Aralıklı Açlık ve İlişkili Bazı Etmenler

Tuğba Tatar; Nilüfer Acar Tek

Review

Aralıklı Açlık ve İlişkili Bazı Etmenler

Year 2020, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 91 - 100, 10.09.2020

Tuğba Tatar , Nilüfer Acar Tek

Abstract

Obezite dünya genelinde önemli bir halk sağlığı sorunu olmaya devam etmektedir. Bu sorunun tedavisi için çeşitli yöntemler bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan biri de aralıklı açlıktır. Aralıklı açlık; kalori kısıtlamasının yapılmadığı ancak belirli süreler boyunca aç kalmayı gerektiren bir ağırlık yönetimi metodudur. Bununla birlikte sağlığa yönelik çeşitli etmenlerle de ilişki içerisindedir. Aralıklı açlığın; bireylerin sirkadiyen ritimlerinde değişiklikler oluşturduğu, bağırsak mikrobiyotasında olumlu gelişmeler sağladığı, metabolik sendrom, kanser ve yaşlanma üzerinde olumlu ve olumsuz olmak üzere çeşitli etkileri olduğu bildirilmektedir. Bu diyet türü uygulanmadan önce olumlu ve olumsuz etkileri hesaba katılarak bir öneri oluşturulmalıdır.

Keywords

aralıklı açlık, sirkadiyen ritim, mikrobiyota, metabolik sendrom, kanser, yaşlanma

References

1. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (2018) Obesity. https://www.who.int/topics/obesity/en/ 2018 (Erişim tarihi: 3 Nisan 2020)
2. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (2016) Obesity and overweight. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight 2016 (Erişim tarihi: 3 Nisan 2020)
3. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı (2010) Obezitenin görülme sıklığı. https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/tr/obezite/turkiyede-obezitenin-gorulme-sikligi.html (Erişim tarihi: 3 Nisan 2020)
4. Tremmel M, Gerdtham UG, Nilsson PM, ve Saha S. (2017) Economic burden of obesity: a systematic literature review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 14(4), 435.
5. Keaver L, Webber L, Dee A, Shiely F, Marsh T, Balanda K, ve Perry IJ. (2013) Application of the UK foresight obesity model in Ireland: the health and economic consequences of projected obesity trends in Ireland. PLoS One, 8(11), e79827. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079827
6. Trepanowski JF, Kroeger CM, Barnosky A, Klempel MC, Bhutani S, Hoddy KK, Varady KA. (2017) Effect of Alternate-Day Fasting on Weight Loss, Weight Maintenance, and Cardioprotection Among Metabolically Healthy Obese Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med, 177(7), 930-938. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0936
7. Varady KA, Roohk D, McEvoy Hein B, Gaylinn B, Thorner M, ve Hellerstein M. (2008) Modified alternate-day fasting regimens reduce cell proliferation rates to a similar extent as daily calorie restriction in mice. The FASEB Journal, 22(6), 2090-2096.
8. Anastasiou CA, Karfopoulou E ve Yannakoulia M. (2015) Weight regaining: from statistics and behaviors to physiology and metabolism. Metabolism, 64(11), 1395-1407.
9. Henry R, Scheaffer L ve Olefsky J. (1985) Glycemic effects of intensive caloric restriction and isocaloric refeeding in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology ve Metabolism, 61(5), 917-925.
10. Wing RR, Blair EH, Bononi P, Marcus MD, Watanabe R ve Bergman RN. (1994) Caloric restriction per se is a significant factor in improvements in glycemic control and insulin sensitivity during weight loss in obese NIDDM patients. Diabetes care, 17(1), 30-36.
11. Persynaki A, Karras S ve Pichard C. (2017) Unraveling the metabolic health benefits of fasting related to religious beliefs: a narrative review. Nutrition, 35, 14-20.
12. Antoni R, Johnston KL, Collins AL ve Robertson MD. (2017) Effects of intermittent fasting on glucose and lipid metabolism. Proc Nutr Soc, 76(3), 361-368. doi:10.1017/s0029665116002986
13. Patterson RE ve Sears DD. (2017) Metabolic effects of intermittent fasting. Annual review of nutrition, 37.
14. Harris L, Hamilton S, Azevedo LB, Olajide J, De Brún C, Waller G, Hankey C. (2018) Intermittent fasting interventions for treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JBI database of systematic reviews and implementation reports, 16(2), 507-547.
15. Mattson MP, Longo VD ve Harvie M. (2017) Impact of intermittent fasting on health and disease processes. Ageing research reviews, 39, 46-58.
16. Catenacci VA, Pan Z, Ostendorf D, Brannon S, Gozansky WS, Mattson MP, Troy Donahoo W. (2016) A randomized pilot study comparing zero-calorie alternate-day fasting to daily caloric restriction in adults with obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring), 24(9), 1874-1883. doi:10.1002/oby.21581
17. Panda S, Hogenesch JB ve Kay SA. (2002) Circadian rhythms from flies to human. Nature, 417(6886), 329-335.
18. Froy O ve Miskin R. (2010) Effect of feeding regimens on circadian rhythms: implications for aging and longevity. Aging (Albany NY), 2(1), 7.
19. Eckel-Mahan KL, Patel VR, De Mateo S, Orozco-Solis R, Ceglia NJ, Sahar S, Sassone-Corsi P. (2013) Reprogramming of the circadian clock by nutritional challenge. Cell, 155(7), 1464-1478.
20. Sensi S, Pace VP ve Guagnano MT. (1993) Chronobiology in endocrinology. Annali dell'Istituto superiore di sanita, 29(4), 613-631.
21. Mohawk JA, Green CB ve Takahashi JS. (2012) Central and peripheral circadian clocks in mammals. Annual review of neuroscience, 35, 445-462.
22. Challet E. (2013) Circadian clocks, food intake, and metabolism. In Progress in molecular biology and translational science (Vol. 119, pp. 105-135): Elsevier.
23. Scheer FA, Hilton MF, Mantzoros CS ve Shea SA. (2009) Adverse metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of circadian misalignment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(11), 4453-4458.
24. Grundy A, Richardson H, Burstyn I, Lohrisch C, SenGupta SK, Lai AS, Aronson KJ. (2013) Increased risk of breast cancer associated with long-term shift work in Canada. Occup Environ Med, 70(12), 831-838.
25. Savvidis C ve Koutsilieris M. (2012) Circadian rhythm disruption in cancer biology. Molecular medicine, 18(9), 1249-1260.
26. Stevens RG ve Rea MS. (2001) Light in the built environment: potential role of circadian disruption in endocrine disruption and breast cancer. Cancer Causes ve Control, 12(3), 279-287.
27. Stevens RG, Blask DE, Brainard GC, Hansen J, Lockley SW, Provencio I, Reinlib L. (2007) Meeting report: the role of environmental lighting and circadian disruption in cancer and other diseases. Environmental health perspectives, 115(9), 1357-1362.
28. Straif K, Baan R, Grosse Y, Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, Group, W. I. A. f. R. o. C. M. W. (2007) Carcinogenicity of shift-work, painting, and fire-fighting. In: Elsevier.
29. Hatori M, Vollmers C, Zarrinpar A, DiTacchio L, Bushong EA, Gill S, Fitzpatrick JA. (2012) Time-restricted feeding without reducing caloric intake prevents metabolic diseases in mice fed a high-fat diet. Cell metabolism, 15(6), 848-860.
30. Sanders S ve Moore J. (1992) Gastrointestinal chronopharmacology: physiology, pharmacology and therapeutic implications. Pharmacology ve therapeutics, 54(1), 1-15.
31. Kaczmarek JL, Musaad SM ve Holscher HD. (2017) Time of day and eating behaviors are associated with the composition and function of the human gastrointestinal microbiota. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 106(5), 1220-1231.
32. Ekmekcioglu C ve Touitou Y. (2011) Chronobiological aspects of food intake and metabolism and their relevance on energy balance and weight regulation. Obesity reviews, 12(1), 14-25.
33. Haas JT ve Staels B. (2017) Fasting the Microbiota to Improve Metabolism? Cell metabolism, 26(4), 584-585.
34. Zarrinpar A, Chaix A, Yooseph S ve Panda S. (2014) Diet and feeding pattern affect the diurnal dynamics of the gut microbiome. Cell metabolism, 20(6), 1006-1017.
35. Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Mahowald MA, Magrini V, Mardis ER ve Gordon JI. (2006) An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature, 444(7122), 1027.
36. Remely M, Hippe B, Geretschlaeger I, Stegmayer S, Hoefinger I ve Haslberger A. (2015) Increased gut microbiota diversity and abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Akkermansia after fasting: a pilot study. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, 127(9-10), 394-398.
37. Özkul C, Yalınay M ve Karakan T. (2019) Islamic fasting leads to an increased abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila and Bacteroides fragilis group: A preliminary study on intermittent fasting. The Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology, 30(12), 1030.
38. Sadeghirad B, Motaghipisheh S, Kolahdooz F, Zahedi MJ ve Haghdoost AA. (2014) Islamic fasting and weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Public health nutrition, 17(2), 396-406.
39. Castello L, Froio T, Maina M, Cavallini G, Biasi F, Leonarduzzi G, Chiarpotto E. (2010) Alternate-day fasting protects the rat heart against age-induced inflammation and fibrosis by inhibiting oxidative damage and NF-kB activation. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 48(1), 47-54.
40. Harvie MN, Pegington M, Mattson MP, Frystyk J, Dillon B, Evans G, Cutler RG. (2011) The effects of intermittent or continuous energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic disease risk markers: a randomized trial in young overweight women. International journal of obesity, 35(5), 714-727.
41. Klempel MC, Kroeger CM ve Varady KA. (2013) Alternate day fasting (ADF) with a high-fat diet produces similar weight loss and cardio-protection as ADF with a low-fat diet. Metabolism, 62(1), 137-143.
42. Milanski M, Arruda AP, Coope A, Ignacio-Souza LM, Nunez CE, Roman EA, Torsoni MA. (2012) Inhibition of hypothalamic inflammation reverses diet-induced insulin resistance in the liver. Diabetes, 61(6), 1455-1462.
43. Singh R, Kaushik S, Wang Y, Xiang Y, Novak I, Komatsu M, Czaja MJ. (2009) Autophagy regulates lipid metabolism. Nature, 458(7242), 1131-1135.
44. Wan R, Ahmet I, Brown M, Cheng A, Kamimura N, Talan M ve Mattson MP. (2010) Cardioprotective effect of intermittent fasting is associated with an elevation of adiponectin levels in rats. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry, 21(5), 413-417.
45. Chan JM, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E, Ma J ve Pollak M. (2000) Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), IGF-binding protein-3 and prostate cancer risk: epidemiological studies. Growth hormone ve IGF research: official journal of the Growth Hormone Research Society and the International IGF Research Society, 10, S32-33.
46. Berrigan D, Perkins SN, Haines DC ve Hursting SD. (2002) Adult-onset calorie restriction and fasting delay spontaneous tumorigenesis in p53-deficient mice. Carcinogenesis, 23(5), 817-822.
47. Descamps O, Riondel J, Ducros V ve Roussel AM. (2005) Mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species and incidence of age-associated lymphoma in OF1 mice: effect of alternate-day fasting. Mechanisms of ageing and development, 126(11), 1185-1191.
48. Lee C, Raffaghello L, Brandhorst S, Safdie FM, Bianchi G, Martin-Montalvo A, Merlino A. (2012) Fasting cycles retard growth of tumors and sensitize a range of cancer cell types to chemotherapy. Science translational medicine, 4(124), 124ra127-124ra127.
49. Shi Y, Felley-Bosco E, Marti TM, Orlowski K, Pruschy M ve Stahel RA. (2012) Starvation-induced activation of ATM/Chk2/p53 signaling sensitizes cancer cells to cisplatin. BMC cancer, 12(1), 571.
50. Safdie FM, Dorff T, Quinn D, Fontana L, Wei M, Lee C, Longo VD. (2009) Fasting and cancer treatment in humans: A case series report. Aging (Albany NY), 1(12), 988.
51. Tessitore L, Tomasi C, Greco M, Sesca E, Laconi E, Maccioni O, Pani P. (1996) A subnecrogenic dose of diethylnitrosamine is able to initiate hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat when coupled with fasting/refeeding. Carcinogenesis, 17(2), 289-292.
52. Fontana L ve Klein S. (2007) Aging, adiposity, and calorie restriction. Jama, 297(9), 986-994.
53. Fontana L, Partridge L ve Longo VD. (2010) Extending healthy life span--from yeast to humans. Science, 328(5976), 321-326. doi:10.1126/science.1172539
54. Arum O, Bonkowski MS, Rocha JS ve Bartke A. (2009) The growth hormone receptor gene‐disrupted mouse fails to respond to an intermittent fasting diet. Aging cell, 8(6), 756-760.
55. Goodrick C, Ingram D, Reynolds M, Freeman J ve Cider N. (1990) Effects of intermittent feeding upon body weight and lifespan in inbred mice: interaction of genotype and age. Mechanisms of ageing and development, 55(1), 69-87.
56. Longo VD ve Mattson MP. (2014) Fasting: molecular mechanisms and clinical applications. Cell metabolism, 19(2), 181-192.
57. Flegal KM, Kit BK, Orpana H ve Graubard BI. (2013) Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Jama, 309(1), 71-82.
58. Kristan DM. (2008) Calorie restriction and susceptibility to intact pathogens. Age, 30(2-3), 147.

Year 2020, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 91 - 100, 10.09.2020

Tuğba Tatar , Nilüfer Acar Tek

Abstract

References

1. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (2018) Obesity. https://www.who.int/topics/obesity/en/ 2018 (Erişim tarihi: 3 Nisan 2020)
2. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (2016) Obesity and overweight. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight 2016 (Erişim tarihi: 3 Nisan 2020)
3. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı (2010) Obezitenin görülme sıklığı. https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/tr/obezite/turkiyede-obezitenin-gorulme-sikligi.html (Erişim tarihi: 3 Nisan 2020)
4. Tremmel M, Gerdtham UG, Nilsson PM, ve Saha S. (2017) Economic burden of obesity: a systematic literature review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 14(4), 435.
5. Keaver L, Webber L, Dee A, Shiely F, Marsh T, Balanda K, ve Perry IJ. (2013) Application of the UK foresight obesity model in Ireland: the health and economic consequences of projected obesity trends in Ireland. PLoS One, 8(11), e79827. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079827
6. Trepanowski JF, Kroeger CM, Barnosky A, Klempel MC, Bhutani S, Hoddy KK, Varady KA. (2017) Effect of Alternate-Day Fasting on Weight Loss, Weight Maintenance, and Cardioprotection Among Metabolically Healthy Obese Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med, 177(7), 930-938. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0936
7. Varady KA, Roohk D, McEvoy Hein B, Gaylinn B, Thorner M, ve Hellerstein M. (2008) Modified alternate-day fasting regimens reduce cell proliferation rates to a similar extent as daily calorie restriction in mice. The FASEB Journal, 22(6), 2090-2096.
8. Anastasiou CA, Karfopoulou E ve Yannakoulia M. (2015) Weight regaining: from statistics and behaviors to physiology and metabolism. Metabolism, 64(11), 1395-1407.
9. Henry R, Scheaffer L ve Olefsky J. (1985) Glycemic effects of intensive caloric restriction and isocaloric refeeding in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology ve Metabolism, 61(5), 917-925.
10. Wing RR, Blair EH, Bononi P, Marcus MD, Watanabe R ve Bergman RN. (1994) Caloric restriction per se is a significant factor in improvements in glycemic control and insulin sensitivity during weight loss in obese NIDDM patients. Diabetes care, 17(1), 30-36.
11. Persynaki A, Karras S ve Pichard C. (2017) Unraveling the metabolic health benefits of fasting related to religious beliefs: a narrative review. Nutrition, 35, 14-20.
12. Antoni R, Johnston KL, Collins AL ve Robertson MD. (2017) Effects of intermittent fasting on glucose and lipid metabolism. Proc Nutr Soc, 76(3), 361-368. doi:10.1017/s0029665116002986
13. Patterson RE ve Sears DD. (2017) Metabolic effects of intermittent fasting. Annual review of nutrition, 37.
14. Harris L, Hamilton S, Azevedo LB, Olajide J, De Brún C, Waller G, Hankey C. (2018) Intermittent fasting interventions for treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JBI database of systematic reviews and implementation reports, 16(2), 507-547.
15. Mattson MP, Longo VD ve Harvie M. (2017) Impact of intermittent fasting on health and disease processes. Ageing research reviews, 39, 46-58.
16. Catenacci VA, Pan Z, Ostendorf D, Brannon S, Gozansky WS, Mattson MP, Troy Donahoo W. (2016) A randomized pilot study comparing zero-calorie alternate-day fasting to daily caloric restriction in adults with obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring), 24(9), 1874-1883. doi:10.1002/oby.21581
17. Panda S, Hogenesch JB ve Kay SA. (2002) Circadian rhythms from flies to human. Nature, 417(6886), 329-335.
18. Froy O ve Miskin R. (2010) Effect of feeding regimens on circadian rhythms: implications for aging and longevity. Aging (Albany NY), 2(1), 7.
19. Eckel-Mahan KL, Patel VR, De Mateo S, Orozco-Solis R, Ceglia NJ, Sahar S, Sassone-Corsi P. (2013) Reprogramming of the circadian clock by nutritional challenge. Cell, 155(7), 1464-1478.
20. Sensi S, Pace VP ve Guagnano MT. (1993) Chronobiology in endocrinology. Annali dell'Istituto superiore di sanita, 29(4), 613-631.
21. Mohawk JA, Green CB ve Takahashi JS. (2012) Central and peripheral circadian clocks in mammals. Annual review of neuroscience, 35, 445-462.
22. Challet E. (2013) Circadian clocks, food intake, and metabolism. In Progress in molecular biology and translational science (Vol. 119, pp. 105-135): Elsevier.
23. Scheer FA, Hilton MF, Mantzoros CS ve Shea SA. (2009) Adverse metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of circadian misalignment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(11), 4453-4458.
24. Grundy A, Richardson H, Burstyn I, Lohrisch C, SenGupta SK, Lai AS, Aronson KJ. (2013) Increased risk of breast cancer associated with long-term shift work in Canada. Occup Environ Med, 70(12), 831-838.
25. Savvidis C ve Koutsilieris M. (2012) Circadian rhythm disruption in cancer biology. Molecular medicine, 18(9), 1249-1260.
26. Stevens RG ve Rea MS. (2001) Light in the built environment: potential role of circadian disruption in endocrine disruption and breast cancer. Cancer Causes ve Control, 12(3), 279-287.
27. Stevens RG, Blask DE, Brainard GC, Hansen J, Lockley SW, Provencio I, Reinlib L. (2007) Meeting report: the role of environmental lighting and circadian disruption in cancer and other diseases. Environmental health perspectives, 115(9), 1357-1362.
28. Straif K, Baan R, Grosse Y, Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, Group, W. I. A. f. R. o. C. M. W. (2007) Carcinogenicity of shift-work, painting, and fire-fighting. In: Elsevier.
29. Hatori M, Vollmers C, Zarrinpar A, DiTacchio L, Bushong EA, Gill S, Fitzpatrick JA. (2012) Time-restricted feeding without reducing caloric intake prevents metabolic diseases in mice fed a high-fat diet. Cell metabolism, 15(6), 848-860.
30. Sanders S ve Moore J. (1992) Gastrointestinal chronopharmacology: physiology, pharmacology and therapeutic implications. Pharmacology ve therapeutics, 54(1), 1-15.
31. Kaczmarek JL, Musaad SM ve Holscher HD. (2017) Time of day and eating behaviors are associated with the composition and function of the human gastrointestinal microbiota. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 106(5), 1220-1231.
32. Ekmekcioglu C ve Touitou Y. (2011) Chronobiological aspects of food intake and metabolism and their relevance on energy balance and weight regulation. Obesity reviews, 12(1), 14-25.
33. Haas JT ve Staels B. (2017) Fasting the Microbiota to Improve Metabolism? Cell metabolism, 26(4), 584-585.
34. Zarrinpar A, Chaix A, Yooseph S ve Panda S. (2014) Diet and feeding pattern affect the diurnal dynamics of the gut microbiome. Cell metabolism, 20(6), 1006-1017.
35. Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Mahowald MA, Magrini V, Mardis ER ve Gordon JI. (2006) An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature, 444(7122), 1027.
36. Remely M, Hippe B, Geretschlaeger I, Stegmayer S, Hoefinger I ve Haslberger A. (2015) Increased gut microbiota diversity and abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Akkermansia after fasting: a pilot study. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, 127(9-10), 394-398.
37. Özkul C, Yalınay M ve Karakan T. (2019) Islamic fasting leads to an increased abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila and Bacteroides fragilis group: A preliminary study on intermittent fasting. The Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology, 30(12), 1030.
38. Sadeghirad B, Motaghipisheh S, Kolahdooz F, Zahedi MJ ve Haghdoost AA. (2014) Islamic fasting and weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Public health nutrition, 17(2), 396-406.
39. Castello L, Froio T, Maina M, Cavallini G, Biasi F, Leonarduzzi G, Chiarpotto E. (2010) Alternate-day fasting protects the rat heart against age-induced inflammation and fibrosis by inhibiting oxidative damage and NF-kB activation. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 48(1), 47-54.
40. Harvie MN, Pegington M, Mattson MP, Frystyk J, Dillon B, Evans G, Cutler RG. (2011) The effects of intermittent or continuous energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic disease risk markers: a randomized trial in young overweight women. International journal of obesity, 35(5), 714-727.
41. Klempel MC, Kroeger CM ve Varady KA. (2013) Alternate day fasting (ADF) with a high-fat diet produces similar weight loss and cardio-protection as ADF with a low-fat diet. Metabolism, 62(1), 137-143.
42. Milanski M, Arruda AP, Coope A, Ignacio-Souza LM, Nunez CE, Roman EA, Torsoni MA. (2012) Inhibition of hypothalamic inflammation reverses diet-induced insulin resistance in the liver. Diabetes, 61(6), 1455-1462.
43. Singh R, Kaushik S, Wang Y, Xiang Y, Novak I, Komatsu M, Czaja MJ. (2009) Autophagy regulates lipid metabolism. Nature, 458(7242), 1131-1135.
44. Wan R, Ahmet I, Brown M, Cheng A, Kamimura N, Talan M ve Mattson MP. (2010) Cardioprotective effect of intermittent fasting is associated with an elevation of adiponectin levels in rats. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry, 21(5), 413-417.
45. Chan JM, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E, Ma J ve Pollak M. (2000) Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), IGF-binding protein-3 and prostate cancer risk: epidemiological studies. Growth hormone ve IGF research: official journal of the Growth Hormone Research Society and the International IGF Research Society, 10, S32-33.
46. Berrigan D, Perkins SN, Haines DC ve Hursting SD. (2002) Adult-onset calorie restriction and fasting delay spontaneous tumorigenesis in p53-deficient mice. Carcinogenesis, 23(5), 817-822.
47. Descamps O, Riondel J, Ducros V ve Roussel AM. (2005) Mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species and incidence of age-associated lymphoma in OF1 mice: effect of alternate-day fasting. Mechanisms of ageing and development, 126(11), 1185-1191.
48. Lee C, Raffaghello L, Brandhorst S, Safdie FM, Bianchi G, Martin-Montalvo A, Merlino A. (2012) Fasting cycles retard growth of tumors and sensitize a range of cancer cell types to chemotherapy. Science translational medicine, 4(124), 124ra127-124ra127.
49. Shi Y, Felley-Bosco E, Marti TM, Orlowski K, Pruschy M ve Stahel RA. (2012) Starvation-induced activation of ATM/Chk2/p53 signaling sensitizes cancer cells to cisplatin. BMC cancer, 12(1), 571.
50. Safdie FM, Dorff T, Quinn D, Fontana L, Wei M, Lee C, Longo VD. (2009) Fasting and cancer treatment in humans: A case series report. Aging (Albany NY), 1(12), 988.
51. Tessitore L, Tomasi C, Greco M, Sesca E, Laconi E, Maccioni O, Pani P. (1996) A subnecrogenic dose of diethylnitrosamine is able to initiate hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat when coupled with fasting/refeeding. Carcinogenesis, 17(2), 289-292.
52. Fontana L ve Klein S. (2007) Aging, adiposity, and calorie restriction. Jama, 297(9), 986-994.
53. Fontana L, Partridge L ve Longo VD. (2010) Extending healthy life span--from yeast to humans. Science, 328(5976), 321-326. doi:10.1126/science.1172539
54. Arum O, Bonkowski MS, Rocha JS ve Bartke A. (2009) The growth hormone receptor gene‐disrupted mouse fails to respond to an intermittent fasting diet. Aging cell, 8(6), 756-760.
55. Goodrick C, Ingram D, Reynolds M, Freeman J ve Cider N. (1990) Effects of intermittent feeding upon body weight and lifespan in inbred mice: interaction of genotype and age. Mechanisms of ageing and development, 55(1), 69-87.
56. Longo VD ve Mattson MP. (2014) Fasting: molecular mechanisms and clinical applications. Cell metabolism, 19(2), 181-192.
57. Flegal KM, Kit BK, Orpana H ve Graubard BI. (2013) Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Jama, 309(1), 71-82.
58. Kristan DM. (2008) Calorie restriction and susceptibility to intact pathogens. Age, 30(2-3), 147.

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Details

Primary Language	Turkish
Subjects	Health Care Administration
Journal Section	Review
Authors	Tuğba Tatar 0000-0002-6030-3033 Nilüfer Acar Tek 0000-0002-8772-9608
Publication Date	September 10, 2020
Published in Issue	Year 2020Volume: 5 Issue: 2

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APA	Tatar, T., & Acar Tek, N. (2020). Aralıklı Açlık ve İlişkili Bazı Etmenler. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 5(2), 91-100.

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