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Sleep Habits and Their Relation with Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Symptoms in Child and Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 48 Sayı: 3, 335 - 340, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.32708/uutfd.1148113

Öz

It has been known that sleep problems are more commonly seen in children with psychiatric disorders than typically developed children. In our study, our aim was to investigate sleep habits and problems in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) who have high or low Sluggish Cognitivte Tempo (SCT) symptoms. In this study, 47 child and adolescents were involved between ages 8-17. In this population, 14 cases were diagnosed as ADHD+High SCT; 33 cases were diagnosed as ADHD+low SCT. All participants were assessed with Kidde Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS). Afterwards, parents were requested to fill Tugay ADHD Assessment Scale, Barkley Child Attention Scale (BCAS) and Child Sleep Habit Questionarrie (CSHQ). In this study, there was no significant difference in subscales and total scores of CSHQ between high and low SCT groups (p>0.05). When CSHQ scores were compared between ADHD subtypes, it has been seen that bedtime resistence (p=0.01), parasomnias (p=0.002), sleep disordered breathing (p<0.0001) and total score (p=0.04) were significantly different and were higher in hyperactivity. Sleep duration (p=0.04) subscale score was higher in inattention. Lack of adequate sleep duration, decrease of oxygen saturation and other factors related to sleep disordered breathing may be related to conduct problem or hyperactivity symptoms in children with ADHD.

Kaynakça

  • 1, American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th. Ed.). Washington, DC: APA.
  • 2, Biederman J & Faraone SV. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Lancet, 366: 237-248
  • 3, Corkum P, Tannock R, Moldofsky H, Sleep disturbances in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 1998;37(6):637-646.
  • 4, Walker MP & van der Helm E, Overnight Therapy? The Role of Sleep in Emotional Brain Processing, Psychological Bulletin, 2009;135, 731-748.
  • 5, Beebe, Cognitive, behavioral, and functional consequences of inadequate sleep in children and adolescents, Pediatr Clin North Am, 2011 Jun;58(3):649-65.
  • 6, Waumans RC, Terwee CB, Van den Berg G, Knol DL, Van Litsenburg RR, Gemke RJ. Sleep and sleep disturbance in children: Reliability and validity of the Dutch version of the Child Sleep Habits Questionnaire, Sleep, 2010;33(6):841-845.
  • 7, Kahn A, Van de Merckt C, Rebuffat E, et al. Sleep problems in healthy preadolescents, Pediatrics, 1989;84(3):542-546.
  • 8, Van Der Heijden KB, Smiths MG, Gunning WB, Sleep-Related Disorders in ADHD: A Review, Clin Pediatr, 2005;44(3): 201-210.
  • 9, Chervin RD, Archbold KH, Associations Between Symptoms of Attention, Hyperactivity, Restless Legs and Periodic Leg Movements, Sleep, 2001;25: 213-215.
  • 10, Durmuş FB, Arman AR, Ayaz AB, Chronotype and its relationship with sleep disorders in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Chronobiol Int, 2017;34(7):886-894.
  • 11, Yürümez E, Kılıç BG, Relationship Between Sleep Problems and Quality of Life in Children With ADHD, Journal of Attention Disorders, 2016;20(1) 34–40
  • 12, Corkum P, Moldofsky H, Hogg-Johnson S, Humphries T, Tannock R, Sleep problems in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: impact of subtype, comorbidity, and stimulant medication, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 1999;38(10):1285-1293.
  • 13, Wiggs L, Montgomery P, Stores G, Actigraphic and parent reports of sleep patterns and sleep disorders in children with subtypes of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Sleep, 2005;28(11):1437-1445.
  • 14, LeBourgeois MK, Avis K, Mixon M, Olmi J, Harsh J, Snoring, sleep quality, and sleepiness across attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subtypes, Sleep, 2004;27(3):520-525.
  • 15, Mayes SD, Calhoun SL, Chase GA, Mink DM, Stagg RE, ADHD subtypes and co-occurring anxiety, depression, and oppositional-defiant disorder: differences in Gordon diagnostic system and Wechsler working memory and processing speed index scores, J Atten Disord, 2009;12(6):540-550.
  • 16, Lecendreux M, Konofal E, Bouvard M, Falissard B, Mouren-Siméoni MC, Sleep and alertness in children with ADHD, J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 2000;41(6):803-812.
  • 17, Becker SP, Leopold DR, Burns GL, et al., The internal, external, and diagnostic validity of sluggish cognitive tempo: A meta-analysis and critical review, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2016; 55(3):163-178.
  • 18, Saxbe C, Barkley RA, The second attention disorder? Sluggish cognitive tempo vs. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: update for clinicians, J Psychiatr Pract, 2014;20(1):38-49.
  • 19, Bauermeister JJ, Barkley RA, Bauermeister JA, Martínez JV, McBurnett K, Validity of the sluggish cognitive tempo, inattention, and hyperactivity symptom dimensions: neuropsychological and psychosocial correlates, J Abnorm Child Psychol, 2012;40(5):683-697.
  • 20, Carlson CL, Mann M.J, Sluggish cognitive tempo predicts a different pattern of impairment in the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, predominantly inattentive type. Clin Child Adolesc Psychol, 2002;31(1):123-9.
  • 21, Garner AA, Marceaux JC, Mrug S, Patterson C, Hodgens B, Dimensions and correlates of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and Sluggish Cognitive Tempo, J Abnorm Child Psychol, 2010;38(8):1097-1107.
  • 22, Willoughby T, A short-term longitudinal study of Internet and computer game use by adolescent boys and girls: Prevalence, frequency of use, and psychosocial predictors, Developmental Psychology, 2008;44(1), 195–204.
  • 23, Alfano CA & Gamble AL, The role of sleep in childhood psychiatric disorders, Child & Youth Care Forum, 2009;38(6), 327–340.
  • 24, Ünal F, Öktem F, Çetin Çuhadaroğlu F, et al., Reliability and Validity of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version, DSM-5 November 2016-Turkish Adaptation, Turk Psikiyatri Derg, 2019;30(1):42-50.
  • 25, Turgay A. (1994) Disruptive Behavior Disorders Child and Adolescent Screening and Rating Scale for Children, Adolescents, Parents, and Teachers. West Blomfield (Michigan), Integrative Therapy Institute Publication.
  • 26, Ercan E, Amado S, Somer O, Çıkoğlu S, Dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu ve yıkıcı davranım bozuklukları için bir test bataryası geliştirme çabası, Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi, 2001;8(3):132-44
  • 27, Barkley RA, Distinguishing sluggish cognitive tempo from ADHD in children and adolescents: executive functioning, impairment, and comorbidity, J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol, 2013; 42:161-173.
  • 28, Fırat S, Bolat GU, Gul H, Baytunca MB, Kardas B, Aysev A, Ercan ES, Barkley Child Attention Scale validity and reliability study, Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 2018;31, 284-293.
  • 29, Owens JA, Spirito A, McGuinn M, The Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ): psychometric properties of a survey instrument for schoolaged children, Sleep, 2000;15:1043-1051.
  • 30, Fis NP, Arman A, Ay P, Topuzoglu A, et al., Çocuk Uyku Aliskanliklari Anketinin Türkçe geçerliligi ve güvenilirliği, Anatolian Psychiatry Journal, 2010;11(2), 151-160.
  • 31, Cevher Binici N, Kutlu A. Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu’na Eşlik Eden Yavaş Bilişsel Tempo'nun Klinik Özellikleri, J Contemp Med, 2018; 8(3): 245-250.
  • 32, Barkley RA, Sluggish cognitive tempo (concentration deficit disorder?): current status, future directions, and a plea to change the name, Journal of abnormal child psychology, 2014;42:117-25.
  • 33, Becker SP, Langberg JM, Byars KC, Advancing a biopsychosocial and contextual model of sleep in adolescence: a review and introduction to the special issue, Journal of youth and adolescence, 2015;44:239-70.
  • 34, Gregory AM, Sadeh A, Annual Research Review: Sleep problems in childhood psychiatric disorders--a review of the latest science, J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 2016;57(3):296-317.
  • 35, Kirov R, Brand S, Sleep problems and their effect in ADHD, Expert review of neurotherapeutics, 2014;14:287-99.
  • 36, Koriakin TA, Mahone EM, Jacobson LA, Sleep Difficulties are Associated with Parent Report of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo, J Dev Behav Pediatr, 2015;36(9):717-723.
  • 37, Becker SP, Pfiffner LJ, Stein MA, Burns GL, McBurnett K, Sleep habits in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder predominantly inattentive type and associations with comorbid psychopathology symptoms, Sleep Med, 2016;21:151-159.
  • 38, Becker SP, Luebbe AM, Langberg JM, Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder dimensions and sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms in relation to college students' sleep functioning, Child psychiatry and human development, 2014;45:675-85.
  • 39, O'Brien LM, Ivanenko A, Crabtree VM, Holbrook CR, Bruner JL, Klaus CJ, Gozal D, Sleep disturbances in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Pediatr Res, 2003;54(2):237-43.
  • 40, Chervin RD, Archbold KH, Dillon JE, et al. Inattention, hyperactivity, and symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing. Pediatrics. 2002;109(3):449-456.
  • 41, Nevsimalova S, Prihodova I, Kemlink D, Lin L, Mignot E. REM behavior disorder (RBD) can be one of the first symptoms of childhood narcolepsy. Sleep Med. 2007;8(7-8):784-786.

Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu Tanılı Çocuk ve Ergenlerin Uyku Alışkanlıkları ve Yavaş Bilişsel Tempo Belirtileri ile İlişkisi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 48 Sayı: 3, 335 - 340, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.32708/uutfd.1148113

Öz

Psikiyatrik bozukluk tanısı alan çocuklarda, normal gelişim gösteren çocuklara oranla daha fazla uyku problemi görüldüğü bilinmektedir. Çalışmamızın amacı, Yavaş b􀵴l􀵴şsel tempo (YBT) bel􀵴rt􀵴ler􀵴n􀵴n yüksek ve düşük düzeyde olduğu d􀵴kkat eks􀵴kl􀵴ğ􀵴 h􀵴perakt􀵴v􀵴te bozukluğu tanısı almış çocuk ve ergenlerde uyku sorunları ve uyku alışkanlıklarını 􀵴ncelemekt􀵴r. Çalışmamıza 8-17 yaş arasında DEHB tanısı olan 47 çocuk ve ergen dahil edilmiştir. Genel örneklemde 14 olgu DEHB+Yüksek YBT belirtileri gösteren; 33 olgu ise DEHB+Düşük YBT belirtileri gösteren olarak gruplandırılmıştır. Okul Çağı Çocukları İçin Duygulanım Bozuklukları ve Şizofreni Görüşme Çizelgesi- Şimdi ve Yaşam Boyu Şekli (ÇDŞG–ŞY–T) ile yapılan değerlendirme sonrasında tüm olguların ebeveynlerinden Turgay Dikkat Eksikliği ve Yıkıcı Davranış Bozuklukları için DSM-IV’e Dayalı Tarama ve Değerlendirme Ölçeği (DEYDB DSM-IV), Barkley Çocuk Dikkat Anketi (BÇDA), Çocuk Uyku Alışkanlıkları Anketini (ÇUAA) doldurmaları istenmiştir. Yüksek ve düşük YBT belirti gösteren gruplar ÇUAA ile karşılaştırılmış, hiçbir alt ölçekte veya toplam puanda anlamlı farklılık saptanmamıştır (p>0.05).DEHB alt görünümleri ÇUAA alt ölçekleri ve toplam puan açısından karşılaştırılmıştır. Yapılan analiz sonucunda yatma zamanı direnci (p=0.01), uyku süresi (p=0.04), parasomnialar (p=0.002), uykuda solunum bozulması (p<0.0001) ve toplam puanın (p=0.04) gruplar arasında farklılık gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Yatma zamanı direnci, parasomnialar, uykuda solunum bozulması ve toplam puan hiperaktivite baskın görünümde diğer görünümlere göre yüksek iken uyku süresi dikkatsizlik baskın görünümde daha fazla bulunmuştur. Uyku yoksunluğu, yetersiz oksijen satürasyonu ve uykuda solunum bozulması ile ilişkili diğer birçok fizyolojik değişikliğin gün içerisindeki davranış bozuklukları ve hiperaktivite semptomlarına neden olabileceği düşünülmüştür.

Kaynakça

  • 1, American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th. Ed.). Washington, DC: APA.
  • 2, Biederman J & Faraone SV. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Lancet, 366: 237-248
  • 3, Corkum P, Tannock R, Moldofsky H, Sleep disturbances in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 1998;37(6):637-646.
  • 4, Walker MP & van der Helm E, Overnight Therapy? The Role of Sleep in Emotional Brain Processing, Psychological Bulletin, 2009;135, 731-748.
  • 5, Beebe, Cognitive, behavioral, and functional consequences of inadequate sleep in children and adolescents, Pediatr Clin North Am, 2011 Jun;58(3):649-65.
  • 6, Waumans RC, Terwee CB, Van den Berg G, Knol DL, Van Litsenburg RR, Gemke RJ. Sleep and sleep disturbance in children: Reliability and validity of the Dutch version of the Child Sleep Habits Questionnaire, Sleep, 2010;33(6):841-845.
  • 7, Kahn A, Van de Merckt C, Rebuffat E, et al. Sleep problems in healthy preadolescents, Pediatrics, 1989;84(3):542-546.
  • 8, Van Der Heijden KB, Smiths MG, Gunning WB, Sleep-Related Disorders in ADHD: A Review, Clin Pediatr, 2005;44(3): 201-210.
  • 9, Chervin RD, Archbold KH, Associations Between Symptoms of Attention, Hyperactivity, Restless Legs and Periodic Leg Movements, Sleep, 2001;25: 213-215.
  • 10, Durmuş FB, Arman AR, Ayaz AB, Chronotype and its relationship with sleep disorders in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Chronobiol Int, 2017;34(7):886-894.
  • 11, Yürümez E, Kılıç BG, Relationship Between Sleep Problems and Quality of Life in Children With ADHD, Journal of Attention Disorders, 2016;20(1) 34–40
  • 12, Corkum P, Moldofsky H, Hogg-Johnson S, Humphries T, Tannock R, Sleep problems in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: impact of subtype, comorbidity, and stimulant medication, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 1999;38(10):1285-1293.
  • 13, Wiggs L, Montgomery P, Stores G, Actigraphic and parent reports of sleep patterns and sleep disorders in children with subtypes of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Sleep, 2005;28(11):1437-1445.
  • 14, LeBourgeois MK, Avis K, Mixon M, Olmi J, Harsh J, Snoring, sleep quality, and sleepiness across attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subtypes, Sleep, 2004;27(3):520-525.
  • 15, Mayes SD, Calhoun SL, Chase GA, Mink DM, Stagg RE, ADHD subtypes and co-occurring anxiety, depression, and oppositional-defiant disorder: differences in Gordon diagnostic system and Wechsler working memory and processing speed index scores, J Atten Disord, 2009;12(6):540-550.
  • 16, Lecendreux M, Konofal E, Bouvard M, Falissard B, Mouren-Siméoni MC, Sleep and alertness in children with ADHD, J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 2000;41(6):803-812.
  • 17, Becker SP, Leopold DR, Burns GL, et al., The internal, external, and diagnostic validity of sluggish cognitive tempo: A meta-analysis and critical review, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2016; 55(3):163-178.
  • 18, Saxbe C, Barkley RA, The second attention disorder? Sluggish cognitive tempo vs. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: update for clinicians, J Psychiatr Pract, 2014;20(1):38-49.
  • 19, Bauermeister JJ, Barkley RA, Bauermeister JA, Martínez JV, McBurnett K, Validity of the sluggish cognitive tempo, inattention, and hyperactivity symptom dimensions: neuropsychological and psychosocial correlates, J Abnorm Child Psychol, 2012;40(5):683-697.
  • 20, Carlson CL, Mann M.J, Sluggish cognitive tempo predicts a different pattern of impairment in the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, predominantly inattentive type. Clin Child Adolesc Psychol, 2002;31(1):123-9.
  • 21, Garner AA, Marceaux JC, Mrug S, Patterson C, Hodgens B, Dimensions and correlates of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and Sluggish Cognitive Tempo, J Abnorm Child Psychol, 2010;38(8):1097-1107.
  • 22, Willoughby T, A short-term longitudinal study of Internet and computer game use by adolescent boys and girls: Prevalence, frequency of use, and psychosocial predictors, Developmental Psychology, 2008;44(1), 195–204.
  • 23, Alfano CA & Gamble AL, The role of sleep in childhood psychiatric disorders, Child & Youth Care Forum, 2009;38(6), 327–340.
  • 24, Ünal F, Öktem F, Çetin Çuhadaroğlu F, et al., Reliability and Validity of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version, DSM-5 November 2016-Turkish Adaptation, Turk Psikiyatri Derg, 2019;30(1):42-50.
  • 25, Turgay A. (1994) Disruptive Behavior Disorders Child and Adolescent Screening and Rating Scale for Children, Adolescents, Parents, and Teachers. West Blomfield (Michigan), Integrative Therapy Institute Publication.
  • 26, Ercan E, Amado S, Somer O, Çıkoğlu S, Dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu ve yıkıcı davranım bozuklukları için bir test bataryası geliştirme çabası, Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi, 2001;8(3):132-44
  • 27, Barkley RA, Distinguishing sluggish cognitive tempo from ADHD in children and adolescents: executive functioning, impairment, and comorbidity, J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol, 2013; 42:161-173.
  • 28, Fırat S, Bolat GU, Gul H, Baytunca MB, Kardas B, Aysev A, Ercan ES, Barkley Child Attention Scale validity and reliability study, Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 2018;31, 284-293.
  • 29, Owens JA, Spirito A, McGuinn M, The Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ): psychometric properties of a survey instrument for schoolaged children, Sleep, 2000;15:1043-1051.
  • 30, Fis NP, Arman A, Ay P, Topuzoglu A, et al., Çocuk Uyku Aliskanliklari Anketinin Türkçe geçerliligi ve güvenilirliği, Anatolian Psychiatry Journal, 2010;11(2), 151-160.
  • 31, Cevher Binici N, Kutlu A. Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu’na Eşlik Eden Yavaş Bilişsel Tempo'nun Klinik Özellikleri, J Contemp Med, 2018; 8(3): 245-250.
  • 32, Barkley RA, Sluggish cognitive tempo (concentration deficit disorder?): current status, future directions, and a plea to change the name, Journal of abnormal child psychology, 2014;42:117-25.
  • 33, Becker SP, Langberg JM, Byars KC, Advancing a biopsychosocial and contextual model of sleep in adolescence: a review and introduction to the special issue, Journal of youth and adolescence, 2015;44:239-70.
  • 34, Gregory AM, Sadeh A, Annual Research Review: Sleep problems in childhood psychiatric disorders--a review of the latest science, J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 2016;57(3):296-317.
  • 35, Kirov R, Brand S, Sleep problems and their effect in ADHD, Expert review of neurotherapeutics, 2014;14:287-99.
  • 36, Koriakin TA, Mahone EM, Jacobson LA, Sleep Difficulties are Associated with Parent Report of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo, J Dev Behav Pediatr, 2015;36(9):717-723.
  • 37, Becker SP, Pfiffner LJ, Stein MA, Burns GL, McBurnett K, Sleep habits in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder predominantly inattentive type and associations with comorbid psychopathology symptoms, Sleep Med, 2016;21:151-159.
  • 38, Becker SP, Luebbe AM, Langberg JM, Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder dimensions and sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms in relation to college students' sleep functioning, Child psychiatry and human development, 2014;45:675-85.
  • 39, O'Brien LM, Ivanenko A, Crabtree VM, Holbrook CR, Bruner JL, Klaus CJ, Gozal D, Sleep disturbances in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Pediatr Res, 2003;54(2):237-43.
  • 40, Chervin RD, Archbold KH, Dillon JE, et al. Inattention, hyperactivity, and symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing. Pediatrics. 2002;109(3):449-456.
  • 41, Nevsimalova S, Prihodova I, Kemlink D, Lin L, Mignot E. REM behavior disorder (RBD) can be one of the first symptoms of childhood narcolepsy. Sleep Med. 2007;8(7-8):784-786.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Psikiyatri
Bölüm Özgün Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Mutlu Muhammed Özbek 0000-0002-0928-2820

Doğa Sevinçok 0000-0003-3138-6922

Serkan Turan 0000-0002-6548-0629

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2022
Kabul Tarihi 1 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 48 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Özbek, M. M., Sevinçok, D., & Turan, S. (2022). Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu Tanılı Çocuk ve Ergenlerin Uyku Alışkanlıkları ve Yavaş Bilişsel Tempo Belirtileri ile İlişkisi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 48(3), 335-340. https://doi.org/10.32708/uutfd.1148113
AMA Özbek MM, Sevinçok D, Turan S. Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu Tanılı Çocuk ve Ergenlerin Uyku Alışkanlıkları ve Yavaş Bilişsel Tempo Belirtileri ile İlişkisi. Uludağ Tıp Derg. Aralık 2022;48(3):335-340. doi:10.32708/uutfd.1148113
Chicago Özbek, Mutlu Muhammed, Doğa Sevinçok, ve Serkan Turan. “Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu Tanılı Çocuk Ve Ergenlerin Uyku Alışkanlıkları Ve Yavaş Bilişsel Tempo Belirtileri Ile İlişkisi”. Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 48, sy. 3 (Aralık 2022): 335-40. https://doi.org/10.32708/uutfd.1148113.
EndNote Özbek MM, Sevinçok D, Turan S (01 Aralık 2022) Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu Tanılı Çocuk ve Ergenlerin Uyku Alışkanlıkları ve Yavaş Bilişsel Tempo Belirtileri ile İlişkisi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 48 3 335–340.
IEEE M. M. Özbek, D. Sevinçok, ve S. Turan, “Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu Tanılı Çocuk ve Ergenlerin Uyku Alışkanlıkları ve Yavaş Bilişsel Tempo Belirtileri ile İlişkisi”, Uludağ Tıp Derg, c. 48, sy. 3, ss. 335–340, 2022, doi: 10.32708/uutfd.1148113.
ISNAD Özbek, Mutlu Muhammed vd. “Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu Tanılı Çocuk Ve Ergenlerin Uyku Alışkanlıkları Ve Yavaş Bilişsel Tempo Belirtileri Ile İlişkisi”. Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 48/3 (Aralık 2022), 335-340. https://doi.org/10.32708/uutfd.1148113.
JAMA Özbek MM, Sevinçok D, Turan S. Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu Tanılı Çocuk ve Ergenlerin Uyku Alışkanlıkları ve Yavaş Bilişsel Tempo Belirtileri ile İlişkisi. Uludağ Tıp Derg. 2022;48:335–340.
MLA Özbek, Mutlu Muhammed vd. “Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu Tanılı Çocuk Ve Ergenlerin Uyku Alışkanlıkları Ve Yavaş Bilişsel Tempo Belirtileri Ile İlişkisi”. Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 48, sy. 3, 2022, ss. 335-40, doi:10.32708/uutfd.1148113.
Vancouver Özbek MM, Sevinçok D, Turan S. Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu Tanılı Çocuk ve Ergenlerin Uyku Alışkanlıkları ve Yavaş Bilişsel Tempo Belirtileri ile İlişkisi. Uludağ Tıp Derg. 2022;48(3):335-40.

ISSN: 1300-414X, e-ISSN: 2645-9027

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