Derleme
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Reflections of Breastfeeding on Women's Health

Yıl 2023, , 91 - 98, 30.04.2023

Nilüfer Tuğut , Sibel Dilmen

https://doi.org/10.51754/cusbed.1243600
Cited By: 1

Öz

According to national and international data, despite the increase in breastfeeding rates, it is noteworthy that the rate of switching to supplementary foods in the early period is higher. Only 25% of women in the United States breastfeed only for the first 6 months. While the rate of exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months is 41% in our country, the rate of breastfeeding for one year is 66%, and the rate of breastfeeding for two years is 34%. The World Health Organization and the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund plan to increase the rate of breastfeeding by at least 50% in the first six months. Because breastfeeding contributes to mother-infant bonding and benefits both the child and the mother's health. When the literature is examined, it has been determined that breastfeeding has numerous benefits for women's health in the short and long term. Breastfeeding reduces postpartum depression and maternal stress, facilitates the involution process, reduces the possibility of becoming pregnant, and contributes positively to the family and community economy. In addition, breastfeeding causes a decrease in the incidence of many diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, anemia, obesity, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, endometriosis, breast cancer, endometrial and ovarian cancer. This review was written to reflect the positive effects of breastfeeding on women's health in the light of national and international evidence-based data.

Anahtar Kelimeler

breastfeeding breast milk women's health

Kaynakça

  • Al Sabati, S. Y., & Mousa, O. (2019). Effect of early initiation of breastfeeding on the uterine consistency and the amount of vaginal blood loss during early postpartum period. Nursing & Primary Care, 3(3), 2-7.
  • Ameratunga, D., Flemming, T., Angstetra, D., Ng, S. K., & Sneddon, A. (2017). Exploring the impact of endometriosis on partners. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, 43(6), 1048-1053. https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.13325
  • Annagür, B. B., & Annagür, A. (2012). Doğum sonrası ruhsal durumun emzirme ile ilişkisi. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 4(3), 279-292. https://doi.org/10.5455/cap.20120417
  • Anstey, E. H., Shoemaker, M. L., Barrera, C. M., O’Neil, M. E., Verma, A. B., & Holman, D. M. (2017). Breastfeeding and breast cancer risk reduction: implications for black mothers. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 53(3), S40-S46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2017.04.024
  • Aune, D., Norat, T., Romundstad, P., & Vatten, L. J. (2014). Breastfeeding and the maternal risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 24(2), 107-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2013.10.028
  • Baird, D. T., McNeilly, A. S., Sawers, R. S., & Sharpe, R. M. (1979). Failure of estrogen-induced discharge of luteinizing hormone in lactating women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 49(4), 500-506. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-49-4-500.
  • Battin, D. A., Marrs, R. P., Fleiss, P. M., & Mishell Jr, D. R. (1985). Effect of suckling on serum prolactin, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and estradiol during prolonged lactation. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 65(6), 785-788.
  • Binns, C., Lee, M., & Low, W. Y. (2016). The long-term public health benefits of breastfeeding. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 28(1), 7-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539515624964
  • Bobrow, K. L., Quigley, M. A., Green, J., Reeves, G. K., & Beral, V. (2013). Persistent effects of women’s parity and breastfeeding patterns on their body mass index: results from the Million Women Study. International Journal of Obesity, 37(5), 712-717. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2012.76
  • Bode, L., Raman, A. S., Murch, S. H., Rollins, N. C., & Gordon, J. I. (2020). Understanding the mother-breastmilk-infant “triad”. Science, 367(6482), 1070-1072. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw6147
  • Borra, C., Iacovou, M., & Sevilla, A. (2015). New evidence on breastfeeding and postpartum depression: the importance of understanding women’s intentions. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 19(4), 897-907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-014-1591-z
  • Brandhagen, M., Lissner, L., Brantsaeter, A. L., Meltzer, H. M., Häggkvist, A. P., Haugen, M., & Winkvist, A. (2014). Breastfeeding in relation to weight retention up to 36 months postpartum in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study: modification by socio-economic status?. Public Health Nutrition, 17(7), 1514-1523. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980013001869
  • CDC National Immunization Survey (NIS) 2018–2019, among 2017 births (2020) Breastfeeding Report Card, United States. https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/data/reportcard.htm Erişim tarihi: 01.05.2022
  • Chantry, C. J., Auinger, P., & Byrd, R. S. (2004). Lactation among adolescent mothers and subsequent bone mineral density. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 158(7), 650- 656. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.158.7.650
  • Chen, H., Wang, J., Zhou, W., Yin, H., & Wang, M. (2015). Breastfeeding and risk of rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and metaanalysis. The Journal of Rheumatology, 42(9), 1563-1569. https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.150195
  • Choi, S. R., Kim, Y. M., Cho, M. S., Kim, S. H., & Shim, Y. S. (2017). Association between duration of breast feeding and metabolic syndrome: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Journal of Women's Health, 26(4), 361-367. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2016.6036
  • Ciampo, L. A. D., & Ciampo, I. R. L. D. (2018). Breastfeeding and the benefits of lactation for women’s health. Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, 40, 354-359. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1657766
  • Danforth, K. N., Tworoger, S. S., Hecht, J. L., Rosner, B. A., Colditz, G. A., & Hankinson, S. E. (2007). Breastfeeding and risk of ovarian cancer in two prospective cohorts. Cancer Causes & Control, 18(5), 517-523. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552- 007-0130-2
  • Dias, C. C., & Figueiredo, B. (2015). Breastfeeding and depression: a systematic review of the literature. Journal of Affective Disorders, 171, 142-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.09.022
  • Doan, T., Gardiner, A., Gay, C. L., & Lee, K. A. (2007). Breastfeeding increases sleep duration of new parents. The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing, 21(3), 200-206. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.JPN.0000285809.36398.1b Ebina, S., & Kashiwakura, I. (2012). Influence of breastfeeding on maternal blood pressure at one month postpartum. International Journal of Women's Health, 4, 333-339. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S33379
  • Edozien, L. (1994). The contraceptive benefit of breastfeeding. Africa Health, 16(6), 15-17.
  • Eidelman, A. I., Schanler, R. J., Johnston, M., Landers, S., Noble, L., ... & Viehmann, L. (2012). Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics, 129(3), e827-e841. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-3552
  • Fair, F. J., Ford, G. L., & Soltani, H. (2019). Interventions for supporting the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding among women who are overweight or obese. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (9). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012099.pub2
  • Farland, L. V., Eliassen, A. H., Tamimi, R. M., Spiegelman, D., Michels, K. B., & Missmer, S. A. (2017). History of breast feeding and risk of incident endometriosis: prospective cohort study. BMJ, 358. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j3778
  • Figueiredo, B., Dias, C. C., Brandão, S., Canário, C., & NunesCosta, R. (2013). Breastfeeding and postpartum depression: state of the art review. Jornal de Pediatria, 89, 332-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2012.12.002
  • Feng, L. P., Chen, H. L., & Shen, M. Y. (2014). Breastfeeding and the risk of ovarian cancer: a meta‐analysis. Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health, 59(4), 428-437. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.12085
  • Fox, M., Berzuini, C., & Knapp, L. A. (2013). Maternal breastfeeding history and alzheimer's disease risk. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 37(4), 809-821. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-130152
  • Groer, M. W., Jevitt, C. M., Sahebzamani, F., Beckstead, J. W., & Keefe, D. L. (2013). Breastfeeding status and maternal cardiovascular variables across the postpartum. Journal of Women's Health, 22(5), 453-459. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2012.3981
  • González‐Jiménez, E., García, P. A., Aguilar, M. J., Padilla, C. A., & Álvarez, J. (2014). Breastfeeding and the prevention of breast cancer: a retrospective review of clinical histories. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 23(17-18), 2397-2403. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12368
  • Gunderson, E. P., Quesenberry Jr, C. P., Ning, X., Jacobs Jr, D. R., Gross, M., Goff Jr, D. C., ... & Lewis, C. E. (2015). Lactation duration and midlife atherosclerosis. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 126(2), 381. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000000919
  • Gunderson, E. P., Lewis, C. E., Lin, Y., Sorel, M., Gross, M., Sidney, S., ... & Quesenberry, C. P. (2018). Lactation duration and progression to diabetes in women across the childbearing years: the 30-year CARDIA study. JAMA İnternal Medicine, 178(3), 328-337. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.7978
  • Güleşen, A., & Yıldız, D. (2013). Erken postpartum dönemde anne bebek bağlanmasının kanıta dayalı uygulamalar ile incelenmesi. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.5455/pmb1-1336130426
  • Gün, İ., Muhçu, M., Babacan, A., & Atay, V. (2009). Postpartum amenore ve gebelikten korunma. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 8, 503-506.
  • Heinrichs, M., & Domes, G. (2008). Neuropeptides and social behaviour: effects of oxytocin and vasopressin in humans. Progress in Brain Research, 170, 337-350. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(08)00428-7
  • Henderson, B. E., Ross, R. K., Pike, M. C., & Casagrande, J. T. (1982). Endogenous hormones as a major factor in human cancer. Cancer Research, 42(8), 3232-3239.
  • Islami, F., Liu, Y., Jemal, A., Zhou, J., Weiderpass, E., Colditz, G., ... & Weiss, M. (2015). Breastfeeding and breast cancer risk by receptor status—a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Oncology, 26(12), 2398-2407. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdv379
  • İnal, B., Karadag, B., Hitay, G., Küçükmen, S., Hacibekiroglu, T., Tüylü, T. B., & Altuntas, Y. (2015). Kadınlarda tip 2 diyabet gelişimine emzirme süresinin etkisi. Şişli Etfal Hastanesi Tıp Bülteni, 49(1), 11-17. https://doi.org/10.5350/SEMB.20140731051053
  • Jonas, W., & Woodside, B. (2016). Physiological mechanisms, behavioral and psychological factors influencing the transfer of milk from mothers to their young. Hormones and Behavior, 77, 167-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.07.018
  • Jordan, S. J., Cushing-Haugen, K. L., Wicklund, K. G., Doherty, J. A., & Rossing, M. A. (2012). Breast-feeding and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Causes & Control, 23(6), 919-927. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-012-9963-4
  • Jarlenski, M. P., Bennett, W. L., Bleich, S. N., Barry, C. L., & Stuart, E. A. (2014). Effects of breastfeeding on postpartum weight loss among US women. Preventive Medicine, 69, 146-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.09.018
  • Jäger, S., Jacobs, S., Kröger, J., Fritsche, A., Schienkiewitz, A., Rubin, D., ... & Schulze, M. B. (2014). Breast-feeding and maternal risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study and meta-analysis. Diabetologia, 57(7), 1355-1365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-014-3247-3
  • Karlson, E. W., Mandl, L. A., Hankinson, S. E., & Grodstein, F. (2004). Do breast‐feeding and other reproductive factors influence future risk of rheumatoid arthritis?: Results from the Nurses' Health Study. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 50(11), 3458-3467. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.20621
  • Kennedy, K. I., & Visness, C. M. (1992). Contraceptive efficacy of lactational amenorrhoea. The Lancet, 339(8787), 227-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(92)90018-X
  • Key, T. J. A., & Pike, M. C. (1988). The dose-effect relationship between'unopposed'oestrogens and endometrial mitotic rate: its central role in explaining and predicting endometrial cancer risk. British Journal of Cancer, 57(2), 205-212.
  • Kim, S. W., Lee, J. H., Shon, H. S., Jeon, E., & Kim, T. Y. (2021). Association of breastfeeding with thyroid function and autoimmunity in postmenopausal women. Endocrine, 71(1), 130-138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-020-02385-3
  • Krause, K. M., Lovelady, C. A., Peterson, B. L., Chowdhury, N., & Østbye, T. (2010). Effect of breast-feeding on weight retention at 3 and 6 months postpartum: data from the North Carolina WIC Programme. Public Health Nutrition, 13(12), 2019-2026. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980010001503
  • Kremer, K. P., & Kremer, T. R. (2018). Breastfeeding is associated with decreased childhood maltreatment. Breastfeeding Medicine, 13(1), 18-22. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2017.0105
  • Langer-Gould, A., Smith, J. B., Hellwig, K., Gonzales, E., Haraszti, S., Koebnick, C., & Xiang, A. (2017). Breastfeeding, ovulatory years, and risk of multiple sclerosis. Neurology, 89(6), 563- 569. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000004207
  • Labbok, M. H. (1999). Health sequelae of breastfeeding for the mother. Clinics in Perinatology, 26(2), 491-503. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-5108(18)30063-0 Labbok, M. H. (2015). Postpartum sexuality and the lactational amenorrhea method for contraception. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 58(4), 915-927. https://doi.org/10.1097/GRF.0000000000000154
  • Li, D. P., Du, C., Zhang, Z. M., Li, G. X., Yu, Z. F., Wang, X., ... & Zhao, Y. S. (2014). Breastfeeding and ovarian cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 40 epidemiological studies. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 15(12), 4829-4837. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.12.4829
  • Luan, N. N., Wu, Q. J., Gong, T. T., Vogtmann, E., Wang, Y. L., & Lin, B. (2013). Breastfeeding and ovarian cancer risk: a metaanalysis of epidemiologic studies. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 98(4), 1020-1031. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.062794
  • López-Olmedo, N., Hernández-Cordero, S., Neufeld, L. M., García-Guerra, A., Mejía-Rodríguez, F., & Méndez GómezHumarán, I. (2016). The associations of maternal weight change with breastfeeding, diet and physical activity during the postpartum period. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 20(2), 270-280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-015-1826-7
  • Ma, S., Hu, S., Liang, H., Xiao, Y., & Tan, H. (2019). Metabolic effects of breastfeed in women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews, 35(3), e3108. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3108
  • Ma, X., Zhao, L. G., Sun, J. W., Yang, Y., Zheng, J. L., Gao, J., & Xiang, Y. B. (2018). Association between breastfeeding and risk of endometrial cancer: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. European Journal of Cancer Prevention, 27(2), 144-151. https://doi.org/10.1097/CEJ.0000000000000186
  • Manole, D., Schildknecht, B., Gosnell, B., Adams, E., & Derwahl, M. (2001). Estrogen promotes growth of human thyroid tumor cells by different molecular mechanisms. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 86(3), 1072-1077. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.86.3.7283
  • Nadeem, A., Nadeem, J., Sarwar, M. H., & Sarwar, M. (2017). Making the decision to breastfeed the baby and its advantages for the women’s health’. American Journal of Food Science and Health, 3(5), 88-94.
  • Özkan, H., Üst, Z. D., Gündoğdu, G., Çapık, A., & Şahin, S. A. (2014). Erken postpartum dönemde emzirme ve depresyon arasındaki ilişki. Şişli Etfal Hastanesi Tıp Bülteni, 48(2), 124- 31. https://doi.org/10.5350/SEMB.20140206061410
  • Pan, H., He, Z., Ling, L., Ding, Q., Chen, L., Zha, X., ... & Wang, S. (2014). Reproductive factors and breast cancer risk among BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers: results from ten studies. Cancer Epidemiology, 38(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2013.11.004
  • Park, S., & Choi, N. K. (2018). Breastfeeding and maternal agerelated cataract. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 192, 124-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2018.05.017
  • Perrine, C. G., Nelson, J. M., Corbelli, J., & Scanlon, K. S. (2016). Lactation and maternal cardio-metabolic health. Annual Review of Nutrition, 36, 627. https://doi. org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-051213.
  • Petrakis, N. L., Wrensch, M. R., Ernster, V. L., Midce, R., Murai, J., Simberg, N., & Sirreri, P. K. (1987). Influence of pregnancy and lactation on serum and breast fluid estrogen levels: implications for breast cancer risk. International Journal of Cancer, 40(5), 587-591.
  • https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910400502 Ramos, C. V., & Almeida, J. A. (2003). Alegações maternas para o desmame: estudo qualitativo. Jornal de Pediatria, 79, 385- 390. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0021-75572003000500004
  • Salone, L. R., Vann Jr, W. F., & Dee, D. L. (2013). Breastfeeding: an overview of oral and general health benefits. The Journal of the American Dental Association, 144(2), 143-151. https://doi. org/10.14219/jada.archive.2013.0093
  • Sances, G., Granella, F., Nappi, R. E., Fignon, A., Ghiotto, N., Polatti, F., & Nappi, G. (2003). Course of migraine during pregnancy and postpartum: a prospective study. Cephalalgia, 23(3), 197-205. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468- 2982.2003.00480.x
  • Santacruz-Salas, E., Aranda-Reneo, I., Hidalgo-Vega, Á., BlancoRodriguez, J. M., & Segura-Fragoso, A. (2019). The economic influence of breastfeeding on the health cost of newborns. Journal of Human Lactation, 35(2), 340-348. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334418812026
  • Scharfe, E. (2012). Maternal attachment representations and initiation and duration of breastfeeding. Journal of Human Lactation, 28(2), 218-225. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334411429111
  • Schwarz, E. B., Ray, R. M., Stuebe, A. M., Allison, M. A., Ness, R. B., Freiberg, M. S., & Cauley, J. A. (2009). Duration of lactation and risk factors for maternal cardiovascular disease. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 113(5), 974. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000346884.67796.ca.
  • Scoccianti, C., Key, T. J., Anderson, A. S., Armaroli, P., Berrino, F., Cecchini, M., ... & Romieu, I. (2015). European code against cancer 4th edition: breastfeeding and cancer. Cancer Epidemiology, 39, S101-S106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2014.12.007
  • Stuebe, A. M., Willett, W. C., Xue, F., & Michels, K. B. (2009). Lactation and incidence of premenopausal breast cancer: a longitudinal study. Archives of İnternal Medicine, 169(15), 1364-1371.
  • https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2009.231 Sipsma, H. L., Ruiz, E., Jones, K., Magriples, U., & Kershaw, T. (2018). Effect of breastfeeding on postpartum depressive symptoms among adolescent and young adult mothers. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 31(11), 1442-1447. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2017.1319351
  • Siiteri, P. K. (1978). Steroid hormones and endometrial cancer. Cancer Research, 38(11_Part_2), 4360-4366.
  • Su, D., Pasalich, M., Lee, A. H., & Binns, C. W. (2013). Ovarian cancer risk is reduced by prolonged lactation: a case-control study in southern China. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 97(2), 354-359. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.044719
  • Szekeres-Bartho, J., Barakonyi, A., Par, G., Polgar, B., Palkovics, T., & Szereday, L. (2001). Progesterone as an immunomodulatory molecule. International Immunopharmacology, 1(6), 1037-1048. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1567-5769(01)00035-2
  • Topal, S., Çınar, N., & Altınkaynak, S. (2017). Emzirmenin anne sağlığına yararları. Journal of Human Rhythm, 3(1), 25-31.
  • Türkiye Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırması (TNSA) 2018 Raporu, http://www.hips.hacettepe.edu.tr/tnsa2018/rapor/TNSA_2 018_anarapor.pdf http://www.hips.hacettepe.edu.tr/tnsa2018/rapor/2018_T NSA_SR.pdf Erişim tarihi: 03.05.2022
  • UNICEF Global Databases (2021) based on MICS, DHS and other nationally representative sources. https://data.unicef.org/topic/nutrition/breastfeeding/ Erişim tarihi: 20.06.2022
  • Verduci, E., Giannì, M. L., & Di Benedetto, A. (2019). Human milk feeding in preterm infants: what has been done and what is to be done. Nutrients, 12(1), 44. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010044
  • Victora, C. G., Bahl, R., Barros, A. J., França, G. V., Horton, S., Krasevec, J., ... & Group, T. L. B. S. (2016). Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect. The Lancet, 387(10017), 475-490. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01024-7
  • Van der Wijden, C., & Manion, C. (2015). Lactational amenorrhoea method for family planning. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (10). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001329.pub2
  • Wang, L., Li, J., & Shi, Z. (2015). Association between breastfeeding and endometrial cancer risk: evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients, 7(7), 5697- 5711. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7075248
  • WHO/UNICEF Discussion paper (2021) The extension of the 2025 maternal, ınfant and young child nutrition targets to 2030 https://data.unicef.org/resources/extension-of-2025- maternal-infant-young-child-nutrition-targets-2030/ Erişim tarihi: 01.05.2022
  • Women’s Health Today, Praeclarus Press: Excellence in Women's Health https://womenshealthtoday.blog/2017/09/11/healthimplications-for-breastfeeding-mothers/ Erişim tarihi: 07.06.2021

Emzirmenin Kadın Sağlığı Üzerine Yansımaları

Yıl 2023, , 91 - 98, 30.04.2023

Nilüfer Tuğut , Sibel Dilmen

https://doi.org/10.51754/cusbed.1243600
Cited By: 1

Öz

Ulusal ve uluslararası verilere göre emzirme oranlarının artmasına rağmen erken dönemde takviye besine geçilme oranının daha yüksek olduğu dikkat çekmektedir. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’ ndeki kadınların yalnızca %25’ i sadece ilk 6 ay emzirmektedir. Ülkemizde ilk 6 ay sadece anne sütü ile besleme oranı %41 iken bir yıl devam eden emzirme oranı %66, iki yıl devam eden emzirme oranı % 34’ tür. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü [Word Health Organization, (WHO)] ve Birleşmiş Milletler Çocuklara Yardım Fonu [United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund, (UNICEF) ] ilk altı ayda tek başına emzirme oranını en az %50’ ye kadar artırmayı planlamaktadır. Çünkü emzirmek, anne-bebek bağlanmasına katkıda bulunmakla beraber hem çocuk hem anne sağlığına fayda sağlamaktadır. Literatür incelendiğinde emzirmenin kadın sağlığına kısa ve uzun vadede sayısız faydası olduğu belirlenmiştir. Emzirmek postpartum depresyonu ve maternal stresi azaltmakta, involüsyon sürecini kolaylaştırmakta, gebe kalma olasılığını azaltmakta, aile ve toplum ekonomisine olumlu katkı sağlamaktadır. Ayrıca emzirmek kardiyovasküler hastalıklar, hipertansiyon, anemi, obezite, diyabetes mellitus, romatoid artrit, osteoporoz, endometriozis, meme kanseri, endometrium ve over kanseri gibi pek çok hastalık insidansının azalmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu derleme, ulusal ve uluslararası kanıt temelli veriler ışığında emzirmenin kadının sağlığına vermiş olduğu olumlu etkileri yansıtmak amacıyla yazılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

emzirme anne sütü kadın sağlığı

Kaynakça

  • Al Sabati, S. Y., & Mousa, O. (2019). Effect of early initiation of breastfeeding on the uterine consistency and the amount of vaginal blood loss during early postpartum period. Nursing & Primary Care, 3(3), 2-7.
  • Ameratunga, D., Flemming, T., Angstetra, D., Ng, S. K., & Sneddon, A. (2017). Exploring the impact of endometriosis on partners. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, 43(6), 1048-1053. https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.13325
  • Annagür, B. B., & Annagür, A. (2012). Doğum sonrası ruhsal durumun emzirme ile ilişkisi. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 4(3), 279-292. https://doi.org/10.5455/cap.20120417
  • Anstey, E. H., Shoemaker, M. L., Barrera, C. M., O’Neil, M. E., Verma, A. B., & Holman, D. M. (2017). Breastfeeding and breast cancer risk reduction: implications for black mothers. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 53(3), S40-S46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2017.04.024
  • Aune, D., Norat, T., Romundstad, P., & Vatten, L. J. (2014). Breastfeeding and the maternal risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 24(2), 107-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2013.10.028
  • Baird, D. T., McNeilly, A. S., Sawers, R. S., & Sharpe, R. M. (1979). Failure of estrogen-induced discharge of luteinizing hormone in lactating women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 49(4), 500-506. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-49-4-500.
  • Battin, D. A., Marrs, R. P., Fleiss, P. M., & Mishell Jr, D. R. (1985). Effect of suckling on serum prolactin, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and estradiol during prolonged lactation. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 65(6), 785-788.
  • Binns, C., Lee, M., & Low, W. Y. (2016). The long-term public health benefits of breastfeeding. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 28(1), 7-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539515624964
  • Bobrow, K. L., Quigley, M. A., Green, J., Reeves, G. K., & Beral, V. (2013). Persistent effects of women’s parity and breastfeeding patterns on their body mass index: results from the Million Women Study. International Journal of Obesity, 37(5), 712-717. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2012.76
  • Bode, L., Raman, A. S., Murch, S. H., Rollins, N. C., & Gordon, J. I. (2020). Understanding the mother-breastmilk-infant “triad”. Science, 367(6482), 1070-1072. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw6147
  • Borra, C., Iacovou, M., & Sevilla, A. (2015). New evidence on breastfeeding and postpartum depression: the importance of understanding women’s intentions. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 19(4), 897-907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-014-1591-z
  • Brandhagen, M., Lissner, L., Brantsaeter, A. L., Meltzer, H. M., Häggkvist, A. P., Haugen, M., & Winkvist, A. (2014). Breastfeeding in relation to weight retention up to 36 months postpartum in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study: modification by socio-economic status?. Public Health Nutrition, 17(7), 1514-1523. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980013001869
  • CDC National Immunization Survey (NIS) 2018–2019, among 2017 births (2020) Breastfeeding Report Card, United States. https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/data/reportcard.htm Erişim tarihi: 01.05.2022
  • Chantry, C. J., Auinger, P., & Byrd, R. S. (2004). Lactation among adolescent mothers and subsequent bone mineral density. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 158(7), 650- 656. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.158.7.650
  • Chen, H., Wang, J., Zhou, W., Yin, H., & Wang, M. (2015). Breastfeeding and risk of rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and metaanalysis. The Journal of Rheumatology, 42(9), 1563-1569. https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.150195
  • Choi, S. R., Kim, Y. M., Cho, M. S., Kim, S. H., & Shim, Y. S. (2017). Association between duration of breast feeding and metabolic syndrome: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Journal of Women's Health, 26(4), 361-367. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2016.6036
  • Ciampo, L. A. D., & Ciampo, I. R. L. D. (2018). Breastfeeding and the benefits of lactation for women’s health. Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, 40, 354-359. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1657766
  • Danforth, K. N., Tworoger, S. S., Hecht, J. L., Rosner, B. A., Colditz, G. A., & Hankinson, S. E. (2007). Breastfeeding and risk of ovarian cancer in two prospective cohorts. Cancer Causes & Control, 18(5), 517-523. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552- 007-0130-2
  • Dias, C. C., & Figueiredo, B. (2015). Breastfeeding and depression: a systematic review of the literature. Journal of Affective Disorders, 171, 142-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.09.022
  • Doan, T., Gardiner, A., Gay, C. L., & Lee, K. A. (2007). Breastfeeding increases sleep duration of new parents. The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing, 21(3), 200-206. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.JPN.0000285809.36398.1b Ebina, S., & Kashiwakura, I. (2012). Influence of breastfeeding on maternal blood pressure at one month postpartum. International Journal of Women's Health, 4, 333-339. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S33379
  • Edozien, L. (1994). The contraceptive benefit of breastfeeding. Africa Health, 16(6), 15-17.
  • Eidelman, A. I., Schanler, R. J., Johnston, M., Landers, S., Noble, L., ... & Viehmann, L. (2012). Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics, 129(3), e827-e841. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-3552
  • Fair, F. J., Ford, G. L., & Soltani, H. (2019). Interventions for supporting the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding among women who are overweight or obese. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (9). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012099.pub2
  • Farland, L. V., Eliassen, A. H., Tamimi, R. M., Spiegelman, D., Michels, K. B., & Missmer, S. A. (2017). History of breast feeding and risk of incident endometriosis: prospective cohort study. BMJ, 358. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j3778
  • Figueiredo, B., Dias, C. C., Brandão, S., Canário, C., & NunesCosta, R. (2013). Breastfeeding and postpartum depression: state of the art review. Jornal de Pediatria, 89, 332-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2012.12.002
  • Feng, L. P., Chen, H. L., & Shen, M. Y. (2014). Breastfeeding and the risk of ovarian cancer: a meta‐analysis. Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health, 59(4), 428-437. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.12085
  • Fox, M., Berzuini, C., & Knapp, L. A. (2013). Maternal breastfeeding history and alzheimer's disease risk. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 37(4), 809-821. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-130152
  • Groer, M. W., Jevitt, C. M., Sahebzamani, F., Beckstead, J. W., & Keefe, D. L. (2013). Breastfeeding status and maternal cardiovascular variables across the postpartum. Journal of Women's Health, 22(5), 453-459. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2012.3981
  • González‐Jiménez, E., García, P. A., Aguilar, M. J., Padilla, C. A., & Álvarez, J. (2014). Breastfeeding and the prevention of breast cancer: a retrospective review of clinical histories. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 23(17-18), 2397-2403. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12368
  • Gunderson, E. P., Quesenberry Jr, C. P., Ning, X., Jacobs Jr, D. R., Gross, M., Goff Jr, D. C., ... & Lewis, C. E. (2015). Lactation duration and midlife atherosclerosis. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 126(2), 381. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000000919
  • Gunderson, E. P., Lewis, C. E., Lin, Y., Sorel, M., Gross, M., Sidney, S., ... & Quesenberry, C. P. (2018). Lactation duration and progression to diabetes in women across the childbearing years: the 30-year CARDIA study. JAMA İnternal Medicine, 178(3), 328-337. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.7978
  • Güleşen, A., & Yıldız, D. (2013). Erken postpartum dönemde anne bebek bağlanmasının kanıta dayalı uygulamalar ile incelenmesi. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.5455/pmb1-1336130426
  • Gün, İ., Muhçu, M., Babacan, A., & Atay, V. (2009). Postpartum amenore ve gebelikten korunma. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 8, 503-506.
  • Heinrichs, M., & Domes, G. (2008). Neuropeptides and social behaviour: effects of oxytocin and vasopressin in humans. Progress in Brain Research, 170, 337-350. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(08)00428-7
  • Henderson, B. E., Ross, R. K., Pike, M. C., & Casagrande, J. T. (1982). Endogenous hormones as a major factor in human cancer. Cancer Research, 42(8), 3232-3239.
  • Islami, F., Liu, Y., Jemal, A., Zhou, J., Weiderpass, E., Colditz, G., ... & Weiss, M. (2015). Breastfeeding and breast cancer risk by receptor status—a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Oncology, 26(12), 2398-2407. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdv379
  • İnal, B., Karadag, B., Hitay, G., Küçükmen, S., Hacibekiroglu, T., Tüylü, T. B., & Altuntas, Y. (2015). Kadınlarda tip 2 diyabet gelişimine emzirme süresinin etkisi. Şişli Etfal Hastanesi Tıp Bülteni, 49(1), 11-17. https://doi.org/10.5350/SEMB.20140731051053
  • Jonas, W., & Woodside, B. (2016). Physiological mechanisms, behavioral and psychological factors influencing the transfer of milk from mothers to their young. Hormones and Behavior, 77, 167-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.07.018
  • Jordan, S. J., Cushing-Haugen, K. L., Wicklund, K. G., Doherty, J. A., & Rossing, M. A. (2012). Breast-feeding and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Causes & Control, 23(6), 919-927. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-012-9963-4
  • Jarlenski, M. P., Bennett, W. L., Bleich, S. N., Barry, C. L., & Stuart, E. A. (2014). Effects of breastfeeding on postpartum weight loss among US women. Preventive Medicine, 69, 146-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.09.018
  • Jäger, S., Jacobs, S., Kröger, J., Fritsche, A., Schienkiewitz, A., Rubin, D., ... & Schulze, M. B. (2014). Breast-feeding and maternal risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study and meta-analysis. Diabetologia, 57(7), 1355-1365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-014-3247-3
  • Karlson, E. W., Mandl, L. A., Hankinson, S. E., & Grodstein, F. (2004). Do breast‐feeding and other reproductive factors influence future risk of rheumatoid arthritis?: Results from the Nurses' Health Study. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 50(11), 3458-3467. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.20621
  • Kennedy, K. I., & Visness, C. M. (1992). Contraceptive efficacy of lactational amenorrhoea. The Lancet, 339(8787), 227-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(92)90018-X
  • Key, T. J. A., & Pike, M. C. (1988). The dose-effect relationship between'unopposed'oestrogens and endometrial mitotic rate: its central role in explaining and predicting endometrial cancer risk. British Journal of Cancer, 57(2), 205-212.
  • Kim, S. W., Lee, J. H., Shon, H. S., Jeon, E., & Kim, T. Y. (2021). Association of breastfeeding with thyroid function and autoimmunity in postmenopausal women. Endocrine, 71(1), 130-138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-020-02385-3
  • Krause, K. M., Lovelady, C. A., Peterson, B. L., Chowdhury, N., & Østbye, T. (2010). Effect of breast-feeding on weight retention at 3 and 6 months postpartum: data from the North Carolina WIC Programme. Public Health Nutrition, 13(12), 2019-2026. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980010001503
  • Kremer, K. P., & Kremer, T. R. (2018). Breastfeeding is associated with decreased childhood maltreatment. Breastfeeding Medicine, 13(1), 18-22. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2017.0105
  • Langer-Gould, A., Smith, J. B., Hellwig, K., Gonzales, E., Haraszti, S., Koebnick, C., & Xiang, A. (2017). Breastfeeding, ovulatory years, and risk of multiple sclerosis. Neurology, 89(6), 563- 569. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000004207
  • Labbok, M. H. (1999). Health sequelae of breastfeeding for the mother. Clinics in Perinatology, 26(2), 491-503. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-5108(18)30063-0 Labbok, M. H. (2015). Postpartum sexuality and the lactational amenorrhea method for contraception. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 58(4), 915-927. https://doi.org/10.1097/GRF.0000000000000154
  • Li, D. P., Du, C., Zhang, Z. M., Li, G. X., Yu, Z. F., Wang, X., ... & Zhao, Y. S. (2014). Breastfeeding and ovarian cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 40 epidemiological studies. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 15(12), 4829-4837. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.12.4829
  • Luan, N. N., Wu, Q. J., Gong, T. T., Vogtmann, E., Wang, Y. L., & Lin, B. (2013). Breastfeeding and ovarian cancer risk: a metaanalysis of epidemiologic studies. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 98(4), 1020-1031. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.062794
  • López-Olmedo, N., Hernández-Cordero, S., Neufeld, L. M., García-Guerra, A., Mejía-Rodríguez, F., & Méndez GómezHumarán, I. (2016). The associations of maternal weight change with breastfeeding, diet and physical activity during the postpartum period. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 20(2), 270-280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-015-1826-7
  • Ma, S., Hu, S., Liang, H., Xiao, Y., & Tan, H. (2019). Metabolic effects of breastfeed in women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews, 35(3), e3108. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3108
  • Ma, X., Zhao, L. G., Sun, J. W., Yang, Y., Zheng, J. L., Gao, J., & Xiang, Y. B. (2018). Association between breastfeeding and risk of endometrial cancer: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. European Journal of Cancer Prevention, 27(2), 144-151. https://doi.org/10.1097/CEJ.0000000000000186
  • Manole, D., Schildknecht, B., Gosnell, B., Adams, E., & Derwahl, M. (2001). Estrogen promotes growth of human thyroid tumor cells by different molecular mechanisms. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 86(3), 1072-1077. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.86.3.7283
  • Nadeem, A., Nadeem, J., Sarwar, M. H., & Sarwar, M. (2017). Making the decision to breastfeed the baby and its advantages for the women’s health’. American Journal of Food Science and Health, 3(5), 88-94.
  • Özkan, H., Üst, Z. D., Gündoğdu, G., Çapık, A., & Şahin, S. A. (2014). Erken postpartum dönemde emzirme ve depresyon arasındaki ilişki. Şişli Etfal Hastanesi Tıp Bülteni, 48(2), 124- 31. https://doi.org/10.5350/SEMB.20140206061410
  • Pan, H., He, Z., Ling, L., Ding, Q., Chen, L., Zha, X., ... & Wang, S. (2014). Reproductive factors and breast cancer risk among BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers: results from ten studies. Cancer Epidemiology, 38(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2013.11.004
  • Park, S., & Choi, N. K. (2018). Breastfeeding and maternal agerelated cataract. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 192, 124-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2018.05.017
  • Perrine, C. G., Nelson, J. M., Corbelli, J., & Scanlon, K. S. (2016). Lactation and maternal cardio-metabolic health. Annual Review of Nutrition, 36, 627. https://doi. org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-051213.
  • Petrakis, N. L., Wrensch, M. R., Ernster, V. L., Midce, R., Murai, J., Simberg, N., & Sirreri, P. K. (1987). Influence of pregnancy and lactation on serum and breast fluid estrogen levels: implications for breast cancer risk. International Journal of Cancer, 40(5), 587-591.
  • https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910400502 Ramos, C. V., & Almeida, J. A. (2003). Alegações maternas para o desmame: estudo qualitativo. Jornal de Pediatria, 79, 385- 390. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0021-75572003000500004
  • Salone, L. R., Vann Jr, W. F., & Dee, D. L. (2013). Breastfeeding: an overview of oral and general health benefits. The Journal of the American Dental Association, 144(2), 143-151. https://doi. org/10.14219/jada.archive.2013.0093
  • Sances, G., Granella, F., Nappi, R. E., Fignon, A., Ghiotto, N., Polatti, F., & Nappi, G. (2003). Course of migraine during pregnancy and postpartum: a prospective study. Cephalalgia, 23(3), 197-205. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468- 2982.2003.00480.x
  • Santacruz-Salas, E., Aranda-Reneo, I., Hidalgo-Vega, Á., BlancoRodriguez, J. M., & Segura-Fragoso, A. (2019). The economic influence of breastfeeding on the health cost of newborns. Journal of Human Lactation, 35(2), 340-348. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334418812026
  • Scharfe, E. (2012). Maternal attachment representations and initiation and duration of breastfeeding. Journal of Human Lactation, 28(2), 218-225. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334411429111
  • Schwarz, E. B., Ray, R. M., Stuebe, A. M., Allison, M. A., Ness, R. B., Freiberg, M. S., & Cauley, J. A. (2009). Duration of lactation and risk factors for maternal cardiovascular disease. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 113(5), 974. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000346884.67796.ca.
  • Scoccianti, C., Key, T. J., Anderson, A. S., Armaroli, P., Berrino, F., Cecchini, M., ... & Romieu, I. (2015). European code against cancer 4th edition: breastfeeding and cancer. Cancer Epidemiology, 39, S101-S106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2014.12.007
  • Stuebe, A. M., Willett, W. C., Xue, F., & Michels, K. B. (2009). Lactation and incidence of premenopausal breast cancer: a longitudinal study. Archives of İnternal Medicine, 169(15), 1364-1371.
  • https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2009.231 Sipsma, H. L., Ruiz, E., Jones, K., Magriples, U., & Kershaw, T. (2018). Effect of breastfeeding on postpartum depressive symptoms among adolescent and young adult mothers. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 31(11), 1442-1447. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2017.1319351
  • Siiteri, P. K. (1978). Steroid hormones and endometrial cancer. Cancer Research, 38(11_Part_2), 4360-4366.
  • Su, D., Pasalich, M., Lee, A. H., & Binns, C. W. (2013). Ovarian cancer risk is reduced by prolonged lactation: a case-control study in southern China. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 97(2), 354-359. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.044719
  • Szekeres-Bartho, J., Barakonyi, A., Par, G., Polgar, B., Palkovics, T., & Szereday, L. (2001). Progesterone as an immunomodulatory molecule. International Immunopharmacology, 1(6), 1037-1048. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1567-5769(01)00035-2
  • Topal, S., Çınar, N., & Altınkaynak, S. (2017). Emzirmenin anne sağlığına yararları. Journal of Human Rhythm, 3(1), 25-31.
  • Türkiye Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırması (TNSA) 2018 Raporu, http://www.hips.hacettepe.edu.tr/tnsa2018/rapor/TNSA_2 018_anarapor.pdf http://www.hips.hacettepe.edu.tr/tnsa2018/rapor/2018_T NSA_SR.pdf Erişim tarihi: 03.05.2022
  • UNICEF Global Databases (2021) based on MICS, DHS and other nationally representative sources. https://data.unicef.org/topic/nutrition/breastfeeding/ Erişim tarihi: 20.06.2022
  • Verduci, E., Giannì, M. L., & Di Benedetto, A. (2019). Human milk feeding in preterm infants: what has been done and what is to be done. Nutrients, 12(1), 44. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010044
  • Victora, C. G., Bahl, R., Barros, A. J., França, G. V., Horton, S., Krasevec, J., ... & Group, T. L. B. S. (2016). Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect. The Lancet, 387(10017), 475-490. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01024-7
  • Van der Wijden, C., & Manion, C. (2015). Lactational amenorrhoea method for family planning. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (10). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001329.pub2
  • Wang, L., Li, J., & Shi, Z. (2015). Association between breastfeeding and endometrial cancer risk: evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients, 7(7), 5697- 5711. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7075248
  • WHO/UNICEF Discussion paper (2021) The extension of the 2025 maternal, ınfant and young child nutrition targets to 2030 https://data.unicef.org/resources/extension-of-2025- maternal-infant-young-child-nutrition-targets-2030/ Erişim tarihi: 01.05.2022
  • Women’s Health Today, Praeclarus Press: Excellence in Women's Health https://womenshealthtoday.blog/2017/09/11/healthimplications-for-breastfeeding-mothers/ Erişim tarihi: 07.06.2021
Toplam 82 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Nilüfer Tuğut 0000-0001-6460-9374

Sibel Dilmen 0000-0001-9079-3195

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 26 Nisan 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Tuğut, N., & Dilmen, S. (2023). Emzirmenin Kadın Sağlığı Üzerine Yansımaları. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(1), 91-98. https://doi.org/10.51754/cusbed.1243600

Cited By

Neden/ Ne zaman/ Nasıl Emzirme(me)liyim?
Hitit Medical Journal
https://doi.org/10.52827/hititmedj.1291320

   ici2.png    logo.png        asos-index.png       crossref-logo-landscape-200.png     logo.png       search-result-logo-horizontal-TEST.jpg 

     

logo.png    scilit.jpg     goole_scholar.jpg       logo.png    logo.png


f9ab67f.png                    download