Öz
Kuzey Avrupa ülkelerinden biri olan Danimarka ebelerin çok güçlü olduğu ve bağımsız çalışabildikleri küçük bir ülkedir. Danimarka sağlık sisteminde doktorlar sadece endikasyon söz konusuysa gebelik, doğum ve doğum sonu döneme dahil edilirler. Eğer endikasyon söz konusu değilse, gebelik, doğum ve doğum sonu dönem ebelerin sorumluluğundadır. Ülkede ebelere ve ebelik uygulamalarına belirgin şekilde saygı gösterilir. Ebelik hizmetlerinin kapsamı içerisinde aile planlaması, doğum öncesi hazırlık sınıfları, ultrason taraması, bazı ilaçların reçete edilmesi, sigara bırakma müdahale kursları, özel gruplara yönelik destek ve bakım, riskli gebeliklerde hastane ya da evde izlem ve bakım sayılabilir. Danimarka’da ebelik eğitiminden üniversiteler sorumludur. Lisans eğitimi, lise sonrası doğrudan girişin olduğu 3,5 yıl süren, 14 modüllük, toplam 210 ECTS’lik bir eğitimdir. Eğitim %50 teorik ve %50 uygulama olarak yürütülmektedir. Eğitimin son modülü bitirme projesi (20 ECTS) olarak geçmektedir ve hem yazılı hem de sözlü sınavla değerlendirilir. Eğitimde hastanelerin ve üniversitelerin simülasyon merkezleri ve beceri laboratuvarları aktif olarak kullanılır. Ülkede ebelik eğitiminde master ve doktora yapma imkanı vardır. Master azami 9 ay, doktora azami 3,5 yıl sürmektedir. Bu derleme makalede, Danimarka’da ebelik ve ebelik eğitimi hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Teşekkür
Danimarka’da bulunan Kopenhag Üniversitesi Juliane Marie Merkezi’ndeki Disiplinler arası Kadın, Çocuk ve Aile Sağlığı Araştırma Birimi, (The Interdisciplinary Research Unit of Women’s, Children’s and Families’ Health, The Juliane Marie Centre, Copenhagen University) ebe araştırma grubu üyelerine katkı ve destekleri için çok teşekkür ederim.
Kaynakça
- Bharj, K. K., Luyben, A., Avery, M. D., Johnson, P. G., Barger, M. K., & Bick, D. (2016). An agenda for midwifery education: advancing the state of the world׳ s midwifery. Midwifery, 33, 3-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2016.01.004
- Danish Health Authority (Sundhedsstyrelsen). (2021). Anbefalinger for svangreomsorgen [Recommendations for maternity care (in Danish). Copenhagen, 2021. https://www.sst.dk/-/media/Udgivelser/2016/Gravid-ny-i-Danmark/Eng_Ny-i-Danmark.ashx. Accessed 26 March 2023.
- Danish Midwives' Association (Jordemoderforeningen)- https://jordemoderforeningen.dk/). Accessed 05 February 2023.
- Danish Patient Safety Authority. (2023). Midwife: application for registration, (https://en.stps.dk/en/health-professionals-and-authorities/registration-of-healthcare-professionals/midwife-application-for-registration/). Accessed 06 February 2023.
- Ejder Apay, S. (2014). Geçmişten günümüze ebelik: tarihi bir inceleme. Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi, 4(2), 13-20.
- Godsman, Kim. (2001). A personal experience of midwifery in Denmark. British Journal of Midwifery, 9(7), 434–437. doi:10.12968/bjom.2001.9.7.7952
- Hainsworth, N., Dowse, E., Ebert, L., & Foureur, M. (2021). ‘Continuity of Care Experiences’ within pre-registration midwifery education programs: a scoping review. Women and Birth, 34(6), 514-530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2020.12.003
- Jepsen, I., Mark, E., Foureur, M., Nøhr, E. A., & Sørensen, E. E. (2017a). A qualitative study of how caseload midwifery is experienced by couples in Denmark. Women and Birth, 30(1), e61-e69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2016.09.003
- Jepsen, I., Juul, S., Foureur, M., Sørensen, E. E., & Nøhr, E. A. (2017b). Is caseload midwifery a healthy work-form?–A survey of burnout among midwives in Denmark. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare, 11, 102-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srhc.2016.12.001
- Maimburg, R. D. (2018). Homebirth organised in a caseload midwifery model with affiliation to a Danish university hospital–A descriptive study. Sexual & reproductive healthcare, 16, 82-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srhc.2018.02.011
- McKay, S. (2004). Models of midwifery care: Denmark, Sweden, and the Netherlands. In Midwifery and the Medicalization of Childbirth: Comparative Perspectives. Nova Science Publishers, Inc., New York, 155-162.
- Ministry of Children and Education (Borne-og undervisningsministerie). 2022, https://www.ug.dk/job/job-fordelt-paa-erhvervsomraader/sundhedomsorgogpleje/sygepljordemoderarb/jordemoder-job. Accessed 06 February 2023.
- Ministry of Education and Research. (Uddannelses- og Forskningsministeriet. 2016). Bekendtgørelse om uddannelsen til professionsbachelor i jordemoderkundskab. https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=181842. Accessed 06 February 2023.
- Ministry of Health. (2017). Healthcare in Denmark an Overview, https://sum.dk/. Accessed 19 April 2023. Ministry of the Interior and Health (Indenrigs- og Sundhedsministeriet). (2001). Cirkulære om jordemodervirksomhed (Ebelik genelgesi), 149. Accessed 19 April 2023.
- Ministry of the Interior and Health, (Indenrigs- og Sundhedsministeriet). (2019). Bekendtgørelse af lov om autorisation af sundhedspersoner og om sundhedsfaglig virksomhed, 731. Accessed 12 April 2023.
- Poulsen, B. C. (2013). Recommendations for Antenatal Care, (2. ed.), The Danish Health Authority.
- Rigshospitalet. (2023), Pregnancy and birth and postpartum. https://www.rigshospitalet.dk/afdelinger-og-klinikker/julianemarie/graviditet-foedsel-og-barsel/Sider/default.aspx). Accessed 19 February 2023.
- Sandall, J., Soltani, H., Gates, S., Shennan, A., & Devane, D. (2016). Midwife‐led continuity models versus other models of care for childbearing women. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (4). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004667.pub5
- The Ministry of Health. (2019) The Authorisation Law Publication of the act on the authorisation of healthcare professionals and on healthcare provision. Available at: https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2019/731. Accessed 11 May 2023.
- Towler, J., & Bramall, J. (2023). Midwives in history and society. Taylor & Francis. United Nations Development Programme (2013). Denmark Country Profile: Human Development Indicators". Accessed 19 April 2023.
- University College Absalon, (2023). Midwifery. (https://phabsalon.dk/forskning/forskningsmiljoeer/ulighed-i-sundhed. Accessed 12 April 2023.
- University College Copenhagen. (2023). Research and Devolepment. https://www.kp.dk/uddannelser/jordemoder/). Accessed 12 April 2023.
- University College of Northern Denmark, Midwifery (2023). (https://www.ucn.dk/uddannelser/jordemoder/job-og-karriere#at-menu). Accessed 12 April 2023.
- University College South Denmark. (2023). Midwifery, https://www.ucsyd.dk/uddannelse/jordemoder, Accessed 12 April 2023.
- University of Southern Denmark. (2023). Midwifery, https://www.sdu.dk/en/om_sdu/institutter_centre/iob/uddannelse/jordemoderuddannelsen. Accessed 12 April 2023.
- World Health Organization (2017). Nursing and midwifery in the history of the World Health Organization 1948-2017. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/nursing-and-midwifery-in-the-history-of-the-world-health-organization-(1948%E2%80%932017). Accessed 12 February 2023.
- World Health Organization. (2018). WHO recommendations on intrapartum care for a positive childbirth experience. World Health Organization. Accessed 12 February 2023.
Öz
Denmark is a small country in Northern Europe where midwives are highly skilled and able to work independently. In the Danish healthcare system, physicians are only involved in pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum care if there are indications of medical complications. If there are no indications, midwives are responsible for pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum care. Midwifery is highly respected in Denmark and midwifery services include family planning, antenatal preparation classes, ultrasound screening, prescribing some medications, smoking cessation interventions, special support and care for specific groups, and monitoring and care in hospitals or at home for high-risk pregnancies. Midwifery education in Denmark is provided by universities. The program is a 3.5-year, 14-module, 210-ECTS program with direct entry after high school, consisting of 50% theoretical and 50% practical education. The final module of the education is a research project (20 ECTS) that is evaluated through a written and oral exam. Simulation centers and skills laboratories in hospitals and universities are actively used in midwifery education. In Denmark, there are opportunities to obtain a master's or doctoral degree in midwifery. A master's program lasts a maximum of 9 months, and a doctoral program lasts a maximum of 3.5 years. This review article provides information on midwifery and midwifery education in Denmark.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Bharj, K. K., Luyben, A., Avery, M. D., Johnson, P. G., Barger, M. K., & Bick, D. (2016). An agenda for midwifery education: advancing the state of the world׳ s midwifery. Midwifery, 33, 3-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2016.01.004
- Danish Health Authority (Sundhedsstyrelsen). (2021). Anbefalinger for svangreomsorgen [Recommendations for maternity care (in Danish). Copenhagen, 2021. https://www.sst.dk/-/media/Udgivelser/2016/Gravid-ny-i-Danmark/Eng_Ny-i-Danmark.ashx. Accessed 26 March 2023.
- Danish Midwives' Association (Jordemoderforeningen)- https://jordemoderforeningen.dk/). Accessed 05 February 2023.
- Danish Patient Safety Authority. (2023). Midwife: application for registration, (https://en.stps.dk/en/health-professionals-and-authorities/registration-of-healthcare-professionals/midwife-application-for-registration/). Accessed 06 February 2023.
- Ejder Apay, S. (2014). Geçmişten günümüze ebelik: tarihi bir inceleme. Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi, 4(2), 13-20.
- Godsman, Kim. (2001). A personal experience of midwifery in Denmark. British Journal of Midwifery, 9(7), 434–437. doi:10.12968/bjom.2001.9.7.7952
- Hainsworth, N., Dowse, E., Ebert, L., & Foureur, M. (2021). ‘Continuity of Care Experiences’ within pre-registration midwifery education programs: a scoping review. Women and Birth, 34(6), 514-530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2020.12.003
- Jepsen, I., Mark, E., Foureur, M., Nøhr, E. A., & Sørensen, E. E. (2017a). A qualitative study of how caseload midwifery is experienced by couples in Denmark. Women and Birth, 30(1), e61-e69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2016.09.003
- Jepsen, I., Juul, S., Foureur, M., Sørensen, E. E., & Nøhr, E. A. (2017b). Is caseload midwifery a healthy work-form?–A survey of burnout among midwives in Denmark. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare, 11, 102-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srhc.2016.12.001
- Maimburg, R. D. (2018). Homebirth organised in a caseload midwifery model with affiliation to a Danish university hospital–A descriptive study. Sexual & reproductive healthcare, 16, 82-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srhc.2018.02.011
- McKay, S. (2004). Models of midwifery care: Denmark, Sweden, and the Netherlands. In Midwifery and the Medicalization of Childbirth: Comparative Perspectives. Nova Science Publishers, Inc., New York, 155-162.
- Ministry of Children and Education (Borne-og undervisningsministerie). 2022, https://www.ug.dk/job/job-fordelt-paa-erhvervsomraader/sundhedomsorgogpleje/sygepljordemoderarb/jordemoder-job. Accessed 06 February 2023.
- Ministry of Education and Research. (Uddannelses- og Forskningsministeriet. 2016). Bekendtgørelse om uddannelsen til professionsbachelor i jordemoderkundskab. https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=181842. Accessed 06 February 2023.
- Ministry of Health. (2017). Healthcare in Denmark an Overview, https://sum.dk/. Accessed 19 April 2023. Ministry of the Interior and Health (Indenrigs- og Sundhedsministeriet). (2001). Cirkulære om jordemodervirksomhed (Ebelik genelgesi), 149. Accessed 19 April 2023.
- Ministry of the Interior and Health, (Indenrigs- og Sundhedsministeriet). (2019). Bekendtgørelse af lov om autorisation af sundhedspersoner og om sundhedsfaglig virksomhed, 731. Accessed 12 April 2023.
- Poulsen, B. C. (2013). Recommendations for Antenatal Care, (2. ed.), The Danish Health Authority.
- Rigshospitalet. (2023), Pregnancy and birth and postpartum. https://www.rigshospitalet.dk/afdelinger-og-klinikker/julianemarie/graviditet-foedsel-og-barsel/Sider/default.aspx). Accessed 19 February 2023.
- Sandall, J., Soltani, H., Gates, S., Shennan, A., & Devane, D. (2016). Midwife‐led continuity models versus other models of care for childbearing women. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (4). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004667.pub5
- The Ministry of Health. (2019) The Authorisation Law Publication of the act on the authorisation of healthcare professionals and on healthcare provision. Available at: https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2019/731. Accessed 11 May 2023.
- Towler, J., & Bramall, J. (2023). Midwives in history and society. Taylor & Francis. United Nations Development Programme (2013). Denmark Country Profile: Human Development Indicators". Accessed 19 April 2023.
- University College Absalon, (2023). Midwifery. (https://phabsalon.dk/forskning/forskningsmiljoeer/ulighed-i-sundhed. Accessed 12 April 2023.
- University College Copenhagen. (2023). Research and Devolepment. https://www.kp.dk/uddannelser/jordemoder/). Accessed 12 April 2023.
- University College of Northern Denmark, Midwifery (2023). (https://www.ucn.dk/uddannelser/jordemoder/job-og-karriere#at-menu). Accessed 12 April 2023.
- University College South Denmark. (2023). Midwifery, https://www.ucsyd.dk/uddannelse/jordemoder, Accessed 12 April 2023.
- University of Southern Denmark. (2023). Midwifery, https://www.sdu.dk/en/om_sdu/institutter_centre/iob/uddannelse/jordemoderuddannelsen. Accessed 12 April 2023.
- World Health Organization (2017). Nursing and midwifery in the history of the World Health Organization 1948-2017. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/nursing-and-midwifery-in-the-history-of-the-world-health-organization-(1948%E2%80%932017). Accessed 12 February 2023.
- World Health Organization. (2018). WHO recommendations on intrapartum care for a positive childbirth experience. World Health Organization. Accessed 12 February 2023.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Sağlık Hizmetleri ve Sistemleri (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | Derleme |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 16 Aralık 2023 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 |
