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Covid-19'un İnfertiliteye Etkisi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: Special Issue, 360 - 365, 16.12.2023

Demet Çakır , Hilal Özbek

https://doi.org/10.51754/cusbed.1312431

Öz

İnfertilite, dünya nüfusunun yaklaşık %8-12'sini etkileyen yaygın bir sağlık sorunudur. Bu oranları dünyanın çeşitli bölgelerinde büyük farklılıklar göstermekte, doğrudan ve dolaylı faktörlerin doğurganlığı olumsuz etkilediği bilinmektedir. Toksik maddelere maruz kalma, yetersiz beslenme, psikolojik stres ve viral enfeksiyonlar üreme sağlığını etkilediği bilinen faktörlerden olarak sayılabilmektedir.
Coronavirus hastalığı-19 (COVID-19) küresel bir sağlık sorunudur. Bu hastalığın üreme sağlığı üzerindeki etkilerini gösteren epidemiyolojik raporlar çeşitli olumsuz etkileri olduğunu bildirilmiştir. Literatürde, COVID-19 tanısı almış 37 yaşındaki bir erkekte bilateral orsiepididimit oluşumu tespit edilmiştir. COVID-19 enfeksiyonu tanısı almış olan bir pediatrik hastada ise orsiepididimit ile ilişkili inflamasyon belirlenmiş ve hastalarda sperm kalitesinde bozulma saptanmıştır. Ayrıca testis hücrelerinde artan bağışıklık tepkisinin spermatogenez sürecini olumsuz etkileyebileceği öne sürülmektedir. Üreme çağındaki kadınlarda da COVID-19 ile enfekte olduklarında menstrual siklus kanama hacminde azalma ve siklus süresinde uzama tespit edilmiştir. Bu sonuçların gelecekte doğurganlık için zararlı olabileceği düşünülmektedir.
Geçmişte koronavirüs bulaşmış gebeler arasında spontan düşük ve erken doğum insidanslarının arttığı bildirilmiştir. Sistematik inceleme ve meta-analiz çalışmalarında, COVID-19 hastalarında gebelik sırasında anne ölümü riskinin arttığı ve virüs partikülünün enfekte anneden yenidoğana dikey geçişi yaptığı da belgelenmiştir. Bu nedenle COVID-19 enfeksiyonunun kadın ve erkek üreme sağlığı üzerinde olumsuz etkilerinin olabileceği düşünülmektedir. İnfertilite kliniklerinde çalışan ebelerin bu konuda bilinçlenmesi, danışmalık ve bakım rollerini kullanmada etkili olacaktır. Bu çalışma COVID-19’un üreme sağlığı üzerine etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yazılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Covit-19 infertilite doğurganlık

Kaynakça

  • Aharon, D., Canon, C.M., Hanley, W.J., Lee J.A., Lederman M.A., Stein D.E., & et al. (2021) Mrna COVID-19 vaccines do not compromise implantation of euploid embryos. Fertil Steril, 116. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.07.215
  • Ali, R. I., & Ibrahim, M. A. (2018). Malathion induced testicular toxicity and oxidative damage in male mice: the protective effect of curcumin. Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 8: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41935-018-0099-x
  • Althof, S.E., & Needle, R.B. (2011). Psychological factors associated with male sexual dysfunction: screening and treatment for the urologist. Urol Clin North Am, 38:141–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ucl.2011.02.003
  • Asghar, N., Mumtaz, H., Syed, A.A., Eqbal, F., Maharjan, R., Bamboria, A., & et al. (2022). Safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines; a systematic review. Immunological Medicine. 1-13 doi: 10.1080/25785826.2022.2068331
  • Cacioppo, J.T., Berntson, G.G., Malarkey, W.B., Kiecolt-Glaser, J.K., Sheridan, J.F., Poehlmann, K.M., & et al. (1998). Autonomic, neuroendocrine, and immune responses to psychological stress: the reactivity hypothesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 840:664-673. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09605.x
  • Carp-Veliscu, A., Mehedintu, C., Frincu, F., Bratila, E., Rasu, S., Iordache, I., Bordea, A., & Braga, M. (2022). The Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Female Fertility: A Review of the Literature. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 16:984. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19020984.
  • Carto, C., Nackeeran, S., & Ramasamy, R. (2022). COVID-19 vaccination is associated with a decreased risk of orchitis and/or epididymitis in men. Andrologia. 54. doi: 10.1111/and.14281
  • Chen, F., Zhu, S., Dai, Z., Hao, L., Luan, C., Guo, Q., & et al. (2021). Effects of COVID-19 and mRNA vaccines on human fertility. Hum Reprod. 37:5-13. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deab238.
  • Cochrane Gynaecology and Fertility (2023). COVID-19-Fertility and Pregnancy, https://cgf.cochrane.org/news/covid-19-coronavirus-disease-fertility-and-pregnancy erişim tarihi:27.03.2023
  • Comirnaty and Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine FDA. (2021, March 2). https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19/comirnaty-and-pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccine.
  • Dong, L., Tian, J., He, S., Zhu, C., Wang, J., Liu, C., & et al. (2020). Possible verticaltransmission of SARS-CoV-2 from an infected mother to her newborn. JAMA. 323:1846-1848. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4621
  • Drapkina Yu, D., Yu, S., Dolgushina, D.N.V., Shatylko, T.S.T.V., Nikolaeva, M.N.M.A., Menzhinskaya, I.M.I.V., Ivanets, I.T.Yu., Krechetova, L.K.L.V., Gamidov, S.G.S.I., Bairamova, B.G.R., & Sukhikh, S.G.T. (2021). Gam-COVID-Vac (Sputnik V) vaccine has no adverse effect on spermatogenesis in men. Akusherstvo i Ginekologiia. 7:88-94. https://doi.org/10.18565/aig.202L7.88-94
  • Elagin, V.V., Adamyan, L.V., Vechorko, V.I., Doroshenko, D.A., Dashko, A.A., Filippov, O.S., & et al. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine and male reproductive health (preliminary data) Problemy Reproduktsii. 27:17. doi: 10.17116/repro20212704117
  • Gagliardi, L., Bertacca, C., Centenari, C., Merusi, I., Parolo, E., Ragazzo, V., & et al. (2020). Orchiepididymitis in a boy with COVID-19. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 39:e200-2. doi: 10.1097/INF.0000000000002769
  • Garolla, A., Pizzol, D., Bertoldo, A., Menegazzo, M., Barzon, L., & Foresta, C. (2013). Sperm viral infection and male infertility: focus on HBV, HCV, HIV, HPV, HSV, HCMV, and AAV. Journal of reproductive immunology, 100:20-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jri.2013.03.004
  • Goad, J., Rudolph, J., & Rajkovic, A. (2020). Female reproductive tract has low concentration of SARS-CoV2 receptors. bioRxiv. Plos One. 15:e0243959. doi: 10.1101/2020.06.20.163097
  • Gollenberg, A.L., Liu, F., Brazil, C., Drobnis, E.Z., Guzick, D., Overstreet, J.W., & et al. (2010). Semen quality in fertile men in relation to psychosocial stress. Fertil Steril. 93:1104–1111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.12.018
  • Greenland, J.R., Michelow, M.D., Wang, L., & London, M.J. (2020). COVID-19 infection: implications for perioperative and critical care physicians. Anesthesiology. 132:134-1361. https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0000000000003303
  • Holtmann, N., Edimiris, P., Andree, M., Doehmen, C., Baston-Buest, D., Adams, O., & et al. (2020). Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 in human semen-a cohort study. Fertil Steril. 114:233-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.05.028
  • Homa, S.T., Vassiliou, A.M., Stone, J., Killeen, A.P., Dawkins, A., Xie, J., Gould, F., & Ramsay, J.W.A. (2019). A comparison between two assays for measuring seminal oxidative stress and their relationship with sperm DNA fragmentation and semen parameters. Genes. 10:236. doi: 10.3390/genes10030236
  • Honorato-Sampaio, K., Pereira, V.M., Santos, R.A., & Reis, A.M. (2012). Evidence that angiotensin-(1-7) is an intermediate of gonadotrophin-induced oocyte maturation in the rat preovulatory follicle. Exp Physiol. 97:642-50. doi: 10.1113/expphysiol.2011.061960
  • Jurewicz, J., Hanke, W., Sobala, W., Merecz, D., & Radwan, M. (2010). Wplyw stresu zawodowego na jakosc nasıenıa/the effect of stress on the semen qualıty. Medycyna Pracy. 61:607-613.
  • Kotitschke, A., Sadie-Van Gijsen, H., Avenant, C., Fernandes, S., & Hapgood, J.P. (2009). Genomic and nongenomic cross talk between the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor and glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathways. Mol Endocrinol. 23:1726-1745. https://doi.org/10.1210/me.2008-0462
  • Li, H., Xiao, X., Zhang, J., Zafar, M.I., Wu, C., Long, Y., & et al. (2020). Impaired spermatogenesis in COVID-19 patients. EClinicalMedicine. 28:100604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100604
  • Li, K., Chen, G., Hou, H., Liao, Q., Chen, J., Bai, H., & et al. (2021). Analysis of sex hormones and menstruation in COVID-19 women of child-bearing age. Reprod Biomed Online. 42:260-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.09.020
  • Mali, A.S., Magdum, M., & Novotny, J. (2021). COVID-19 impact on reproduction and fertility. JBRA Assist Reprod. 25:310-313. doi: 10.5935/1518-0557.20200103.
  • Matar, R., Alrahmani, L., Monzer, N., Debiane, L.G., Berbari, E., Fares, J., & et al. (2021). Clinical presentation and outcomes of pregnant women with coronavirus disease 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 72:521-33. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa828
  • Menezo, Y.J., Silvestris, E., Dale, B., & Elder, K. (2016). Oxidative stress and alterations in DNA methylation: two sides of the same coin in reproduction. Reprod Biomed Online. 33:668-683. doi: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2016.09.006
  • Nassau, D.E., Best, J.C., Kresch, E., Gonzalez, D.C., Khodamoradi, K., Ramasamy, R. (2022). Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 virus on male reproductive health. BJU Int. Feb;129:143-150. doi: 10.1111/bju.15573.
  • Orvieto, R., Noach-Hirsh, M., Segev-Zahav, A., Haas, J., Nahum, R., & Aizer, A. (2021). Does mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine influence patients’ performance during IVF-ET cycle? Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology. 19:69. doi: 10.1186/s12958-021-00757-6
  • Qiu, X., Zhang, L., Tong, Y., Qu, Y., Wang, H., & Mu, D. (2018). Interleukin-6 for early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis with premature rupture of the membranes: a metaanalysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 97:e13146. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000013146
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  • Reschini, M., Pagliardini, L., Boeri, L., Piazzini, F., Bandini, V., Fornelli G., & et al. (2022). COVID-19 vaccination does not affect reproductive health parameters in men. Front Public Health. 10. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.839967
  • Romer, D., & Jamieson, K.H. (2020). Conspiracy theories as barriers to controlling the spread of COVID-19 in the U.S. Soc Sci Med. 263 doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113356
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THE EFFECT OF COVID-19 ON INFERTILITY

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: Special Issue, 360 - 365, 16.12.2023

Demet Çakır , Hilal Özbek

https://doi.org/10.51754/cusbed.1312431

Öz

Infertility is a common health problem affecting approximately 8-12% of the world's population. These rates vary greatly in various regions of the world, and it is known that direct and indirect factors negatively affect fertility. Exposure to toxic substances, malnutrition, psychological stress and viral infections can be counted as factors known to affect reproductive health.
Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is a global health problem. Epidemiological reports showing the effects of this disease on reproductive health have reported various adverse effects. In the literature, bilateral orciepididymitis was detected in a 37-year-old man diagnosed with COVID-19. In a pediatric patient who was diagnosed with COVID-19 infection, inflammation associated with orciepididymitis was detected and deterioration in sperm quality was found in the patients. It is also suggested that the increased immune response in testicular cells may adversely affect the spermatogenesis process. When women of reproductive age are infected with COVID-19, a decrease in menstrual cycle bleeding volume and a prolongation of the cycle duration have been detected. It is thought that these results may be detrimental to fertility in the future.
It has been reported in the past that the incidence of spontaneous abortion and preterm birth has increased among pregnant women infected with coronavirus. In systematic review and meta-analysis studies, it has also been documented that the risk of maternal death during pregnancy is increased in COVID-19 patients and vertical transmission of the virus particle from the infected mother to the newborn. For this reason, it is thought that COVID-19 infection may have negative effects on reproductive health of women and men. Awareness of midwives working in infertility clinics on this issue will be effective in using their counseling and care roles. This study was written to determine the effect of COVID-19 on reproductive health

Anahtar Kelimeler

COVID-19 infertility fertility

Kaynakça

  • Aharon, D., Canon, C.M., Hanley, W.J., Lee J.A., Lederman M.A., Stein D.E., & et al. (2021) Mrna COVID-19 vaccines do not compromise implantation of euploid embryos. Fertil Steril, 116. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.07.215
  • Ali, R. I., & Ibrahim, M. A. (2018). Malathion induced testicular toxicity and oxidative damage in male mice: the protective effect of curcumin. Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 8: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41935-018-0099-x
  • Althof, S.E., & Needle, R.B. (2011). Psychological factors associated with male sexual dysfunction: screening and treatment for the urologist. Urol Clin North Am, 38:141–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ucl.2011.02.003
  • Asghar, N., Mumtaz, H., Syed, A.A., Eqbal, F., Maharjan, R., Bamboria, A., & et al. (2022). Safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines; a systematic review. Immunological Medicine. 1-13 doi: 10.1080/25785826.2022.2068331
  • Cacioppo, J.T., Berntson, G.G., Malarkey, W.B., Kiecolt-Glaser, J.K., Sheridan, J.F., Poehlmann, K.M., & et al. (1998). Autonomic, neuroendocrine, and immune responses to psychological stress: the reactivity hypothesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 840:664-673. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09605.x
  • Carp-Veliscu, A., Mehedintu, C., Frincu, F., Bratila, E., Rasu, S., Iordache, I., Bordea, A., & Braga, M. (2022). The Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Female Fertility: A Review of the Literature. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 16:984. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19020984.
  • Carto, C., Nackeeran, S., & Ramasamy, R. (2022). COVID-19 vaccination is associated with a decreased risk of orchitis and/or epididymitis in men. Andrologia. 54. doi: 10.1111/and.14281
  • Chen, F., Zhu, S., Dai, Z., Hao, L., Luan, C., Guo, Q., & et al. (2021). Effects of COVID-19 and mRNA vaccines on human fertility. Hum Reprod. 37:5-13. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deab238.
  • Cochrane Gynaecology and Fertility (2023). COVID-19-Fertility and Pregnancy, https://cgf.cochrane.org/news/covid-19-coronavirus-disease-fertility-and-pregnancy erişim tarihi:27.03.2023
  • Comirnaty and Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine FDA. (2021, March 2). https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19/comirnaty-and-pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccine.
  • Dong, L., Tian, J., He, S., Zhu, C., Wang, J., Liu, C., & et al. (2020). Possible verticaltransmission of SARS-CoV-2 from an infected mother to her newborn. JAMA. 323:1846-1848. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4621
  • Drapkina Yu, D., Yu, S., Dolgushina, D.N.V., Shatylko, T.S.T.V., Nikolaeva, M.N.M.A., Menzhinskaya, I.M.I.V., Ivanets, I.T.Yu., Krechetova, L.K.L.V., Gamidov, S.G.S.I., Bairamova, B.G.R., & Sukhikh, S.G.T. (2021). Gam-COVID-Vac (Sputnik V) vaccine has no adverse effect on spermatogenesis in men. Akusherstvo i Ginekologiia. 7:88-94. https://doi.org/10.18565/aig.202L7.88-94
  • Elagin, V.V., Adamyan, L.V., Vechorko, V.I., Doroshenko, D.A., Dashko, A.A., Filippov, O.S., & et al. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine and male reproductive health (preliminary data) Problemy Reproduktsii. 27:17. doi: 10.17116/repro20212704117
  • Gagliardi, L., Bertacca, C., Centenari, C., Merusi, I., Parolo, E., Ragazzo, V., & et al. (2020). Orchiepididymitis in a boy with COVID-19. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 39:e200-2. doi: 10.1097/INF.0000000000002769
  • Garolla, A., Pizzol, D., Bertoldo, A., Menegazzo, M., Barzon, L., & Foresta, C. (2013). Sperm viral infection and male infertility: focus on HBV, HCV, HIV, HPV, HSV, HCMV, and AAV. Journal of reproductive immunology, 100:20-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jri.2013.03.004
  • Goad, J., Rudolph, J., & Rajkovic, A. (2020). Female reproductive tract has low concentration of SARS-CoV2 receptors. bioRxiv. Plos One. 15:e0243959. doi: 10.1101/2020.06.20.163097
  • Gollenberg, A.L., Liu, F., Brazil, C., Drobnis, E.Z., Guzick, D., Overstreet, J.W., & et al. (2010). Semen quality in fertile men in relation to psychosocial stress. Fertil Steril. 93:1104–1111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.12.018
  • Greenland, J.R., Michelow, M.D., Wang, L., & London, M.J. (2020). COVID-19 infection: implications for perioperative and critical care physicians. Anesthesiology. 132:134-1361. https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0000000000003303
  • Holtmann, N., Edimiris, P., Andree, M., Doehmen, C., Baston-Buest, D., Adams, O., & et al. (2020). Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 in human semen-a cohort study. Fertil Steril. 114:233-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.05.028
  • Homa, S.T., Vassiliou, A.M., Stone, J., Killeen, A.P., Dawkins, A., Xie, J., Gould, F., & Ramsay, J.W.A. (2019). A comparison between two assays for measuring seminal oxidative stress and their relationship with sperm DNA fragmentation and semen parameters. Genes. 10:236. doi: 10.3390/genes10030236
  • Honorato-Sampaio, K., Pereira, V.M., Santos, R.A., & Reis, A.M. (2012). Evidence that angiotensin-(1-7) is an intermediate of gonadotrophin-induced oocyte maturation in the rat preovulatory follicle. Exp Physiol. 97:642-50. doi: 10.1113/expphysiol.2011.061960
  • Jurewicz, J., Hanke, W., Sobala, W., Merecz, D., & Radwan, M. (2010). Wplyw stresu zawodowego na jakosc nasıenıa/the effect of stress on the semen qualıty. Medycyna Pracy. 61:607-613.
  • Kotitschke, A., Sadie-Van Gijsen, H., Avenant, C., Fernandes, S., & Hapgood, J.P. (2009). Genomic and nongenomic cross talk between the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor and glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathways. Mol Endocrinol. 23:1726-1745. https://doi.org/10.1210/me.2008-0462
  • Li, H., Xiao, X., Zhang, J., Zafar, M.I., Wu, C., Long, Y., & et al. (2020). Impaired spermatogenesis in COVID-19 patients. EClinicalMedicine. 28:100604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100604
  • Li, K., Chen, G., Hou, H., Liao, Q., Chen, J., Bai, H., & et al. (2021). Analysis of sex hormones and menstruation in COVID-19 women of child-bearing age. Reprod Biomed Online. 42:260-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.09.020
  • Mali, A.S., Magdum, M., & Novotny, J. (2021). COVID-19 impact on reproduction and fertility. JBRA Assist Reprod. 25:310-313. doi: 10.5935/1518-0557.20200103.
  • Matar, R., Alrahmani, L., Monzer, N., Debiane, L.G., Berbari, E., Fares, J., & et al. (2021). Clinical presentation and outcomes of pregnant women with coronavirus disease 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 72:521-33. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa828
  • Menezo, Y.J., Silvestris, E., Dale, B., & Elder, K. (2016). Oxidative stress and alterations in DNA methylation: two sides of the same coin in reproduction. Reprod Biomed Online. 33:668-683. doi: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2016.09.006
  • Nassau, D.E., Best, J.C., Kresch, E., Gonzalez, D.C., Khodamoradi, K., Ramasamy, R. (2022). Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 virus on male reproductive health. BJU Int. Feb;129:143-150. doi: 10.1111/bju.15573.
  • Orvieto, R., Noach-Hirsh, M., Segev-Zahav, A., Haas, J., Nahum, R., & Aizer, A. (2021). Does mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine influence patients’ performance during IVF-ET cycle? Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology. 19:69. doi: 10.1186/s12958-021-00757-6
  • Qiu, X., Zhang, L., Tong, Y., Qu, Y., Wang, H., & Mu, D. (2018). Interleukin-6 for early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis with premature rupture of the membranes: a metaanalysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 97:e13146. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000013146
  • Pan, P.P., Zhan, Q.T., Le, F., Zheng, Y.M., & Jin, F. (2013). Angiotensin-converting enzymes play a dominant role in fertility. Int J Mol Sci. 14:21071-86. doi: 10.3390/ ijms141021071
  • Rajak, P., Roy, S., Dutta, M., Podder, S., Sarkar, S., Ganguly, A., ... & Khatun, S. (2021). Understanding the cross-talk between mediators of infertility and COVID-19. Reproductive biology, 21:100559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.repbio.2021.100559
  • Reschini, M., Pagliardini, L., Boeri, L., Piazzini, F., Bandini, V., Fornelli G., & et al. (2022). COVID-19 vaccination does not affect reproductive health parameters in men. Front Public Health. 10. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.839967
  • Romer, D., & Jamieson, K.H. (2020). Conspiracy theories as barriers to controlling the spread of COVID-19 in the U.S. Soc Sci Med. 263 doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113356
  • Rozhivanov, R.V., & Mokrysheva, N.G. (2021). Ejaculate quality and testosterone levels in men vaccinated with Gam-Covid-Vac (Sputnik-V). Problemy Reproduktsii. 27:22. doi: 10.17116/repro20212704122
  • Ssentongo, P., Ssentongo, A.E., Voleti, N., Groff, D., Sun, A., Ba, D.M., & et al. (2022). SARS-CoV-2 vaccine effectiveness against infection, symptomatic and severe COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 22:439. doi: 10.1186/s12879-022-07418-y.
  • Tanacan, A., Yazihan, N., Erol, S.A., Anuk, A.T., Yucel Yetiskin, F.D., Biriken, D., & et al. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 infection on the cytokine profile of pregnant women: a prospective case-control study. Cytokine. 140:155431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155431
  • Tokgoz, V.Y., Kaya, Y., & Tekin, A.B. (2020). The level of anxiety in infertile women whose ART cycles are postponed due to the COVID-19 outbreak. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/0167482X.2020.1806819.
  • Vander Borght, M., & Wyns, C. (2018). Fertility and infertility: Definition and epidemiology. Clinical Biochemistry, 62:2-10. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.03.012
  • Zaçe, D., La Gatta, E., Petrella, L., & Di Pietro, M.L. (2022). The impact of COVID-19 vaccines on fertility-A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine. 40:6023-6034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.09.019
  • Wesselink, A.K., Hatch, E.E., Rothman, K.J., Wang, T.R., Willis, M.D., Yland, J., & et al. (2022). A Prospective Cohort Study of COVID-19 Vaccination, SARS-CoV-2 Infection, and Fertility. Am J Epidemiol. 191:1383-1395. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwac011
  • Wong, S.F., Chow, K.M., Leung, T.N., Ng, W.F., Ng, T.K., Shek, C.C., & et al. (2004). Pregnancy and perinatal outcomes of women with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 191:292–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2003.11.019
  • Wodarg, W.S.D. (2020). Petition/motion for administrative/regulatory action regarding confirmation of efficacy end points and use of data in connection with the following clinical trial (s): phase III-eudract number: 2020-002641-2. corona-ausschuss.de.
  • Xiang, Y.T., Yang, Y., Li, W., Zhang, L., Zhang, Q., Cheung, T., & et al. (2020). Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. Lancet Psychiatry. 7:228-229. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30046-8.
  • Xiao, Y.C., Huang, Y.D., Hardy, D.O., Li, X.K., & Ge, R.S. (2010) Glucocorticoid suppresses steroidogenesis in rat progenitor Leydig cells. J Androl. 31:365-71. https://doi.org/10.2164/jandrol.109.009019
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Hizmetleri ve Sistemleri (Diğer)
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Demet Çakır 0000-0003-4794-516X

Hilal Özbek 0000-0001-6368-2633

Yayımlanma Tarihi 16 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023Cilt: 8 Sayı: Special Issue

Kaynak Göster

APA Çakır, D., & Özbek, H. (2023). Covid-19’un İnfertiliteye Etkisi. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(Special Issue), 360-365. https://doi.org/10.51754/cusbed.1312431
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