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Ağız Kokusunun Teşhisi, Tedavisi ve Ortodonti ile İlişkisi

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 15 - 24, 17.12.2020

Öz

Ağız kokusu, çoğu insanın önlemeye çalıştığı hoş olmayan bir problemdir. Ağız kokusu nüfusun çoğunluğunda bulunur ve bu durumdan muzdarip olan bireylerde sosyal ve psikolojik problemlere, sosyal ve kişisel izolasyona neden olabilir. Bu nedenle ağız kokusu ile ilgili çalışmaların varlığı oldukça önem kazanmaktadır. Ağız kokusunun oluşumunda bakteriler önemli rol üstlenmektedir. Bakteriler ağız kokusunun ana nedeni olan uçucu sülfür bileşiklerinin oluşumuna neden olmaktadırlar. Sülfür bileşiklerinin ve diğer organik bileşiklerin değerlendirilmesinde birçok yöntem kullanılmaktadır. Subjektif metodlar bulunduğu gibi özellikle ölçüm yapan kişinin koku duyarlılığından etkilenmeyecek olan objektif metodların kullanımı daha çok tercih edilmektedir. Ağız kokusu tespiti yapıldıktan sonra uygun tedavi belirlenerek uygulanmaktadır. Ortodontik tedavilerde kullanılan hareketli ve sabit mekaniklerin yetersiz oral hijyen varlığında diş yüzeyinde retantif alanlar oluşturması sebebiyle ağız kokusu oluşumuna yol açtığı düşünülmektedir. Bu sebeple koku oluşumunu önlemek için gerekli oral hijyen prosedürlerinin uygulanmasının yanı sıra hareketli ve sabit apareylerin mekanik ve kimyasal temizliklerinin yapılması önem taşımaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Hawxhurst D. Offensive breath. Dent Register. 1873;27:104-10.
  • 2. Crohn B, Drosd R. Origin of mouth odors—halitosis. New York J Dent. 1942;12:192-7.
  • 3. Tangerman A. Halitosis in medicine: a review. Int Dent J. 2002;52(S5P1):201-6.
  • 4. Council A. Oral malodour. J Am Dent Assoc. 2003;134:209-14.
  • 5. Yaegaki K, Coil JM. Genuine halitosis, pseudo-halitosis, and halitophobia: classification, diagnosis, and treatment. Compend contin educ dent. 2000;21(10a):880-6, 888-9; quiz 890.
  • 6. Lee P, Mak W, Newsome P. The aetiology and treatment of oral halitosis: an update. Hong Kong Med J. 2004;10(6):414-8.
  • 7. Attia EL, Marshall KG. Halitosis. Can Med Assoc J. 1982;126(11):1281-5.
  • 8. Tonzetich J. Production and origin of oral malodor: a review of mechanisms and methods of analysis. J Periodontol. 1977;48(1):13-20.
  • 9. Almas K, Al-Hawish A, Al-Khamis W. Oral hygiene practices, smoking habit, and self-perceived oral malodor among dental students. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2003;4(4):77-90.
  • 10. Kanehira T, Takehara J, Takahashi D, Honda O, Morita M. Prevalence of oral malodor and the relationship with habitual mouth breathing in children. J Clinic Pediatr Dent. 2004;28(4):285-8.
  • 11. Zürcher A, Laine ML, Filippi A. Diagnosis, Prevalence, and Treatment of Halitosis. Curr Oral Health Rep. 2014;1(4):279-85.
  • 12. Rosenberg M, Knaan T, Cohen D. Association among bad breath, body mass index, and alcohol intake. J Dent Res. 2007;86(10):997-1000.
  • 13. Rosenberg M. Clinical assessment of bad breath: current concepts. J Am Dent Assoc (1939). 1996;127(4):475-82.
  • 14. Kleinberg I, Westbay G. Oral malodor. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 1990;1(4):247-59.
  • 15. Richter JL. Diagnosis and treatment of halitosis. Compend contin educ dent. 1996;17(4):370-2, 4-6 passim; quiz 88.
  • 16. McDowell JD, Kassebaum DK. Diagnosing and treating halitosis. J Am Dent Assoc. 1993;124(7):55-64.
  • 17. McNamara TF, Alexander JF, Lee M. The role of microorganisms in the production of oral malodor. Oral Surg, Oral Med, Oral Pathol. 1972;34(1):41-8.
  • 18. Kini VV, Pereira R, Padhye A, Kanagotagi S, Pathak T, Gupta H. Diagnosis and treatment of halitosis: An overview. J Contemp Dent. 2012;2(3):89-95.
  • 19. Phillips M, Cataneo R, Greenberg J, Munawar M, Nachnani S, Samtani S. Pilot study of a breath test for volatile organic compounds associated with oral malodor: evidence for the role of oxidative stress. Oral Dis. 2005;11:32-4.
  • 20. Quirynen M, Dadamio J, Van den Velde S, De Smit M, Dekeyser C, Van Tornout M, et al. Characteristics of 2000 patients who visited a halitosis clinic. J Clinic Periodontol. 2009;36(11):970-5.
  • 21. Haraszthy VI, Zambon JJ, Sreenivasan PK, Zambon MM, Gerber D, Rego R, et al. Identification of oral bacterial species associated with halitosis. J Am Dent Assoc (1939). 2007;138(8):1113-20.
  • 22. Rosenberg M, Septon I, Eli I, Bar-Ness R, Gelernter I, Brenner S, et al. Halitosis measurement by an industrial sulphide monitor. J Periodontol. 1991;62(8):487-9.
  • 23. Pham TA. Comparison between selfestimated and clinical oral malodor. Acta Odontol Scand. 2013;71(1):263-70.
  • 24. Rosenberg M, Kozlovsky A, Gelernter I, Cherniak O, Gabbay J, Baht R, et al. Selfestimation of oral malodor. J Dent Res. 1995;74(9):1577-82.
  • 25. Iwanicka‐Grzegorek K, Lipkowska E, Kepa J, Michalik J, Wierzbicka M. Comparison of ninhydrin method of detecting amine compounds with other methods of halitosis detection. Oral Dis. 2005;11:37- 9.
  • 26. Codipilly D, Kleinberg I. Generation of indole/skatole during malodor formation in the salivary sediment model system and initial examination of the oral bacteria involved. J Breath Res. 2008;2(1):017017.
  • 27. Riggio M, Lennon A, Rolph H, Hodge P, Donaldson A, Maxwell A, et al. Molecular identification of bacteria on the tongue dorsum of subjects with and without halitosis. Oral Dis. 2008;14(3):251-8.
  • 28. Rosenberg M, Kulkarni GV, Bosy A, McCulloch CA. Reproducibility and sensitivity of oral malodor measurements with a portable sulphide monitor. J Dent Res. 1991;70(11):1436-40.
  • 29. Aydın M. Teşhisten tedaviye ağız kokusu. Nobel Kitabevi. 2008, 83-7.
  • 30. Ueno M, Shinada K, Yanagisawa T, Mori C, Yokoyama S, Furukawa S, et al. Clinical oral malodor measurement with a portable sulfide monitor. Oral Dis. 2008;14(3):264-9.
  • 31. Morita M, Musinski DL, Wang HL. Assessment of newly developed tongue sulfide probe for detecting oral malodor. J Clinic Periodontol. 2001;28(5):494-6. 32.
  • 32. Morita M, Wang H-L. Relationship of sulcular sulfide level to severity of periodontal disease and BANA test. J Periodontol. 2001;72(1):74-8.
  • 33. Loesche W, Lopatin D, Giordano J, Alcoforado G, Hujoel P. Comparison of the benzoyl-DL-arginine-naphthylamide (BANA) test, DNA probes, and immunological reagents for ability to detect anaerobic periodontal infections due to Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Bacteroides forsythus. J Clinic Microbiol. 1992;30(2):427-33.
  • 34. Van den Broek AM, Feenstra L, de Baat C. A review of the current literature on aetiology and measurement methods of halitosis. J Dent. 2007;35(8):627-35.
  • 35. Quirynen M, Zhao H, Avontroodt P, Soers C, Pauwels M, Coucke W, et al. A salivary incubation test for evaluation of oral malodor: a pilot study. J Periodontol. 2003;74(7):937-44.
  • 36. Amano A, Yoshida Y, Oho T, Koga T. Monitoring ammonia to assess halitosis. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathol, Oral Radiol, Endodontol. 2002;94(6):692- 6.
  • 37. Miyazaki H. Tentative classification of halitosis and its treatment needs. Niigata Dent J. 1999;32:7-11.
  • 38. Yaegaki K, Coil JM. Examination, classification, and treatment of halitosis; clinical perspectives. J Can Dent Assoc. 2000;66(5):257-61.
  • 39. Tanigawa T, Yamashita J-i, Shibata R, Shinohara A. A Tonsillolith: Possible Cause of Halitosis. Am J Med Sci. 2013;346(1):64.
  • 40. Lopes RG, de Santi MESO, Franco BE, Deana AM, Prates RA, França CM, et al. Photodynamic therapy as novel treatment for halitosis in adolescents: a case series study. J Lasers Med Sci. 2014;5(3):146.
  • 41. Kıran F, Osmanağaoğlu Ö. Ağız ve Diş Sağlığında Probiyotiklerin Etkisi. Düzce Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2016;6(1):56-62.
  • 42. Glass RT, Bullard JW, Hadley C, Mix E,Conrad R. Partial spectrum of microorganisms found in dentures and possible disease implications. J Am Osteopat Assoc. 2001;101(2):65-6.
  • 43. Glass RT, Bullard JW, Hadley C, Mix E, Conrad R. Partial spectrum of microorganisms found in dentures and possible disease implications. J Am Osteopat Assoc. 2001;101(2):92.
  • 44. Coulthwaite L, Verran J. Potential pathogenic aspects of denture plaque. Br J Biomed Sci. 2007;64(4):180-9.
  • 45. Gracco A, Mazzoli A, Favoni O, Conti C, Ferraris P, Tosi G, et al. Short-term chemical and physical changes in Invisalign appliances. Aust Orthod J. 2009;25(1):34.
  • 46. Lessa FCR, Enoki C, Ito IY, Faria G, Matsumoto MAN, Nelson-Filho P. In-vivo evaluation of the bacterial contamination and disinfection of acrylic baseplates of removable orthodontic appliances. Am J Orthod. 2007;131(6):705. e11-. e17.
  • 47. Levrini L, Novara F, Margherini S, Tenconi C, Raspanti M. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of the growth of dental plaque on the surfaces of removable orthodontic aligners after the use of different cleaning methods. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 2015;7:125.
  • 48. Ortu E, Sgolastra F, Barone A, Gatto R, Marzo G, Monaco A. Salivary Streptococcus Mutans and Lactobacillus spp. levels in patients during rapid palatal expansion. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2014;15(3):271-4.
  • 49. Balenseifen JW, Madonia J. Study of dental plaque in orthodontic patients. J Dent Res. 1970;49(2):320-4.
  • 50. Babacan H, Sokucu O, Marakoglu İ, Ozdemir H, Nalcaci R. Effect of fixed appliances on oral malodor. Am J Orthod. 2011;139(3):351-5.
  • 51. Sokucu O, Ozdemir H, Nalcaci R, Marakoglu I, Babacan H. Effects of Debonding on Oral Malodor. Turk J Orthod. 2009;22(2):147-54.
  • 52. Sökücü O, Akpınar A, Özdemir H, Birlik M, Çalışır M. The effect of fixed appliances on oral malodor from beginning of treatment till 1 year. BMC oral health. 2016;16(1):14.
  • 53. Kaygisiz E, Uzuner FD, Yuksel S, Taner L, Çulhaoğlu R, Sezgin Y, et al. Effects of self-ligating and conventional brackets on halitosis and periodontal conditions. Angle Orthod. 2014;85(3):468-73.
  • 54. Nalçacı R, Özat Y, Çokakoğlu S, Türkkahraman H, Önal S, Kaya S. Effect of bracket type on halitosis, periodontal status, and microbial colonization. Angle Orthod. 2014;84(3):479-85.
  • 55. Doruk C, Öztürk F, Özdemir H, Nalçaci R. Oral and nasal malodor in patients with and without cleft lip and palate who had undergone orthodontic therapy. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2008;45(5):481- 4.
  • 56. Levrini L, Posimo D, Tieghi G, Gualandi G, Caprioglio A. Halitosis With Fixed Orthodontic Appliance vs Removable Orthodontic Aligners: A Pilot Study. Stoma Edu J. 2016; 3(1):150-155.
  • 57. Erhamza TS, Ozdıler FE. Effect of rapid maxillary expansion on halitosis. Am J Orthod. 2018;154(5):702-7.

Diagnosing, Treating of Halitosis and Relation with Orthodontics

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 15 - 24, 17.12.2020

Öz

Bad breath is an unpleasant problem that most people try to avoid. Bad breath is found in the majority of the population and can cause social and psychological problems, social and personal isolation in individuals suffering from this condition. For this reason, studies on bad breath are very important. Bacteria play an important role in the formation of bad breath. Bacteria cause the formation of volatile sulfur compounds, which are the main cause of bad breath. Many methods are used to evaluate sulfur compounds and other organic compounds. As there are subjective methods, the use of objective methods that will not be affected by the odor sensitivity of the person making the measurement is more preferred. After the bad breath is detected, the appropriate treatment is determined and applied. Movable and fixed mechanics used in orthodontic treatments are thought to cause bad breath, as they create retentive areas on the tooth surface in the presence of insufficient oral hygiene. For this reason, it is important to perform the necessary oral hygiene procedures to prevent odor formation, as well as to perform mechanical and chemical cleaning of movable and fixed appliances.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Hawxhurst D. Offensive breath. Dent Register. 1873;27:104-10.
  • 2. Crohn B, Drosd R. Origin of mouth odors—halitosis. New York J Dent. 1942;12:192-7.
  • 3. Tangerman A. Halitosis in medicine: a review. Int Dent J. 2002;52(S5P1):201-6.
  • 4. Council A. Oral malodour. J Am Dent Assoc. 2003;134:209-14.
  • 5. Yaegaki K, Coil JM. Genuine halitosis, pseudo-halitosis, and halitophobia: classification, diagnosis, and treatment. Compend contin educ dent. 2000;21(10a):880-6, 888-9; quiz 890.
  • 6. Lee P, Mak W, Newsome P. The aetiology and treatment of oral halitosis: an update. Hong Kong Med J. 2004;10(6):414-8.
  • 7. Attia EL, Marshall KG. Halitosis. Can Med Assoc J. 1982;126(11):1281-5.
  • 8. Tonzetich J. Production and origin of oral malodor: a review of mechanisms and methods of analysis. J Periodontol. 1977;48(1):13-20.
  • 9. Almas K, Al-Hawish A, Al-Khamis W. Oral hygiene practices, smoking habit, and self-perceived oral malodor among dental students. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2003;4(4):77-90.
  • 10. Kanehira T, Takehara J, Takahashi D, Honda O, Morita M. Prevalence of oral malodor and the relationship with habitual mouth breathing in children. J Clinic Pediatr Dent. 2004;28(4):285-8.
  • 11. Zürcher A, Laine ML, Filippi A. Diagnosis, Prevalence, and Treatment of Halitosis. Curr Oral Health Rep. 2014;1(4):279-85.
  • 12. Rosenberg M, Knaan T, Cohen D. Association among bad breath, body mass index, and alcohol intake. J Dent Res. 2007;86(10):997-1000.
  • 13. Rosenberg M. Clinical assessment of bad breath: current concepts. J Am Dent Assoc (1939). 1996;127(4):475-82.
  • 14. Kleinberg I, Westbay G. Oral malodor. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 1990;1(4):247-59.
  • 15. Richter JL. Diagnosis and treatment of halitosis. Compend contin educ dent. 1996;17(4):370-2, 4-6 passim; quiz 88.
  • 16. McDowell JD, Kassebaum DK. Diagnosing and treating halitosis. J Am Dent Assoc. 1993;124(7):55-64.
  • 17. McNamara TF, Alexander JF, Lee M. The role of microorganisms in the production of oral malodor. Oral Surg, Oral Med, Oral Pathol. 1972;34(1):41-8.
  • 18. Kini VV, Pereira R, Padhye A, Kanagotagi S, Pathak T, Gupta H. Diagnosis and treatment of halitosis: An overview. J Contemp Dent. 2012;2(3):89-95.
  • 19. Phillips M, Cataneo R, Greenberg J, Munawar M, Nachnani S, Samtani S. Pilot study of a breath test for volatile organic compounds associated with oral malodor: evidence for the role of oxidative stress. Oral Dis. 2005;11:32-4.
  • 20. Quirynen M, Dadamio J, Van den Velde S, De Smit M, Dekeyser C, Van Tornout M, et al. Characteristics of 2000 patients who visited a halitosis clinic. J Clinic Periodontol. 2009;36(11):970-5.
  • 21. Haraszthy VI, Zambon JJ, Sreenivasan PK, Zambon MM, Gerber D, Rego R, et al. Identification of oral bacterial species associated with halitosis. J Am Dent Assoc (1939). 2007;138(8):1113-20.
  • 22. Rosenberg M, Septon I, Eli I, Bar-Ness R, Gelernter I, Brenner S, et al. Halitosis measurement by an industrial sulphide monitor. J Periodontol. 1991;62(8):487-9.
  • 23. Pham TA. Comparison between selfestimated and clinical oral malodor. Acta Odontol Scand. 2013;71(1):263-70.
  • 24. Rosenberg M, Kozlovsky A, Gelernter I, Cherniak O, Gabbay J, Baht R, et al. Selfestimation of oral malodor. J Dent Res. 1995;74(9):1577-82.
  • 25. Iwanicka‐Grzegorek K, Lipkowska E, Kepa J, Michalik J, Wierzbicka M. Comparison of ninhydrin method of detecting amine compounds with other methods of halitosis detection. Oral Dis. 2005;11:37- 9.
  • 26. Codipilly D, Kleinberg I. Generation of indole/skatole during malodor formation in the salivary sediment model system and initial examination of the oral bacteria involved. J Breath Res. 2008;2(1):017017.
  • 27. Riggio M, Lennon A, Rolph H, Hodge P, Donaldson A, Maxwell A, et al. Molecular identification of bacteria on the tongue dorsum of subjects with and without halitosis. Oral Dis. 2008;14(3):251-8.
  • 28. Rosenberg M, Kulkarni GV, Bosy A, McCulloch CA. Reproducibility and sensitivity of oral malodor measurements with a portable sulphide monitor. J Dent Res. 1991;70(11):1436-40.
  • 29. Aydın M. Teşhisten tedaviye ağız kokusu. Nobel Kitabevi. 2008, 83-7.
  • 30. Ueno M, Shinada K, Yanagisawa T, Mori C, Yokoyama S, Furukawa S, et al. Clinical oral malodor measurement with a portable sulfide monitor. Oral Dis. 2008;14(3):264-9.
  • 31. Morita M, Musinski DL, Wang HL. Assessment of newly developed tongue sulfide probe for detecting oral malodor. J Clinic Periodontol. 2001;28(5):494-6. 32.
  • 32. Morita M, Wang H-L. Relationship of sulcular sulfide level to severity of periodontal disease and BANA test. J Periodontol. 2001;72(1):74-8.
  • 33. Loesche W, Lopatin D, Giordano J, Alcoforado G, Hujoel P. Comparison of the benzoyl-DL-arginine-naphthylamide (BANA) test, DNA probes, and immunological reagents for ability to detect anaerobic periodontal infections due to Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Bacteroides forsythus. J Clinic Microbiol. 1992;30(2):427-33.
  • 34. Van den Broek AM, Feenstra L, de Baat C. A review of the current literature on aetiology and measurement methods of halitosis. J Dent. 2007;35(8):627-35.
  • 35. Quirynen M, Zhao H, Avontroodt P, Soers C, Pauwels M, Coucke W, et al. A salivary incubation test for evaluation of oral malodor: a pilot study. J Periodontol. 2003;74(7):937-44.
  • 36. Amano A, Yoshida Y, Oho T, Koga T. Monitoring ammonia to assess halitosis. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathol, Oral Radiol, Endodontol. 2002;94(6):692- 6.
  • 37. Miyazaki H. Tentative classification of halitosis and its treatment needs. Niigata Dent J. 1999;32:7-11.
  • 38. Yaegaki K, Coil JM. Examination, classification, and treatment of halitosis; clinical perspectives. J Can Dent Assoc. 2000;66(5):257-61.
  • 39. Tanigawa T, Yamashita J-i, Shibata R, Shinohara A. A Tonsillolith: Possible Cause of Halitosis. Am J Med Sci. 2013;346(1):64.
  • 40. Lopes RG, de Santi MESO, Franco BE, Deana AM, Prates RA, França CM, et al. Photodynamic therapy as novel treatment for halitosis in adolescents: a case series study. J Lasers Med Sci. 2014;5(3):146.
  • 41. Kıran F, Osmanağaoğlu Ö. Ağız ve Diş Sağlığında Probiyotiklerin Etkisi. Düzce Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2016;6(1):56-62.
  • 42. Glass RT, Bullard JW, Hadley C, Mix E,Conrad R. Partial spectrum of microorganisms found in dentures and possible disease implications. J Am Osteopat Assoc. 2001;101(2):65-6.
  • 43. Glass RT, Bullard JW, Hadley C, Mix E, Conrad R. Partial spectrum of microorganisms found in dentures and possible disease implications. J Am Osteopat Assoc. 2001;101(2):92.
  • 44. Coulthwaite L, Verran J. Potential pathogenic aspects of denture plaque. Br J Biomed Sci. 2007;64(4):180-9.
  • 45. Gracco A, Mazzoli A, Favoni O, Conti C, Ferraris P, Tosi G, et al. Short-term chemical and physical changes in Invisalign appliances. Aust Orthod J. 2009;25(1):34.
  • 46. Lessa FCR, Enoki C, Ito IY, Faria G, Matsumoto MAN, Nelson-Filho P. In-vivo evaluation of the bacterial contamination and disinfection of acrylic baseplates of removable orthodontic appliances. Am J Orthod. 2007;131(6):705. e11-. e17.
  • 47. Levrini L, Novara F, Margherini S, Tenconi C, Raspanti M. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of the growth of dental plaque on the surfaces of removable orthodontic aligners after the use of different cleaning methods. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 2015;7:125.
  • 48. Ortu E, Sgolastra F, Barone A, Gatto R, Marzo G, Monaco A. Salivary Streptococcus Mutans and Lactobacillus spp. levels in patients during rapid palatal expansion. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2014;15(3):271-4.
  • 49. Balenseifen JW, Madonia J. Study of dental plaque in orthodontic patients. J Dent Res. 1970;49(2):320-4.
  • 50. Babacan H, Sokucu O, Marakoglu İ, Ozdemir H, Nalcaci R. Effect of fixed appliances on oral malodor. Am J Orthod. 2011;139(3):351-5.
  • 51. Sokucu O, Ozdemir H, Nalcaci R, Marakoglu I, Babacan H. Effects of Debonding on Oral Malodor. Turk J Orthod. 2009;22(2):147-54.
  • 52. Sökücü O, Akpınar A, Özdemir H, Birlik M, Çalışır M. The effect of fixed appliances on oral malodor from beginning of treatment till 1 year. BMC oral health. 2016;16(1):14.
  • 53. Kaygisiz E, Uzuner FD, Yuksel S, Taner L, Çulhaoğlu R, Sezgin Y, et al. Effects of self-ligating and conventional brackets on halitosis and periodontal conditions. Angle Orthod. 2014;85(3):468-73.
  • 54. Nalçacı R, Özat Y, Çokakoğlu S, Türkkahraman H, Önal S, Kaya S. Effect of bracket type on halitosis, periodontal status, and microbial colonization. Angle Orthod. 2014;84(3):479-85.
  • 55. Doruk C, Öztürk F, Özdemir H, Nalçaci R. Oral and nasal malodor in patients with and without cleft lip and palate who had undergone orthodontic therapy. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2008;45(5):481- 4.
  • 56. Levrini L, Posimo D, Tieghi G, Gualandi G, Caprioglio A. Halitosis With Fixed Orthodontic Appliance vs Removable Orthodontic Aligners: A Pilot Study. Stoma Edu J. 2016; 3(1):150-155.
  • 57. Erhamza TS, Ozdıler FE. Effect of rapid maxillary expansion on halitosis. Am J Orthod. 2018;154(5):702-7.
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ortodonti ve Dentofasiyal Ortopedi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Türkan Sezen Erhamza

Kübra Arslan Çarpar

Yayımlanma Tarihi 17 Aralık 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Sezen Erhamza, T., & Arslan Çarpar, K. (2020). Ağız Kokusunun Teşhisi, Tedavisi ve Ortodonti ile İlişkisi. Van Diş Hekimliği Dergisi, 1(1), 15-24.