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Emzirmede Meme Ucu Çatlaklarının Tedavisi: Alternatif Yöntemler

Yıl 2023, , 329 - 334, 16.12.2023

Hilal Özbek , Şükran Ertekin Pınar

https://doi.org/10.51754/cusbed.1310699

Öz

Tüm tarih boyunca bebekler için en iyi besin kaynağı olan anne sütü, günümüzde de önemini devam ettirmektedir. Yenidoğanın büyümesi ve gelişmesinde rol oynayan emzirme aynı zamanda anne sağlığına, anne ile bebek arasındaki duygusal bağlanmaya olan etkisi nedeniyle de önemlidir. Emzirme için en kritik zaman doğumdan sonraki ilk iki haftadır. Annenin emzirme kararını etkileyen faktörler arasında emzirme sorunları, anne sütünün yetersizlik algısı veya varlığı, sezaryen ile doğum, bebeğin yetersiz kilo alımı, annenin çalışıyor olması ve kültürel uygulamalar yer almaktadır. Bu sorunlarla birlikte emzirme süresince meme ucu çatlağı ve diğer meme ile ilgili sorunlar emzirmeyi olumsuz etkilemektedir. Laktasyon döneminde oluşan ve emzirmeyi olumsuz etkileyen meme ucu çatlaklarının tedavisinde anneler ilaçlara yönelmekte ve bu ilaçların büyük kısmı annenin plazmasında kalmaktadır. Bu ilaçlar nedeniyle anne sütünün kalitesi etkilenebilmekte veya bebeğin kan dolaşımına geçen miktara bağlı olarak bebeğe zarar verebilmektedir. Bu nedenle ilaç içermeyen alternatif uygulamalar emzirmenin desteklenmesi ve meme ucu sorunlarının giderilmesinde tercih edilmektedir. Meme ucu çatlaklarının giderilmesinde kullanılan alternatif yöntemler emziren anneler arasında yaygındır. Lanolin, deve kuşu yağı, nane suyu, aloe vera jeli, anne sütü, zeytinyağı ve hindistan cevizi yağı meme başı ağrısı, çatlağın önlenmesi ve tedavisinde kullanılan alternatif yöntemlerdir. Önemli sağlık profesyonellerinden biri olan ebeler tarafından bu yöntemlerin bilinmesi zararlı uygulamaları önleme, olumsuz durumları fark etme, postpartum süreçte anneyi izleme ve emzirmeyi destekleme açısından önem arz etmektedir. Bu bağlamda derleme meme ucu çatlaklarının tedavisinde anneler tarafından kullanılan alternatif yöntemlerin incelenmesi amacı ile ele alınmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Emzirme alternatif yöntemler meme ucu çatlağı ebe

Kaynakça

  • Abdullah, A. I. S., Eshra, D. M. khalel, & Ashour, E. S. S. (2022). Effect of Expressed Milk, Peppermint Water Versus Routine Care on Cracked Nipple among Lactating Women. Menoufia Nursing Journal, 7(1), 337-367. https://doi.org/10.21608/MENJ.2022.245839
  • Alikamali, M., Emadi, S. F., Mahdizadeh, M., Emami, Z., Akbari, H., & Khodabandeh-Shahraki, S. (2023). Comparing the Efficacy of Breast Milk and Coconut Oil on Nipple Fissure and Breast Pain Intensity in Primiparous Mothers: A Single-Blind Clinical Trial. Breastfeeding Medicine, 18(1), 30-36. https://doi.org/10.1089/BFM.2022.0120
  • As’adi, N., & Kariman, N. (2018). Herbal prevention and treatment of nipple trauma and/or pain in Iranian studies: a systematic review. Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology, 7(3), 168-175. https://doi.org/10.15171/jhp.2018.28
  • As’adi, N., Kariman, N., Mojab, F., & Pourhoseingholi, M. A. (2017). The effect of Saqez (Pistacia atlantica) ointment on nipple fissure improvement in breastfeeding women during one-month follow-up. Avicenna journal of phytomedicine, 7(6), 477-485.
  • Bider-Canfield, Z., Martinez, M. P., Wang, X., Yu, W., Bautista, M. P., Brookey, J., Page, K. A., Buchanan, T. A., & Xiang, A. H. (2017). Maternal obesity, gestational diabetes, breastfeeding and childhood overweight at age 2 years. Pediatric Obesity, 12(2), 171-178. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.12125
  • Can Gürkan, Ö., Abbasoǧlu, D., Arslan Özkan, H., & Alioǧullari, A. (2022). Cacao Butter as Prophylaxis for Nipple Problems: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Study. Breastfeeding Medicine, 17(9), 745-752. https://doi.org/10.1089/BFM.2021.0349
  • Coca, K. P., Amir, L. H., Alves, M. dos R. da S., Barbieri, M., Marcacine, K. O., & de Vilhena Abrão, A. C. F. (2019). Measurement tools and intensity of nipple pain among women with or without damaged nipples: A quantitative systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 75(6), 1162-1172. https://doi.org/10.1111/JAN.13908
  • Çınar, N., Müge ALVUR, T., Menekşe, D., & Sevi̇mli̇ Güler, D. (2019). Adolesan Annelerin İlk Emzirme Deneyimleri: Nitel Bir Çalışma. Sağlık Bilimleri ve Meslekleri Dergisi, 6(2), 329-341. https://doi.org/10.17681/hsp.470571
  • Ditomasso, D., & Paiva, A. L. (2018). Neonatal weight matters: An examination of weight changes in full-term breastfeeding newborns during the first 2 weeks of life. Journal of Human Lactation, 34(1), 86-92.
  • Dönmez, A. Y., & Korğali, E. Ü. (2021). The relationship between the perception of breast milk of parents with term infants and exclusive breastfeeding in the postnatal first six months. Turkish Archives of Pediatrics, 56(2), 164.
  • Eshgizade, M., Basiri Moghaddam, M., Mohammadzadeh Moghaddam, H., Mahmoudian, A., & Mesbah, M. (2016). Comparison of the Effect of Olive Oil, Aloe Vera Extract and Breast Milk on Healing of Breast Fissure in Lactating Mothers: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Clinical Trial Article, 10(3), 19-27.
  • Hables, R. M., & Mahrous, E. S. (2021). Effect of Olive Oil, Coconut Oil, Breast Milk on Nipple Soreness among Lactating Mothers: Comparative Study. Original Article Egyptian Journal of Health Care, 12(1).
  • Harding, J. E., Cormack, B. E., Alexander, T., Alsweiler, J. M., & Bloomfield, F. H. (2017). Advances in nutrition of the newborn infant. The Lancet, 389(10079), 1660-1668. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30552-4
  • Ismail, N. I. A. A., Hafez, S. K., & Ghaly, A. S. (2019). Effect of Breast Milk, Peppermint Water and Breast Shell on Treatment of Traumatic Nipple in Puerperal Lactating Mothers. International Journal of Novel Research in Healthcare and Nursing, 6(3), 692-709. www.noveltyjournals.com
  • Jayan, J. K., John, S., & Siby, R. (2021). Effect of Peppermint Water V/S Lanolin Ointment Application in Management of Cracked Nipple among Lactating Postnatal Women Principal, BGHI College of Nursing, Indore. International Journal of Health Sciences and Research, 11(12), 12. https://doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20211211
  • Karaçam, Z., & Sağlık, M. (2018). Emzirme sorunları ve sorunlara ilişkin yapılan girişimler: Türkiye’de yapılan çalışmalara dayalı bir sistematik derleme. Türk Pediatri Arşivi, 53(3), 134-148. https://doi.org/10.5152/TurkPediatriArs.2018.6350
  • Kaya, Z., Dişli, B., & Rathfisch, G. (2018). Laktasyon Sürecini Desteklemede Tamamlayıcı Tıp Uygulamaları ve Hemşirenin Rolü. Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi, 15(4), 262-268. https://doi.org/10.5222/head.2018.262
  • Kayhan Tetik, B., & Gedik Tekinemre, I. (2017). Emziren annelerde ilaç kullanımı. The Journal Turkish Family Physician, 8(3), 83-89. https://doi.org/10.15511/tjtfp.17.00383
  • Kuswara, K., Knight, T., Campbell, K. J., Hesketh, K. D., Zheng, M., Bolton, K. A., & Laws, R. (2021). Breastfeeding and emerging motherhood identity: An interpretative phenomenological analysis of first time Chinese Australian mothers’ breastfeeding experiences. Women and Birth, 34(3), e292-e301.
  • Maleki, A., & Youseflu, S. (2022). The Effectiveness of Aloe Vera on Relief of Irritation and Nipple Pain in Lactating Women: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Obstetrics and Gynecology International, 2022, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7430581
  • Mcfadden, A., Gavine, A., Renfrew, M. J., Wade, A., Buchanan, P., Taylor, J. L., Veitch, E., Rennie, A. M., Crowther, S. A., Neiman, S., & Macgillivray, S. (2017). Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2017(2).
  • Miral, M., & Kızılkaya Beji, N. (2017). Gebelikte İlaç Kullanımı ve Danışmanlık. HSP, 4(2), 142-148. https://doi.org/10.17681/hsp-dergisi.316897
  • Morais, T. C. E. D. V., de Souza, T. O., Vieira, G. O., Júnior, J. de B., & de Jesus, G. M. (2020). Breastfeeding technique and the incidence of nipple traumas in puerperal women attended in a city hospital: Intervention study. Revista Brasileira de Saude Materno Infantil, 20(3), 695-703. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-93042020000300003
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TREATMENT OF NIPPLE CRACKS IN BREASTFEEDING: ALTERNATIVE METHODS

Yıl 2023, , 329 - 334, 16.12.2023

Hilal Özbek , Şükran Ertekin Pınar

https://doi.org/10.51754/cusbed.1310699

Öz

Breast milk, which has been the best source of nutrition for babies throughout history, continues its importance today. Breastfeeding, which plays a role in the growth and development of the newborn, is also important because of its effect on maternal health and the emotional bonding between mother and baby. The most critical time for breastfeeding is the first two weeks after birth. Among the factors affecting the mother's decision to breastfeed are breastfeeding problems, the perception or presence of breast milk insufficiency, cesarean delivery, insufficient weight gain of the baby, the mother's working status, and cultural practices. Along with these problems, nipple cracks and other breast-related problems during breastfeeding negatively affect breastfeeding. In the treatment of nipple cracks that occur during lactation and adversely affect breastfeeding, mothers turn to drugs and most of these drugs remain in the mother's plasma. Due to these drugs, the quality of breast milk may be affected or may harm the baby depending on the amount passed into the baby's bloodstream. For this reason, alternative applications that do not contain drugs are preferred for supporting breastfeeding and eliminating nipple problems. Alternative methods for removing nipple cracks are common among breastfeeding mothers. Applications such as lanolin, ostrich oil, peppermint juice, aloe vera gel, breast milk, olive oil and coconut oil for the prevention and treatment of nipple pain and cracks are among the alternative methods. Knowing these methods by midwives, one of the important health professionals, is important in terms of preventing harmful practices, recognizing negative situations, monitoring the mother in the postpartum period and supporting breastfeeding. In this context, the review is discussed with the aim of examining alternative methods used by mothers in the treatment of nipple cracks.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Breastfeeding alternative methods nipple crack midwife

Kaynakça

  • Abdullah, A. I. S., Eshra, D. M. khalel, & Ashour, E. S. S. (2022). Effect of Expressed Milk, Peppermint Water Versus Routine Care on Cracked Nipple among Lactating Women. Menoufia Nursing Journal, 7(1), 337-367. https://doi.org/10.21608/MENJ.2022.245839
  • Alikamali, M., Emadi, S. F., Mahdizadeh, M., Emami, Z., Akbari, H., & Khodabandeh-Shahraki, S. (2023). Comparing the Efficacy of Breast Milk and Coconut Oil on Nipple Fissure and Breast Pain Intensity in Primiparous Mothers: A Single-Blind Clinical Trial. Breastfeeding Medicine, 18(1), 30-36. https://doi.org/10.1089/BFM.2022.0120
  • As’adi, N., & Kariman, N. (2018). Herbal prevention and treatment of nipple trauma and/or pain in Iranian studies: a systematic review. Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology, 7(3), 168-175. https://doi.org/10.15171/jhp.2018.28
  • As’adi, N., Kariman, N., Mojab, F., & Pourhoseingholi, M. A. (2017). The effect of Saqez (Pistacia atlantica) ointment on nipple fissure improvement in breastfeeding women during one-month follow-up. Avicenna journal of phytomedicine, 7(6), 477-485.
  • Bider-Canfield, Z., Martinez, M. P., Wang, X., Yu, W., Bautista, M. P., Brookey, J., Page, K. A., Buchanan, T. A., & Xiang, A. H. (2017). Maternal obesity, gestational diabetes, breastfeeding and childhood overweight at age 2 years. Pediatric Obesity, 12(2), 171-178. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.12125
  • Can Gürkan, Ö., Abbasoǧlu, D., Arslan Özkan, H., & Alioǧullari, A. (2022). Cacao Butter as Prophylaxis for Nipple Problems: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Study. Breastfeeding Medicine, 17(9), 745-752. https://doi.org/10.1089/BFM.2021.0349
  • Coca, K. P., Amir, L. H., Alves, M. dos R. da S., Barbieri, M., Marcacine, K. O., & de Vilhena Abrão, A. C. F. (2019). Measurement tools and intensity of nipple pain among women with or without damaged nipples: A quantitative systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 75(6), 1162-1172. https://doi.org/10.1111/JAN.13908
  • Çınar, N., Müge ALVUR, T., Menekşe, D., & Sevi̇mli̇ Güler, D. (2019). Adolesan Annelerin İlk Emzirme Deneyimleri: Nitel Bir Çalışma. Sağlık Bilimleri ve Meslekleri Dergisi, 6(2), 329-341. https://doi.org/10.17681/hsp.470571
  • Ditomasso, D., & Paiva, A. L. (2018). Neonatal weight matters: An examination of weight changes in full-term breastfeeding newborns during the first 2 weeks of life. Journal of Human Lactation, 34(1), 86-92.
  • Dönmez, A. Y., & Korğali, E. Ü. (2021). The relationship between the perception of breast milk of parents with term infants and exclusive breastfeeding in the postnatal first six months. Turkish Archives of Pediatrics, 56(2), 164.
  • Eshgizade, M., Basiri Moghaddam, M., Mohammadzadeh Moghaddam, H., Mahmoudian, A., & Mesbah, M. (2016). Comparison of the Effect of Olive Oil, Aloe Vera Extract and Breast Milk on Healing of Breast Fissure in Lactating Mothers: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Clinical Trial Article, 10(3), 19-27.
  • Hables, R. M., & Mahrous, E. S. (2021). Effect of Olive Oil, Coconut Oil, Breast Milk on Nipple Soreness among Lactating Mothers: Comparative Study. Original Article Egyptian Journal of Health Care, 12(1).
  • Harding, J. E., Cormack, B. E., Alexander, T., Alsweiler, J. M., & Bloomfield, F. H. (2017). Advances in nutrition of the newborn infant. The Lancet, 389(10079), 1660-1668. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30552-4
  • Ismail, N. I. A. A., Hafez, S. K., & Ghaly, A. S. (2019). Effect of Breast Milk, Peppermint Water and Breast Shell on Treatment of Traumatic Nipple in Puerperal Lactating Mothers. International Journal of Novel Research in Healthcare and Nursing, 6(3), 692-709. www.noveltyjournals.com
  • Jayan, J. K., John, S., & Siby, R. (2021). Effect of Peppermint Water V/S Lanolin Ointment Application in Management of Cracked Nipple among Lactating Postnatal Women Principal, BGHI College of Nursing, Indore. International Journal of Health Sciences and Research, 11(12), 12. https://doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20211211
  • Karaçam, Z., & Sağlık, M. (2018). Emzirme sorunları ve sorunlara ilişkin yapılan girişimler: Türkiye’de yapılan çalışmalara dayalı bir sistematik derleme. Türk Pediatri Arşivi, 53(3), 134-148. https://doi.org/10.5152/TurkPediatriArs.2018.6350
  • Kaya, Z., Dişli, B., & Rathfisch, G. (2018). Laktasyon Sürecini Desteklemede Tamamlayıcı Tıp Uygulamaları ve Hemşirenin Rolü. Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi, 15(4), 262-268. https://doi.org/10.5222/head.2018.262
  • Kayhan Tetik, B., & Gedik Tekinemre, I. (2017). Emziren annelerde ilaç kullanımı. The Journal Turkish Family Physician, 8(3), 83-89. https://doi.org/10.15511/tjtfp.17.00383
  • Kuswara, K., Knight, T., Campbell, K. J., Hesketh, K. D., Zheng, M., Bolton, K. A., & Laws, R. (2021). Breastfeeding and emerging motherhood identity: An interpretative phenomenological analysis of first time Chinese Australian mothers’ breastfeeding experiences. Women and Birth, 34(3), e292-e301.
  • Maleki, A., & Youseflu, S. (2022). The Effectiveness of Aloe Vera on Relief of Irritation and Nipple Pain in Lactating Women: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Obstetrics and Gynecology International, 2022, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7430581
  • Mcfadden, A., Gavine, A., Renfrew, M. J., Wade, A., Buchanan, P., Taylor, J. L., Veitch, E., Rennie, A. M., Crowther, S. A., Neiman, S., & Macgillivray, S. (2017). Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2017(2).
  • Miral, M., & Kızılkaya Beji, N. (2017). Gebelikte İlaç Kullanımı ve Danışmanlık. HSP, 4(2), 142-148. https://doi.org/10.17681/hsp-dergisi.316897
  • Morais, T. C. E. D. V., de Souza, T. O., Vieira, G. O., Júnior, J. de B., & de Jesus, G. M. (2020). Breastfeeding technique and the incidence of nipple traumas in puerperal women attended in a city hospital: Intervention study. Revista Brasileira de Saude Materno Infantil, 20(3), 695-703. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-93042020000300003
  • Niazi, A., Rahimi, V. B., Soheili-Far, S., Askari, N., Rahmanian-Devin, P., Sanei-Far, Z., Sahebkar, A., Rakhshandeh, H., & Askari, V. R. (2018). A systematic review on prevention and treatment of nipple pain and fissure: Are they curable? Journal of Pharmacopuncture, 21(3), 139-150. https://doi.org/10.3831/KPI.2018.21.017
  • Niazi, A., Yousefzadeh, S., Rakhshandeh, H., Esmaily, H., & Askari, V. R. (2019). Promising effects of purslane cream on the breast fissure in lactating women: A clinical trial. Complementary therapies in medicine, 43, 300-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2019.02.002
  • Ören Topaloğlu, D. E., Ünsal Atan, Ş., & Kavlak, O. (2023). Doğum Sonu Dönemdeki Kadınların Emzirme Tutumları ve Etkileyen Faktörler. İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(1), 27-35.
  • Özilice, Ö., Günay Dokuz, T., Üniversitesi, E., Fakültesi, T., Sağlığı, H., & Dalı, A. (2018). Emzirme ve sürdürülebilir kalkınma. İzmir Dr. Behçet Uz Çocuk Hast. Dergisi, 8(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.5222/buchd.2018.001
  • Özkul Sağlam, N., Bülbül, L., Yaroğlu Kazancı, S., & Hatipoğlu, S. S. (2018). 24-48 Ay Arası Çocukların Anne Sütü Alımı ve Tamamlayıcı Beslenme Tercihlerine Etki Eden Faktörler. The Medical Bulletin of Şişli Etfal Hospital, 19. https://doi.org/10.14744/SEMB.2018.91328
  • Parham, S., Kharazi, A. Z., Bakhsheshi-Rad, H. R., Nur, H., Ismail, A. F., Sharif, S., Ramakrishna, S., & Berto, F. (2020). Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Antiviral Properties of Herbal Materials. Antioxidants 2020, Vol. 9, Page 1309, 9(12), 1309. https://doi.org/10.3390/ANTIOX9121309
  • Pektaş, M. K., & Mutlu, M. F. (2016). Gebe Kadınların Emzirme ve Anne Sütü Konusundaki Bilgilerinin, Tutum ve Davranışlarının Değerlendirilmesi. Gazi Medical Journal, 27(3), 145-148. https://doi.org/10.12996/gmj.2016.43
  • Pérez-Escamilla, R., Tomori, C., Hernández-Cordero, S., Baker, P., Barros, A. J. D., Bégin, F., Chapman, D. J., Grummer-Strawn, L. M., McCoy, D., Menon, P., Ribeiro Neves, P. A., Piwoz, E., Rollins, N., Victora, C. G., & Richter, L. (2023). Breastfeeding: crucially important, but increasingly challenged in a market-driven world. The Lancet, 401(10375), 472-485.
  • Pinnock, D. (2009). Viridian the leading brand of ethical vitamins, Cooking with Coconut Oil. Lipids Journal.
  • Saffari, M., Bahri, N., Ghorbani, M., & Mahmoudian, A. (2022). Effects of Herbal Medicines on Nipple Fissures: A Systematic Review. Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products 2022 17:3, 17(3), 111321. https://doi.org/10.5812/JJNPP.111321
  • Sağlık, D. K., & Kısacık, Ö. G. (2021). Comparison of the effects of olive oil and breast milk on the prevention of nipple problems in primiparous breastfeeding women: a randomized controlled trial. Health Care for Women International, 42(4-6), 877-894. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2020.1840570
  • Sales, J. (2007). The emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae): a review of its biology and commercial products. Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews, 18(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3184/147020607x245048
  • Serhatlioglu, S., Gencturk, N., & Mutlu, S. (2023). Determination of the effectiveness of beeswax in preventing nipple pain and cracks in primiparous breastfeeding mothers: A randomized controlled trial. EXPLORE. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EXPLORE.2023.05.002
  • Shahrahmani, N., Amir Ali Akbari, S., Mojab, F., Mirzai, M., & Shahrahmani, H. (2018). The Effect of Zizyphus Jujube Fruit Lotion on Breast Fissure in Breastfeeding Women. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research : IJPR, 17(Suppl), 101.
  • Soleimani, M., Arzani, A., Arzani, V., & Roberts, T. H. (2022). Phenolic compounds and antimicrobial properties of mint and thyme. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 36, 100604. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HERMED.2022.100604
  • Şahin, E., Yıldırım, F., & Büyükkayacı Duman, N. (2023). Effect of Tea Tree Oil and Coconut Oil on Nipple Crack Formation in the Early Postpartum Period. 18(3), 226-232. https://doi.org/10.1089/BFM.2022.0260
  • TNSA. (2018). 2018 Türkiye Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü. www.hips.hacettepe.edu.tr.
  • Unicef. (2016). From the first hour of life making the case for improved infant and young child feeding everywhere. United Nations Children’s Fund. http://data.unicef.org/topic/nutrition/infant-and-young-child-feeding/
  • Walker, M. (2013). Are There Any Cures for Sore Nipples? Clinical Lactation, 4(3), 106-115. https://doi.org/10.1891/2158-0782.4.3.106
  • Wang, Z., Liu, Q., Min, L., & Mao, X. (2021). The effectiveness of the laid-back position on lactation-related nipple problems and comfort: a meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 21(1), 248. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-021-03714-8
  • WHO. (2017). 10 facts on breastfeeding. WHO. https://www.who.int/features/factfiles/breastfeeding/en/
  • WHO. (2021). Infant and young child feeding. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infant-and-young-child-feeding
  • Witkowska-Zimny, M., & Kaminska-El-Hassan, E. (2017). Cells of human breast milk. Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters, 22(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11658-017-0042-4
  • Yeşilçiçek Çalık, K., Coşar Çetin, F., & Erkaya, R. (2017). Annelerin Emzirme Konusunda Uygulamaları ve Etkileyen Faktörler. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi Araştırma Makalesi GUSBD, 6(3), 80-91.
  • Yurtsal, Z. B., Kaya, N., Ağapınar Şahin, S., & Eroğlu, V. (2018). Anne Sütü ve Emzirmede Kanıt Temelli Uygulamalar (Z. B. Yurtsal, Ed.). Anadolu Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri.
  • Zahra Masoumi, S., Bahar, G. T., Masoumi, Z. S., Gharakhani Bahar, T., Oshvandi, K., Mohammadi, Y., Moradkhani, S., & Firozian, F. (2018). A Comparative Study of the Effects of Mint Tea Bag, Mint Cream, and Breast Milk on the Treatment of Cracked Nipple in the Lactation Period: A Randomized Clinical Trial Study. Iranian Journal of Neonatology, 4, 9. https://doi.org/10.22038/ijn.2018.30078.1409
  • Zanardo, V., & Giarrizzo, D. (2015). Re. “Review on emu products for use as complementary and alternative medicine”. Nutrition, 31(2), 415-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2014.06.003
  • Zanardo, V., Giarrizzo, D., Maiolo, L., & Straface, G. (2016). Efficacy of Topical Application of Emu Oil on Areola Skin Barrier in Breastfeeding Women. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 21(1), 10-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156587215588653
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Bebek ve Çocuk Sağlığı
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Hilal Özbek 0000-0001-6368-2633

Şükran Ertekin Pınar 0000-0002-5431-8159

Yayımlanma Tarihi 16 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Özbek, H., & Ertekin Pınar, Ş. (2023). Emzirmede Meme Ucu Çatlaklarının Tedavisi: Alternatif Yöntemler. Instıtute of Health Sciences Journal, 8(Special Issue), 329-334. https://doi.org/10.51754/cusbed.1310699

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