while in the second type of cloning, the blastocyst is placed in the uterus of a surrogate mother and used to create a new individual. These two types of cloning have always been more controversial than molecular cloning. Especially in recent years, the steps taken, and the technologies developed regarding reproductive cloning have started to attract attention. The cloning of the first mammal named Dolly with the Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) technique in 1996 led to an increase in the discussions about cloning, especially reproductive cloning. Some argue that this new technology will have negative consequences for both humans and the environment, while others argue that cloning is necessary and will provide new opportunities in fields such as livestock and medicine. The ongoing debate on this issue is one of the most important factors hindering the progress of cloning. While human and animal rights have been the subject of discussion, the impact of cloning on the environment is also discussed. Before addressing the points discussed by cloning opponents and proponents regarding cloning, this article will focus on cloning technology, its history and application areas. Thus, by explaining the basic concepts about cloning, general information will be obtained, and a better understanding of the subject will be provided. Then, ethical discussions about cloning will be summarized.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cloning Ethics Bioethics Therapeutic cloning Reproductive cloning

Kaynakça

  • Diamandopoulos AA, Goudas PC. Cloning’s not a new idea: The Greeks had a word for it centuries ago. Nature [Internet]. 2000 Dec 21 [cited 2023 Sep 13];408(6815):905. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/35050264
  • Steensma DP. The origin and evolution of the term “clone.” Leuk Res. 2017 Jun 1;57:97–101.
  • Webber HJ. New horticultural and agricultural terms [Internet]. Vol. 18, Science. Science; 1903 [cited 2023 Sep 13]. p. 501–3. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17774341/
  • Poland SC, Bishop LJ. Bioethics and cloning. Kennedy Inst Ethics J. 2002;12(3):305–24.
  • Shull GH. “Genotypes,” “biotypes,” “pure lines” and “clones.” Science (1979) [Internet]. 1912 [cited 2023 Sep 13];35(888):27–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17752896/
  • Nabavizadeh SL, Mehrabani D, Vahedi Z, Manafi F. Cloning: A Review on Bioethics, Legal, Jurisprudence and Regenerative Issues in Iran. World J Plast Surg [Internet]. 2016 Sep [cited 2023 Sep 13];5(3):213–25. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27853684
  • Avasthi A, Ghosh A, Sarkar S, Grover S. Ethics in medical research: General principles with special reference to psychiatry research. Indian J Psychiatry [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2021 May 30];55(1):86–91. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC3574464/
  • William J.Thieman, Michael A.Pallodino. Biyoteknolojiye Giriş. Mücella Tekeoğlu, editor. Palme Yayıncılık; 2013. 323–324, 133 p.
  • Yılmaz A. Felsefenin Sunduğu Bir İmkan Olarak Uygulamalı Etik. Muhafazakar Düşünce Dergisi [Internet]. 2009 Mar 15 [cited 2023 Sep 13];5(19–20):67–78. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/muhafazakar/issue/55642/762097
  • Muzur A, Rinčić I, Jahr F. Fritz Jahr-the Father of European Bioethics. Synth Philos [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2023 Sep 13];133–9. Available from: www.newadvent.org/cathen/12080c.htm.
  • Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy [Internet]. [cited 2023 Sep 13]. Bioethics. Available from: https://iep.utm.edu/bioethics/
  • Pynes CA. Bioethics of Cloning. In: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2010.
  • Molnar C, Gair J. Reproduction Methods. In: CONCEPTS OF BIOLOGY. 1st ed. BCcampus; 2019.
  • Altıntaş L, Enver H, Tutun H. Recombinant DNA Technology and Use in Veterinary Drug Development. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2022 Feb 1];193–204. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/391014
  • Bertero A, Brown S, Vallier L. Methods of Cloning. In: Basic Science Methods for Clinical Researchers. Elsevier Inc.; 2017. p. 19–39.
  • Yerdelen E. Klonlamanın (Kopyalama) Ceza Hukukundaki Yeri. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2023 Sep 13];643–85. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/622710
  • Council NR. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. National Academies Press; 2002. 25 p.
  • Bailey R. Cloning Techniques [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 Sep 13]. Available from: https://www.thoughtco.com/cloning-techniques-373338
  • Devolder K. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2017 [cited 2023 Sep 13]. Cloning. Available from: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/cloning/
  • Ayala FJ. Cloning humans? Biological, ethical, and social considerations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A [Internet]. 2015 Jul 21 [cited 2023 Sep 13];112(29):8879–86. Available from: www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1501798112
  • Klonlama ve Biyoetik [Internet]. Ankara; 2005 [cited 2022 Aug 7]. Available from: https://www.yumpu.com/tr/document/read/39681391/klonlama-ve-biyoetik-i-unesco-turkiye-milli-komisyonu
  • Kfoury C. Therapeutic cloning: Promises and issues. McGill Journal of Medicine [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2023 Sep 13];10(2):112–20. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2323472/
  • Fischbach GD, Fischbach RL. Stem cells: science, policy, and ethics. J Clin Invest [Internet]. 2004 Nov 15 [cited 2022 Jan 1];114(10):1364–70. Available from: http://www.jci.orgVolume114Number10
  • Briggs R, King TJ. Transplantation of living nuclei from blastula cells into enucleated frogs’ eggs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences [Internet]. 1952 May 1 [cited 2023 Sep 13];38(5):455–63. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1063586/
  • Steward FC, Mapes MO, Mears K. Growth and Organized Development of Cultured Cells. II. Organization in Cultures Grown from Freely Suspended Cells. Am J Bot. 1958 Dec;45(10):705.
  • Gurdon JB. The developmental capacity of nuclei taken from intestinal epithelium cells of feeding tadpoles. J Embryol Exp Morphol. 1962 Dec 1;10(4):622–40.
  • Liao L, Li L, Zhao RC. Stem cell research in China. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2007 Jun 29;362(1482):1107–12.
  • Jackson DA, Symons RH, Berg P. Biochemical method for inserting new genetic information into DNA of Simian Virus 40: circular SV40 DNA molecules containing lambda phage genes and the galactose operon of Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A [Internet]. 1972 [cited 2021 Jun 15];69(10):2904–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4342968/
  • Willadsen SM, Polge C. Attempts to produce monozygotic quadruplets in cattle by blastomere separation. Vet Rec [Internet]. 1981 Mar 1 [cited 2021 Jun 15];108(10):211–3. Available from: https://europepmc.org/article/med/6939169
  • Willadsen SM. Nuclear transplantation in sheep embryos. Nature [Internet]. 1986 [cited 2021 Jun 15];320(6057):63–5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3951549/
  • Prather RS, Barnes FL, Sims MM, Robl JM, Eyestone WH, First NL. Nuclear transplantation in the bovine embryo: assessment of donor nuclei and recipient oocyte. Biol Reprod [Internet]. 1987 [cited 2021 Jun 15];37(4):859–66. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3689854/
  • Campbell KHS, McWhir J, Ritchie WA, Wilmut I. Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line. Nature [Internet]. 1996 Mar 7 [cited 2021 Jun 15];380(6569):64–6. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/380064a0
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  • Polejaeva IA, Chen SH, Vaught TD, Page RL, Mullins J, Ball S, et al. Cloned pigs produced by nuclear transfer from adult somatic cells. Nature [Internet]. 2000 Sep [cited 2021 Jun 15];407(6800):86–90. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10993078/
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Toplam 70 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm DERLEME
Yazarlar

Fatıma Elmusa 0000-0001-6645-5487

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Mart 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Elmusa F. Klonlama Uygulamaları ve Biyoetik. TJOB. 2024;11(1):28-3.
 Kapak Resmi İndir