Research Article
Terapötik Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV)’un İmmun Sistem ve İnsan Tümör Hücresi ile Etkileşimi: Onkolitik Viroterapi
Abstract
Kanser gerek mortalite gerekse ortaya çıkma oranı açısından hiç şüphesiz çağımızın en tehlikeli hastalığıdır. Gelişen yeni teknolojiler ile erken tanı, yeni nesil kematerapötikler ve ileri düzey radyoterapiler geliştirilmiş olsa da kanser hastalığına tam bir çözüm olamamışlardır. Bu durum biyoteknolojinin de gelişmesiyle birlikte kanserin tedavi ve korunma yöntemlerini laboratuvar bazlı geliştirmeye yönlendirmiştir. Laboratuvar bazlı bu tekniklerden en önemlisi viruslar aracılığıyla yapılan kanser tedavisi yani Onkolitik Viroterapi’dir. Kanser hücrelerine yüksek affinite gösteren doğadaki bu viruslar, laboratuvar şartlarında geliştirilerek daha etkin olması sağlanmıştır. Ancak insanlardaki immun sistemin oldukça karmaşık ve güçlü bir işleyişi olması virusların kanser hücresine tam olarak etki etmesini engellemektedir. Bu durum insan orijinli olmayan viruslara yöneltmiştir ki bunlardan ön plana çıkanı ise Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) olmuştur. Özellikle insan orijinli olmayan hayvan viruslarının insanlar üzerinde yan etki göstermemesi ya da çok düşük bir etki göstermesi onları ayrıca avantajlı hale getirmektedir. NDV kanatlıların oldukça patojen bir hastalığı olmasına karşın insanlarda antitümöral etkisi sayesinde birçok başarılı terapi sonucu elde edilmiştir. Bu derlemede NDV’un kanser hücreleri için terapötik etkisi ve immun sistemle ilişkisi incelenecek, ayrıca konu hakkında yapılan laboratuvar ve klinik çalışmalara değinilecektir.
References
- 1. Doyle TM. (1927): B. aertrycke infection of chicks. Journal of Comparative Pathology and Therapeutics; 40: 71-75. 2. de Leeuw O, Peeters, B. (1999): Complete nucleotide sequence of Newcastle disease virus: evidence for the existence of a new genus within the subfamily Paramyxovirinae. Journal of General Virology; 80(1), 131-136. 3. Yusoff K, Tan WS. (2001): Newcastle disease virus: macromolecules and opportunities. Avian Pathology; 30: 439 – 455. 4. Cancer Network: Lawrence, L. (2015): "FDA Approves First Oncolytic Virus With New Melanoma Therapy". http://www.cancernetwork.com/melanoma/fdaapproves- first-oncolytic-virus-new-melanomatherapy, Erişim tarihi; 10.10.2015. 5. Huang F, Wang BR, Wu YQ, Wang FC, Zhang J, Wang YG. (2016): Oncolytic viruses against cancer stem cells: A promising approach for gastrointestinal cancer. World Journal of Gastroenterology; 22(35): 7999 – 8009. 6. Seymour LW, Fisher KD. (2016): Oncolytic viruses: finally delivering. British Journal of Cancer; 114: 357–361. 7. Dharmadhikari N, Mehnert JM, Kaufman HL. (2015): Oncolytic Virus Immunotherapy for Melanoma. Current Treatment Options in Oncology; 16(10): 1-15. 8. Sinkovics JG, Horvath JC. (2000): Newcastle disease virus (NDV): brief history of its oncolytic strains. Journal of Clinical Virology; 16: 1–15. 9. Schirrmacher V, Haas C, Bonifer R, Ahlert T, Gerhards R and Ertel C. (1999): Human tumor cell modification by virus infection: an efficient and safe way to produce cancer vaccine with pleiotropic immune stimulatory properties when using Newcastle Disease Virus. Gene Therapy; 6: 63 – 73.. 10. Fiola C, Peeters B, Fournier P, Arnold A, Bucur M, Schirrmacher V. (2006): Tumor selective replication of Newcastle Disease Virus: association with defects of tumor cells in antiviral defence. International Journal of Cancer; 119(2) : 328 – 338. 11. Ahlert T, Schirrmacher V. (1990): Isolation of a human melanoma adapted Newcastle disease virus mutant with highly selective replication patterns. Cancer Research; 50(18): 5962 – 5968. 12. Janke M, Peeters B, de Leeuw O, Moorman R, Arnold A, Fournier P, Schirrmacher V. (2007): Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) with inserted gene coding for GM-CSF as a new vector for cancer immunogene therapy. Gene Therapy; 14 (23): 1639 – 1649. 13. Elankumaran S, Rockemann D and Samal SK. (2006): Newcastle Disease Virus exerts oncolysis by both intrinsic and extrinsic caspase-dependent pathways of cell death. Journal of Virology; 80 (15): 7522 – 7534. 14. Fábián U, Csatary C, Szeberényi J, Csatary LK. (2007): p53-independent endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated cytotoxicity of a Newcastle Disease Virus strain in tumor cell lines. Journal of Virology; 81(6): 2817 – 2830. 15. Lorence RM, Pecora AL, Major PP, Hotte SJ, Laurie SA, Roberts MS, Groene WS, Bamat, MK. (2003): Overview of phase I studies of intravenous administration of PV701, an oncolytic virus. Current opinion in molecular therapeutics; 5(6): 618-624. 16. Sinkovics JG, Horvath JC. (2000): Vaccination against human cancers (review). Intertional Journal of Oncology; 16: 81–96. 17. Liu TC, Kirn D. (2007): Systemic efficacy with oncolytic virus therapeutics: clinical proof-ofconcept and future directions. Cancer research; 67(2): 429-432. 18. Apostolidis L, Schirrmacher V, Fournier P. (2007): Host mediated anti-tumor effect of oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus after locoregional application. International Journal of Oncology; 31: 1009 – 1019. 19. Takeda K, Kaisho T, Akira S. (2003): Toll-like receptors. Annual review of immunology; 21(1), 335- 376. 20. Thompson AJ, Locarnini SA. (2007): Toll-like receptors, RIG-I-like RNA helicases and the antiviral innate immune response. Immunology and Cell Biology; 85 (6): 435 – 445. 21. Melchjorsen,J, Jensen SB, Malmgaard L, Rasmussen SB, Weber F, Bowie AG, Matiakinen S, Paludan SR. (2005): Activation of innate defense against a paramyxovirus is mediated by RIG-I and TLR7 and TLR8 in a cell-type-specific manner. Journal of virology; 79(20): 12944-12951. 22. Washburn B, Weigand MA, Grosse-Wilde A, Janke M, Stahl H, Rieser E, Sprick MR, Schirrmacher V, Walczak H. (2003): TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand mediates tumoricidal activity of human monocytes stimulated by Newcastle Disease Virus. Journal of Immunology; 170(4): 1814 – 1821. 23. Koks CA, Garg AD, Ehrhardt M, Riva M, Vandenberk L, Boon L, De Vleeschouwer S, Agostinis P, Graf N, Gool SW. (2014): Newcastle disease virotherapy induces long-term survival and tumor-specific immune memory in orthotopic glioma through the induction of immunogenic cell death. International Journal of Cancer; 136: 313– 325. 24. Magyarics Z, Rajnavölgyi É. (2005): Professional type I Interferon-producing cells-A Unique Subpopulation of Dendritic Cells. Acta microbiologica et immunologica hungarica; 52(3-4): 443-462. 25. Kawai T, Akira S. (2005): Pathogen recognition with Toll-like receptors. Current opinion in immunology; 17(4): 338-344. 26. Lindemann J. (1974): Viruses as immunological adjuvants in cancer. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Reviews on Cancer; 355(1): 49-75. 27. Forden C. (2004): Do T lymphocytes correlate danger signals to antigen?. Medical hypotheses; 62(6): 898-906. 28. Hengel H, Koszinowski UH, Conzelmann KK. (2005): Viruses know it all: new insights into IFN networks. Trends in immunology; 26(7): 396-401. 29. von Hoegen P, Zawatzky R, Schirrmacher V. (1990): Modification of tumor cells by a low dose of Newcastle Disease Virus: III. Potentiation of tumor specific cytolytic T cell activity via induction of interferon alfa, beta. Cellular Immunology; 126: 80 – 90. 30. Termeer CC, Schirrmacher V, Bröcker EB, Becker JC. (2001): Newcastle-Disease-Virus infection induces a B7–1/ B7–2 independent T-cellcostimulatory activity in human melanoma cells. Cancer Gene Therapy; 7(2): 316 – 323. 31. Washburn B, Schirrmacher V. (2002): Human tumor cell infection by Newcastle Disease Virus leads to upregulation of HLA and cell adhesion molecules and to induction of interferons, chemokines and finally apoptosis. International Journal of Oncology; 21(1) : 85 – 93. 32. Cassell WA, Garrett RE. (1965): Virus de la enfermedad de Newcastle como agente antineoplásico. Cáncer; 18: 863-868. 33. Lorence RM, Scot Roberts M, O'Neil JD, Groene WS, Miller JA, Mueller SN, Bamat MK. (2007): Phase 1 clinical experience using intravenous administration of PV701, an oncolytic Newcastle disease virus. Current cancer drug targets; 7(2): 157-167. 34. Freeman AI, Zakay-Rones Z, Gomori JM, Linetsky E, Rasooly L, Greenbaum E, Rozenman- Yair S, Panet A, Libson E, Irving CS, Galun, E. (2006): Phase I/II trial of intravenous NDV-HUJ oncolytic virus in recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. Molecular Therapy; 13(1): 221-228. 35. Hotte SJ, Lorence RM, Hirte HW, Polawski SR, Bamat MK, O’Neil JD, Roberts MS, Groene WS, Major PP. (2007): An optimized clinical regimen for the oncolytic virus PV701. Clinical Cancer Research; 13(3): 977 – 985. 36. Csatary LK, Csatary C, Gosztonyi G, Bodey B. (2006): Promising MTH-68/H Oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus therapy in human high grade gliomas Focus on Brain Cancer Research. 69 – 82, Nova Science Publishers, New York. 37. Csatary LK, Massey RJ. (1993): "Method for treating viral diseases with attenuated virus” Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, U.S. Patent No. 5,215,745. 38. Nelson NJ. (1999): Scientific interest in Newcastle disease virus is reviving. Journal of the National Cancer Institute; 91(20): 1708-1710. 39. Sánchez D, Pelayo R, Medina L, Vadillo E, Sánchez R, Núñez L, Cesarman-Maus G, Sarmiento-Silva R. (2015): Newcastle Disease Virus: Potential Therapeutic Application for Human and Canine Lymphoma. Viruses; 8(1): 3-14. 40. Zamarin D, Holmgaard RB, Subudhi SK, Park JS, Mansour M, Palese P, Merghoub T, Wolchok JD, Allison JP. (2014): Localized oncolytic virotherapy overcomes systemic tumor resistance to immune checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. Science Translational Medicine; 6: 226 -232. 41. Schirrmacher V, Bihari AS, Stücker W, Sprenger T. (2014): Long-term remission of prostate cancer with extensive bone metastases upon immuno- and virotherapy: A case report. Oncology Letters; 8(6): 2403–2406. 42. Wu Y, He J, An Y, Wang X, Liu Y, Yan S, Ye X, Qi J, Zhu S, Yu Q, Yin J, Li D, Wang W. (2015): Recombinant Newcastle disease virus (NDV/Anh- IL-2) expressing human IL-2 as a potential candidate for suppresses growth of hepatoma therapy. Journal of Pharmacological Science; 132(1):24–30. 43. Chai Z, Zhang P, Fu F, Zhang X, Liu Y, Hu L, Li X. (2014): Oncolytic therapy of a recombinant Newcastle disease virus D90 strain for lung cancer. Virology Journal; 11(1): 84-92. 44. Buijs P, van Nieuwkoop S, Vaes V, Fouchier R, van Eijck C, Hoogen B Van Den. (2015): Recombinant Immunomodulating Lentogenic or Mesogenic Oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus for Treatment of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. Viruses; 7(6): 2980–2998. 45. Jebar AH, Errington-Mais F, Vile RG, Selby PJ, Melcher AA, Griffin S. (2015): Progress in clinical oncolytic virus-based therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of General Virology; 96(7): 1533–1550. 46. Schirrmacher V. (2016): Fifty Years of Clinical Application of Newcastle Disease Virus: Time to Celebrate! Biomedicines; 4(3): 16-29. 47. Peeters BP, de Leeuw OS, Koch G, Gielkens AL. (1999): Rescue of Newcastle disease virus from cloned cDNA: evidence that cleavability of the fusion protein is a major determinant for virulence. Journal of Virology; 73(6): 5001–5009. 48. Römer-Oberdörfer A, Mundt E, Mebatsion T, Buchholz UJ, Mettenleiter TC. (1999): Generation of recombinant lentogenic Newcastle disease virus from cDNA. Journal of General Virology; 80(11): 2987-2995. 49. Mebatsion T, Verstegen S, De Vaan LT, Römer-Oberdörfer A, Schrier CC. (2001): A recombinant Newcastle disease virus with low-level V protein expression is immunogenic and lacks pathogenicity for chicken embryos. Journal of virology; 75(1): 420-428. 50. Song KY, Wong J, Gonzalez L, Sheng G, Zamarin D, Fong Y. (2010): Antitumor efficacy of viral therapy using genetically engineered Newcastle disease virus [NDV (F3aa)-GFP] for peritoneally disseminated gastric cancer. Journal of Molecular Medicine; 88(6): 589-596.
Year 2016,
Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 8 - 18, 31.12.2016
Abstract
Cancer is undoubtedly the most dangerous diseases of present age in terms of both rates of its mortality and emergence. Although early diagnosis, a new generation chemotherapeutic and advanced radiotherapy have emerged through developing new technologies, a certain solution could not be discovered for the cancer. In this case has directed to develop laboratory-based methods of treatment and prevention within advances in biotechnology. The most important one of these laboratory-based techniques is cancer treatment via oncolytic viruses, in other words Oncolytic Virotherapy. These viruses in the environment showing a high affinity to cancer cells have been provided to be more effective by developed in the laboratory. However, in humans, possessing quite complex and powerful operation of the immune system has inhibited to completely affect to the virus. This circumstance has directed to viruses not originate from human, of which has been Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV). Especially non-human animal viruses have not led to adverse effects or let a much lower impact on humans have made them advantageous. Although NDV is highly pathogenic disease of avian species, several successful therapy results have been obtained by its antitumor effects in humans. This review will examine the relationship with the immune system and therapeutic effects of NDV on cancer cells, also laboratory and clinical studies about these issues will be discussed.
References
- 1. Doyle TM. (1927): B. aertrycke infection of chicks. Journal of Comparative Pathology and Therapeutics; 40: 71-75. 2. de Leeuw O, Peeters, B. (1999): Complete nucleotide sequence of Newcastle disease virus: evidence for the existence of a new genus within the subfamily Paramyxovirinae. Journal of General Virology; 80(1), 131-136. 3. Yusoff K, Tan WS. (2001): Newcastle disease virus: macromolecules and opportunities. Avian Pathology; 30: 439 – 455. 4. Cancer Network: Lawrence, L. (2015): "FDA Approves First Oncolytic Virus With New Melanoma Therapy". http://www.cancernetwork.com/melanoma/fdaapproves- first-oncolytic-virus-new-melanomatherapy, Erişim tarihi; 10.10.2015. 5. Huang F, Wang BR, Wu YQ, Wang FC, Zhang J, Wang YG. (2016): Oncolytic viruses against cancer stem cells: A promising approach for gastrointestinal cancer. World Journal of Gastroenterology; 22(35): 7999 – 8009. 6. Seymour LW, Fisher KD. (2016): Oncolytic viruses: finally delivering. British Journal of Cancer; 114: 357–361. 7. Dharmadhikari N, Mehnert JM, Kaufman HL. (2015): Oncolytic Virus Immunotherapy for Melanoma. Current Treatment Options in Oncology; 16(10): 1-15. 8. Sinkovics JG, Horvath JC. (2000): Newcastle disease virus (NDV): brief history of its oncolytic strains. Journal of Clinical Virology; 16: 1–15. 9. Schirrmacher V, Haas C, Bonifer R, Ahlert T, Gerhards R and Ertel C. (1999): Human tumor cell modification by virus infection: an efficient and safe way to produce cancer vaccine with pleiotropic immune stimulatory properties when using Newcastle Disease Virus. Gene Therapy; 6: 63 – 73.. 10. Fiola C, Peeters B, Fournier P, Arnold A, Bucur M, Schirrmacher V. (2006): Tumor selective replication of Newcastle Disease Virus: association with defects of tumor cells in antiviral defence. International Journal of Cancer; 119(2) : 328 – 338. 11. Ahlert T, Schirrmacher V. (1990): Isolation of a human melanoma adapted Newcastle disease virus mutant with highly selective replication patterns. Cancer Research; 50(18): 5962 – 5968. 12. Janke M, Peeters B, de Leeuw O, Moorman R, Arnold A, Fournier P, Schirrmacher V. (2007): Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) with inserted gene coding for GM-CSF as a new vector for cancer immunogene therapy. Gene Therapy; 14 (23): 1639 – 1649. 13. Elankumaran S, Rockemann D and Samal SK. (2006): Newcastle Disease Virus exerts oncolysis by both intrinsic and extrinsic caspase-dependent pathways of cell death. Journal of Virology; 80 (15): 7522 – 7534. 14. Fábián U, Csatary C, Szeberényi J, Csatary LK. (2007): p53-independent endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated cytotoxicity of a Newcastle Disease Virus strain in tumor cell lines. Journal of Virology; 81(6): 2817 – 2830. 15. Lorence RM, Pecora AL, Major PP, Hotte SJ, Laurie SA, Roberts MS, Groene WS, Bamat, MK. (2003): Overview of phase I studies of intravenous administration of PV701, an oncolytic virus. Current opinion in molecular therapeutics; 5(6): 618-624. 16. Sinkovics JG, Horvath JC. (2000): Vaccination against human cancers (review). Intertional Journal of Oncology; 16: 81–96. 17. Liu TC, Kirn D. (2007): Systemic efficacy with oncolytic virus therapeutics: clinical proof-ofconcept and future directions. Cancer research; 67(2): 429-432. 18. Apostolidis L, Schirrmacher V, Fournier P. (2007): Host mediated anti-tumor effect of oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus after locoregional application. International Journal of Oncology; 31: 1009 – 1019. 19. Takeda K, Kaisho T, Akira S. (2003): Toll-like receptors. Annual review of immunology; 21(1), 335- 376. 20. Thompson AJ, Locarnini SA. (2007): Toll-like receptors, RIG-I-like RNA helicases and the antiviral innate immune response. Immunology and Cell Biology; 85 (6): 435 – 445. 21. Melchjorsen,J, Jensen SB, Malmgaard L, Rasmussen SB, Weber F, Bowie AG, Matiakinen S, Paludan SR. (2005): Activation of innate defense against a paramyxovirus is mediated by RIG-I and TLR7 and TLR8 in a cell-type-specific manner. Journal of virology; 79(20): 12944-12951. 22. Washburn B, Weigand MA, Grosse-Wilde A, Janke M, Stahl H, Rieser E, Sprick MR, Schirrmacher V, Walczak H. (2003): TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand mediates tumoricidal activity of human monocytes stimulated by Newcastle Disease Virus. Journal of Immunology; 170(4): 1814 – 1821. 23. Koks CA, Garg AD, Ehrhardt M, Riva M, Vandenberk L, Boon L, De Vleeschouwer S, Agostinis P, Graf N, Gool SW. (2014): Newcastle disease virotherapy induces long-term survival and tumor-specific immune memory in orthotopic glioma through the induction of immunogenic cell death. International Journal of Cancer; 136: 313– 325. 24. Magyarics Z, Rajnavölgyi É. (2005): Professional type I Interferon-producing cells-A Unique Subpopulation of Dendritic Cells. Acta microbiologica et immunologica hungarica; 52(3-4): 443-462. 25. Kawai T, Akira S. (2005): Pathogen recognition with Toll-like receptors. Current opinion in immunology; 17(4): 338-344. 26. Lindemann J. (1974): Viruses as immunological adjuvants in cancer. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Reviews on Cancer; 355(1): 49-75. 27. Forden C. (2004): Do T lymphocytes correlate danger signals to antigen?. Medical hypotheses; 62(6): 898-906. 28. Hengel H, Koszinowski UH, Conzelmann KK. (2005): Viruses know it all: new insights into IFN networks. Trends in immunology; 26(7): 396-401. 29. von Hoegen P, Zawatzky R, Schirrmacher V. (1990): Modification of tumor cells by a low dose of Newcastle Disease Virus: III. Potentiation of tumor specific cytolytic T cell activity via induction of interferon alfa, beta. Cellular Immunology; 126: 80 – 90. 30. Termeer CC, Schirrmacher V, Bröcker EB, Becker JC. (2001): Newcastle-Disease-Virus infection induces a B7–1/ B7–2 independent T-cellcostimulatory activity in human melanoma cells. Cancer Gene Therapy; 7(2): 316 – 323. 31. Washburn B, Schirrmacher V. (2002): Human tumor cell infection by Newcastle Disease Virus leads to upregulation of HLA and cell adhesion molecules and to induction of interferons, chemokines and finally apoptosis. International Journal of Oncology; 21(1) : 85 – 93. 32. Cassell WA, Garrett RE. (1965): Virus de la enfermedad de Newcastle como agente antineoplásico. Cáncer; 18: 863-868. 33. Lorence RM, Scot Roberts M, O'Neil JD, Groene WS, Miller JA, Mueller SN, Bamat MK. (2007): Phase 1 clinical experience using intravenous administration of PV701, an oncolytic Newcastle disease virus. Current cancer drug targets; 7(2): 157-167. 34. Freeman AI, Zakay-Rones Z, Gomori JM, Linetsky E, Rasooly L, Greenbaum E, Rozenman- Yair S, Panet A, Libson E, Irving CS, Galun, E. (2006): Phase I/II trial of intravenous NDV-HUJ oncolytic virus in recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. Molecular Therapy; 13(1): 221-228. 35. Hotte SJ, Lorence RM, Hirte HW, Polawski SR, Bamat MK, O’Neil JD, Roberts MS, Groene WS, Major PP. (2007): An optimized clinical regimen for the oncolytic virus PV701. Clinical Cancer Research; 13(3): 977 – 985. 36. Csatary LK, Csatary C, Gosztonyi G, Bodey B. (2006): Promising MTH-68/H Oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus therapy in human high grade gliomas Focus on Brain Cancer Research. 69 – 82, Nova Science Publishers, New York. 37. Csatary LK, Massey RJ. (1993): "Method for treating viral diseases with attenuated virus” Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, U.S. Patent No. 5,215,745. 38. Nelson NJ. (1999): Scientific interest in Newcastle disease virus is reviving. Journal of the National Cancer Institute; 91(20): 1708-1710. 39. Sánchez D, Pelayo R, Medina L, Vadillo E, Sánchez R, Núñez L, Cesarman-Maus G, Sarmiento-Silva R. (2015): Newcastle Disease Virus: Potential Therapeutic Application for Human and Canine Lymphoma. Viruses; 8(1): 3-14. 40. Zamarin D, Holmgaard RB, Subudhi SK, Park JS, Mansour M, Palese P, Merghoub T, Wolchok JD, Allison JP. (2014): Localized oncolytic virotherapy overcomes systemic tumor resistance to immune checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. Science Translational Medicine; 6: 226 -232. 41. Schirrmacher V, Bihari AS, Stücker W, Sprenger T. (2014): Long-term remission of prostate cancer with extensive bone metastases upon immuno- and virotherapy: A case report. Oncology Letters; 8(6): 2403–2406. 42. Wu Y, He J, An Y, Wang X, Liu Y, Yan S, Ye X, Qi J, Zhu S, Yu Q, Yin J, Li D, Wang W. (2015): Recombinant Newcastle disease virus (NDV/Anh- IL-2) expressing human IL-2 as a potential candidate for suppresses growth of hepatoma therapy. Journal of Pharmacological Science; 132(1):24–30. 43. Chai Z, Zhang P, Fu F, Zhang X, Liu Y, Hu L, Li X. (2014): Oncolytic therapy of a recombinant Newcastle disease virus D90 strain for lung cancer. Virology Journal; 11(1): 84-92. 44. Buijs P, van Nieuwkoop S, Vaes V, Fouchier R, van Eijck C, Hoogen B Van Den. (2015): Recombinant Immunomodulating Lentogenic or Mesogenic Oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus for Treatment of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. Viruses; 7(6): 2980–2998. 45. Jebar AH, Errington-Mais F, Vile RG, Selby PJ, Melcher AA, Griffin S. (2015): Progress in clinical oncolytic virus-based therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of General Virology; 96(7): 1533–1550. 46. Schirrmacher V. (2016): Fifty Years of Clinical Application of Newcastle Disease Virus: Time to Celebrate! Biomedicines; 4(3): 16-29. 47. Peeters BP, de Leeuw OS, Koch G, Gielkens AL. (1999): Rescue of Newcastle disease virus from cloned cDNA: evidence that cleavability of the fusion protein is a major determinant for virulence. Journal of Virology; 73(6): 5001–5009. 48. Römer-Oberdörfer A, Mundt E, Mebatsion T, Buchholz UJ, Mettenleiter TC. (1999): Generation of recombinant lentogenic Newcastle disease virus from cDNA. Journal of General Virology; 80(11): 2987-2995. 49. Mebatsion T, Verstegen S, De Vaan LT, Römer-Oberdörfer A, Schrier CC. (2001): A recombinant Newcastle disease virus with low-level V protein expression is immunogenic and lacks pathogenicity for chicken embryos. Journal of virology; 75(1): 420-428. 50. Song KY, Wong J, Gonzalez L, Sheng G, Zamarin D, Fong Y. (2010): Antitumor efficacy of viral therapy using genetically engineered Newcastle disease virus [NDV (F3aa)-GFP] for peritoneally disseminated gastric cancer. Journal of Molecular Medicine; 88(6): 589-596.
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Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Clinical Sciences |
| Journal Section | Review |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | December 31, 2016 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2016Volume: 1 Issue: 2 |
