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Erken Evlilik Sorunu ve Kadın Sağlığı: Güncel Bir Değerlendirme

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 78 - 99, 30.04.2022

Yaşar Suveren Zekiye Turan

https://doi.org/10.52613/ujhc.1010759
Cited By: 1

Öz

Bu çalışmadaki temel amaç erken yaş evliliklerin kadın sağlığı üzerine olan etkilerini ortaya koymaktır. Bu konu hakkındaki temel sorun bu tür evliliklerin her ne kadar düşme eğiliminde olsa da varlığını hala sürdürüyor olmasıdır. Bu çalışma bu konuda farkındalık sağlayarak sorunun çözümüne katkıda bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Erken yaşta evlilik terimi, genel anlamda bireylerin 18 yaşından önce yaptığı evlilikler için kullanılmaktadır. Dünya’da özellikle az gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde, 18 yaşından önce evlenenlerin oranının gelişmiş ülkelere kıyasla çok yüksek olduğu bilinmektedir. Bunun en önemli nedeni kadına toplumsal olarak verilen rollerdir. Erken evlilik nedenleri arasında yüksek morbidite ve mortalite oranlarının bir sonucu olarak üreme kaygısı, kız çocuklarının ekonomik bir ‘yük’ olarak görülmesi ve geleneksel kültürel değerler bakımından erken evliliklerin ‘iyi’ bir seçenek olarak görülmesi gelmektedir. Çalışmaya göre, erken yaşta evliliğin kadınların fiziksel, sosyal ve ruhsal yaşamlarına yönelik olumsuz birçok etkisi bulunmaktadır. Kadın sağlığına son derece olumsuz etkileri olan erken yaşta evliliğin önlenmesi için, kız çocuklarının eğitime erişimlerinin sağlanarak güçlendirilmesi, ebeveynlerin, erkeklerin, erkek çocukların ve toplumsal çevrenin bu konuda bilinçlendirilmesi gerekmektedir. Özellikle kız çocuklarının eğitime erişimleri için gerekli önlemlerin alınması, politikalar geliştirilmesi ve uygulanması ile erken evliliklerin azalması ve kadın sağlığının iyileştirilmesi mümkün olabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Adölesan Gebelik Çocuk Evliliği Çoçuk Gelin Erken Yaş Evlilik Kadın Sağlığı

Destekleyen Kurum

Bulunmamaktadır

Kaynakça

  • Advocacy. (2021). Girls Not Brides. Retrieved September 20, 2021, from https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/learning-resources/advocacy/.
  • Arslan, H., Beyza, B., G¨unes¸, K., Eryurt, M. A. (2020). T¨urkiye’de riskli gebelikler: 2018 TNSA bulguları. N¨ufusbilim Dergisi, 42(1), 64-91. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/nufusbilim/issue/60140/871385.
  • Asadullah, N., Zaki, W. (2019). Early Marriage, Social Networks and the Transmission of Norms, Economica, 86: 801-831. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecca.12291.
  • Barr, H. (2017). Ending child marriage in the united kingdom. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved September 10, 2021, from https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/09/06/ending-child-marriage-united-kingdom.
  • Bebitova, G., Emül, T.G. (2021). Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin erken yaşta evliliklere ilisşkin görüş¸lerinin belirlenmesi. Selçuk Sağlık Dergisi, 2(1), 12-24. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ssd/issue/62011/867843.
  • Chandra-Mouli, V., Camacho, A. V., Michaud, P. A. (2013). WHO guidelines on preventing early pregnancy and poor reproductive outcomes among adolescents in developing countries. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52(5), 517-522. 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.03.002.
  • Chung, H. W., Kim, E. M., Lee, J. E. (2018). Comprehensive understanding of risk and protective factors related to adolescent pregnancy in low-and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Journal of Adolescence, 69, 180-188. 10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.10.007.
  • Efevbera, Y., Bhabha, J. (2020). Defining and deconstructing girl child marriage and applications to global public health. BMC Public Health, 20(1). 10.1186/s12889-020-09545-0.
  • Elengemoke, J. M., Susuman, A. S. (2021). Early marriage and correlates among young women in Sub-Saharan African Countries. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 56(6), 1345–1368. 10.1177/0021909620966778.
  • Enighe, J. (2015). Education of children and parents can help to end child marriage. Theirworld. Retrieved from https://theirworld.org/voices/education-of-children-and-parents-can-help-to-end-childmarriage.
  • Ergen, E. B., Yayla, C. A., Sanverdi, I., Ozkaya, E., Kilicci, C., Kocakusak, C. K. (2017). Maternal-fetal outcome associated with adolescent pregnancy in a tertiary referral center: A cross-sectional study. Ginekologia Polska, 88(12), 674-678. 10.5603/GP.a2017.0120.
  • Farren, J., Mitchell-Jones, N., Verbakel, J. Y., Timmerman, D., Jalmbrant, M., Bourne, T. (2018). The psychological impact of early pregnancy loss. Human Reproduction Update. 24(6), 731–749. 10.1093/humupd/dmy025.
  • Gage, A. (2013). Association of child marriage with suicidal thoughts and attempts among adolescent girls in Ethiopia. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52(5), 654-656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.12.007.
  • Godha, D., Hotchkiss, D., Gage, A. (2013). Association between child marriage and reproductive health outcomes and service utilization: A multi-country study from South Asia. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52(5), 552-558. 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.01.021.
  • Greene, M., Perlson, S., Taylor, A., Lauro, G. (2015). Engaging men and boys to end the practice of child marriage. GreeneWorks. Retrieved March 10, 2021, from https://promundoglobal.org/resources/engaging-men-and-boys-to-end-the-practice-of-childmarriage/.
  • Hur, J., Schulze, K., Thorne-Lyman, A., Wu, L., Shaikh, S., Ali, H. et al. (2021). Characterization of pubertal development of girls in rural Bangladesh. Plos One, 16(4), 1-16. e0247762. 10.1371/journal. pone.0247762.
  • John, N., Edmeades, J., Murithi, L., Barre, I. (2018). Child marriage and relationship quality in Ethiopia. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 21(8), 853-866. 10.1080/13691058.2018.1520919.
  • Kassa, G. M., Arowojolu, A. O., Odukogbe, A. A., Yalew, A. W. (2018). Prevalence and determinants of adolescent pregnancy in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reproductive Health, 15(1), 1-17. 10.1186/s12978-018-0640-2.
  • Khalaf, M., Rasheed, F., Hussain, S. (2015). Association between early marriage and other sociomedical characteristics with the cervical pap smear results in Iraqi women. Advances in Sexual Medicine, 05(04), 73-82. 10.4236/asm.2015.54009.
  • Kidman, R. (2017). Child marriage and intimate partner violence: A comparative study of 34 countries. International Journal of Epidemiology, dyw225. 10.1093/ije/dyw225.
  • Kyari, G.V., Ayodele, J. (2014). The Socio-Economic Effect of Early Marriage in North Western Nigeria. Mediterranean Journal of Social Science, 5(14), 582-92. 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n14p582.
  • Lowe, H., Kenny, L., Hassan, R., Bacchus, L., Njoroge, P., Dagadu, N. et al. (2021). ‘If she gets married when she is young, she will give birth to many kids’: A qualitative study of child marriage practices amongst nomadic pastoralist communities in Kenya. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 1-17. 10.1080/13691058.2021.1893821.
  • Malhotra, A.,Warner, A., McGonagle, A., Lee-Rife, S. (2011). Solutions to End Child Marriage - What the Evidence Shows. Retrieved September 15, 2021, from https://www.healthynewbornnetwork.org/hnncontent/uploads/Solutions-to-End-Child Marriage1.pdf.
  • McCleary-Sills, J., Lucia Hanmer, L., Parsons, J., Klugman, J. (2015). Child marriage: A critical barrier to girls’ schooling and gender equality in education, The Review of Faith & International Affairs, 13 (3), 69-80, 10.1080/15570274.2015.1075755.
  • Nour N. M. (2009). Child marriage: A silent health and human rights issue. Reviews in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2(1), 51–56. PMID: 19399295 PMCID: PMC2672998.
  • Osakinle, E. O., Tayo-Olajubutu, O. (2017). Child marriage and health consequences in Nigeria. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS), 30(1), 351-356. Retrieved April 12, 2021, from https://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American Scientific Journal/article/view/2645, Corpus ID: 56568812.
  • Santhya, K., Ram, U., Acharya, R., Jejeebhoy, S., Ram, F., Singh, A. (2010). Associations between early marriage and young women’s marital and reproductive health outcomes: Evidence from India. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 36(03), 132-139. 10.1363/3613210.
  • Schaffnit, S., Lawson, D. (2021). Married too young? the behavioral ecology of ‘child marriage.’ Social Sciences, 10(5), 161. 10.3390/socsci10050161.
  • Sezgin, A. U., Punam¨aki, R. L. (2020). Impacts of early marriage and adolescent pregnancy on mental and somatic health: the role of partner violence. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 23(2), 155.
  • Svanemyr, J., Chandra-Mouli, V., Raj, A., Travers, E., Sundaram, L. (2015). Research priorities on ending child marriage and supporting married girls. Reproductive Health, 12(1), 2-4. 10.1186/s12978-015-0060-5.
  • The Global Partnership to End Child Marriage. (2017). How ending child marriage is critical to achieving the sustainable development goals. Girls Not Brides. https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/documents/1430/Child-marriage-and-achieving-the-SDGs DAC.pdf.
  • United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). (2001). Early Marriage: Child Spouses. Retrieved September 10, 2021, from https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/digest7e.pdf.
  • United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). (2017). Child marriage a mapping of programmes and partners in twelve countries in east and southern Africa. Retrieved September 15, 2021, from https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Child
  • United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). (2018). 25 million child marriages prevented in last decade due to accelerated progress, according to new UNICEF estimates. Retrieved September 11, 2021, from https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/25-million-child-marriages-prevented-last-decade-dueaccelerated-progress-according.
  • United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) (2021) Global Databases. Retrieved October 1, 2021, from https://data.unicef.org/topic/childprotection/child-marriage/
  • Türkiye Nüfus ve Sağlık Aras¸tırması (TNSA). (2018). Hacettepe Ü niversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Kalkınma Bakanlığı, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı, Ankara.
  • Wondie, Y., Zemene, W., Reschke, K., Schröder, H. (2011). Early marriage, rape, child prostitution, and related factors determining the psychosocial effects severity of child sexual abuse in Ethiopia. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 20(3), 305–321. 10.1080/10538712.2011.573458.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2011). Guidelines on Preventing Early Pregnancy and Poor Reroductive Outcomes, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2019). Maternal Mortality. Geliş tarihi 28 Eylül 2020, gönderen: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/maternalmortality (Erişim tarihi: 05.10.2021).
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Adolescent pregnancy. Geliş tarihi 28 Eylül 2020, gönderen: https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescentpregnancy (Erişim tarihi: 05.10.2021).

Adolescent Pregnancy, Child Brides, Child Marriage, Early Marriage, Women’s Health

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 78 - 99, 30.04.2022

Yaşar Suveren Zekiye Turan

https://doi.org/10.52613/ujhc.1010759
Cited By: 1

Öz

The primary purpose of this study is to reveal the effects of early marriages on women’s health. The main problem with this issue is that such marriages still exist, although they tend to decline. This study aims to contribute to the solution of the problem by raising awareness on this subject. The term early marriage is generally used for marriages made by individuals before the age of 18. It is known that the rate of those who marry before the age of 18 is very high in the world, especially in underdeveloped and developing countries, compared to developed countries. The most important reason for this is the social roles given to women. Among the reasons for early marriage are reproductive anxiety as a result of high morbidity and mortality rates, girls being seen as an economic ‘burden’ and early marriages being seen as a good option in terms of traditional cultural values. According to the study, early marriage has many negative effects on women’s physical, social and spiritual lives. In order to prevent early marriage, which has extremely negative effects on women’s health, it is necessary to strengthen girls’ access to education and raise awareness of parents, men, boys, and the social environment on this issue. It may be possible to reduce early marriages and improve women’s health by taking the necessary measures, developing and implementing policies, especially for girls’ access to education.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Adolescent Pregnancy Child Brides Child Marriage Early Merriage Women's Health

Kaynakça

  • Advocacy. (2021). Girls Not Brides. Retrieved September 20, 2021, from https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/learning-resources/advocacy/.
  • Arslan, H., Beyza, B., G¨unes¸, K., Eryurt, M. A. (2020). T¨urkiye’de riskli gebelikler: 2018 TNSA bulguları. N¨ufusbilim Dergisi, 42(1), 64-91. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/nufusbilim/issue/60140/871385.
  • Asadullah, N., Zaki, W. (2019). Early Marriage, Social Networks and the Transmission of Norms, Economica, 86: 801-831. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecca.12291.
  • Barr, H. (2017). Ending child marriage in the united kingdom. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved September 10, 2021, from https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/09/06/ending-child-marriage-united-kingdom.
  • Bebitova, G., Emül, T.G. (2021). Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin erken yaşta evliliklere ilisşkin görüş¸lerinin belirlenmesi. Selçuk Sağlık Dergisi, 2(1), 12-24. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ssd/issue/62011/867843.
  • Chandra-Mouli, V., Camacho, A. V., Michaud, P. A. (2013). WHO guidelines on preventing early pregnancy and poor reproductive outcomes among adolescents in developing countries. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52(5), 517-522. 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.03.002.
  • Chung, H. W., Kim, E. M., Lee, J. E. (2018). Comprehensive understanding of risk and protective factors related to adolescent pregnancy in low-and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Journal of Adolescence, 69, 180-188. 10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.10.007.
  • Efevbera, Y., Bhabha, J. (2020). Defining and deconstructing girl child marriage and applications to global public health. BMC Public Health, 20(1). 10.1186/s12889-020-09545-0.
  • Elengemoke, J. M., Susuman, A. S. (2021). Early marriage and correlates among young women in Sub-Saharan African Countries. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 56(6), 1345–1368. 10.1177/0021909620966778.
  • Enighe, J. (2015). Education of children and parents can help to end child marriage. Theirworld. Retrieved from https://theirworld.org/voices/education-of-children-and-parents-can-help-to-end-childmarriage.
  • Ergen, E. B., Yayla, C. A., Sanverdi, I., Ozkaya, E., Kilicci, C., Kocakusak, C. K. (2017). Maternal-fetal outcome associated with adolescent pregnancy in a tertiary referral center: A cross-sectional study. Ginekologia Polska, 88(12), 674-678. 10.5603/GP.a2017.0120.
  • Farren, J., Mitchell-Jones, N., Verbakel, J. Y., Timmerman, D., Jalmbrant, M., Bourne, T. (2018). The psychological impact of early pregnancy loss. Human Reproduction Update. 24(6), 731–749. 10.1093/humupd/dmy025.
  • Gage, A. (2013). Association of child marriage with suicidal thoughts and attempts among adolescent girls in Ethiopia. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52(5), 654-656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.12.007.
  • Godha, D., Hotchkiss, D., Gage, A. (2013). Association between child marriage and reproductive health outcomes and service utilization: A multi-country study from South Asia. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52(5), 552-558. 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.01.021.
  • Greene, M., Perlson, S., Taylor, A., Lauro, G. (2015). Engaging men and boys to end the practice of child marriage. GreeneWorks. Retrieved March 10, 2021, from https://promundoglobal.org/resources/engaging-men-and-boys-to-end-the-practice-of-childmarriage/.
  • Hur, J., Schulze, K., Thorne-Lyman, A., Wu, L., Shaikh, S., Ali, H. et al. (2021). Characterization of pubertal development of girls in rural Bangladesh. Plos One, 16(4), 1-16. e0247762. 10.1371/journal. pone.0247762.
  • John, N., Edmeades, J., Murithi, L., Barre, I. (2018). Child marriage and relationship quality in Ethiopia. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 21(8), 853-866. 10.1080/13691058.2018.1520919.
  • Kassa, G. M., Arowojolu, A. O., Odukogbe, A. A., Yalew, A. W. (2018). Prevalence and determinants of adolescent pregnancy in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reproductive Health, 15(1), 1-17. 10.1186/s12978-018-0640-2.
  • Khalaf, M., Rasheed, F., Hussain, S. (2015). Association between early marriage and other sociomedical characteristics with the cervical pap smear results in Iraqi women. Advances in Sexual Medicine, 05(04), 73-82. 10.4236/asm.2015.54009.
  • Kidman, R. (2017). Child marriage and intimate partner violence: A comparative study of 34 countries. International Journal of Epidemiology, dyw225. 10.1093/ije/dyw225.
  • Kyari, G.V., Ayodele, J. (2014). The Socio-Economic Effect of Early Marriage in North Western Nigeria. Mediterranean Journal of Social Science, 5(14), 582-92. 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n14p582.
  • Lowe, H., Kenny, L., Hassan, R., Bacchus, L., Njoroge, P., Dagadu, N. et al. (2021). ‘If she gets married when she is young, she will give birth to many kids’: A qualitative study of child marriage practices amongst nomadic pastoralist communities in Kenya. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 1-17. 10.1080/13691058.2021.1893821.
  • Malhotra, A.,Warner, A., McGonagle, A., Lee-Rife, S. (2011). Solutions to End Child Marriage - What the Evidence Shows. Retrieved September 15, 2021, from https://www.healthynewbornnetwork.org/hnncontent/uploads/Solutions-to-End-Child Marriage1.pdf.
  • McCleary-Sills, J., Lucia Hanmer, L., Parsons, J., Klugman, J. (2015). Child marriage: A critical barrier to girls’ schooling and gender equality in education, The Review of Faith & International Affairs, 13 (3), 69-80, 10.1080/15570274.2015.1075755.
  • Nour N. M. (2009). Child marriage: A silent health and human rights issue. Reviews in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2(1), 51–56. PMID: 19399295 PMCID: PMC2672998.
  • Osakinle, E. O., Tayo-Olajubutu, O. (2017). Child marriage and health consequences in Nigeria. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS), 30(1), 351-356. Retrieved April 12, 2021, from https://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American Scientific Journal/article/view/2645, Corpus ID: 56568812.
  • Santhya, K., Ram, U., Acharya, R., Jejeebhoy, S., Ram, F., Singh, A. (2010). Associations between early marriage and young women’s marital and reproductive health outcomes: Evidence from India. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 36(03), 132-139. 10.1363/3613210.
  • Schaffnit, S., Lawson, D. (2021). Married too young? the behavioral ecology of ‘child marriage.’ Social Sciences, 10(5), 161. 10.3390/socsci10050161.
  • Sezgin, A. U., Punam¨aki, R. L. (2020). Impacts of early marriage and adolescent pregnancy on mental and somatic health: the role of partner violence. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 23(2), 155.
  • Svanemyr, J., Chandra-Mouli, V., Raj, A., Travers, E., Sundaram, L. (2015). Research priorities on ending child marriage and supporting married girls. Reproductive Health, 12(1), 2-4. 10.1186/s12978-015-0060-5.
  • The Global Partnership to End Child Marriage. (2017). How ending child marriage is critical to achieving the sustainable development goals. Girls Not Brides. https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/documents/1430/Child-marriage-and-achieving-the-SDGs DAC.pdf.
  • United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). (2001). Early Marriage: Child Spouses. Retrieved September 10, 2021, from https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/digest7e.pdf.
  • United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). (2017). Child marriage a mapping of programmes and partners in twelve countries in east and southern Africa. Retrieved September 15, 2021, from https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Child
  • United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). (2018). 25 million child marriages prevented in last decade due to accelerated progress, according to new UNICEF estimates. Retrieved September 11, 2021, from https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/25-million-child-marriages-prevented-last-decade-dueaccelerated-progress-according.
  • United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) (2021) Global Databases. Retrieved October 1, 2021, from https://data.unicef.org/topic/childprotection/child-marriage/
  • Türkiye Nüfus ve Sağlık Aras¸tırması (TNSA). (2018). Hacettepe Ü niversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Kalkınma Bakanlığı, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı, Ankara.
  • Wondie, Y., Zemene, W., Reschke, K., Schröder, H. (2011). Early marriage, rape, child prostitution, and related factors determining the psychosocial effects severity of child sexual abuse in Ethiopia. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 20(3), 305–321. 10.1080/10538712.2011.573458.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2011). Guidelines on Preventing Early Pregnancy and Poor Reroductive Outcomes, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2019). Maternal Mortality. Geliş tarihi 28 Eylül 2020, gönderen: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/maternalmortality (Erişim tarihi: 05.10.2021).
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Adolescent pregnancy. Geliş tarihi 28 Eylül 2020, gönderen: https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescentpregnancy (Erişim tarihi: 05.10.2021).
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sosyoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Yaşar Suveren 0000-0002-8464-0368

Zekiye Turan 0000-0002-2763-2820

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2022
Kabul Tarihi 20 Kasım 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Suveren, Y., & Turan, Z. (2022). Erken Evlilik Sorunu ve Kadın Sağlığı: Güncel Bir Değerlendirme. Universal Journal of History and Culture, 4(1), 78-99. https://doi.org/10.52613/ujhc.1010759

Cited By

Teenager’s Knowledge and Perspectives on Teenage Pregnancy at Selected Barangay of Echague Isabela Philippines
International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology
https://doi.org/10.48175/IJARSCT-12048
 Kapak Resmi İndir
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