Determination of State-Trait Anxiety, Perceived Stress and Depression Levels of Healthcare Students in the Covid-19 Pandemic Process
Abstract
This research was conducted to determine the state trait anxiety, perceived stress and depression levels of students in applied health sciences during the Covid-19 pandemic. The universe of this descriptive research was made up of senior year students studying at the Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Dentistry, which provide face-to-face education and online education Department of Nursing, Health Services Vocational School, Dental Prosthesis and Oral Dental Health department in the university. However, it was excluded from the study because there was no return from the Faculty of Medicine students. All students who accepted to participate in the study were included in the study, and the sample selection was not made, and the sample consisted of 295 students (participation rate 68.6%). Data were collected online using Personal Information Form, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Perceived Stress Scale and Beck Depression Scale. The obtained data were analysed in the IBM SPSS 22 (Statistical Package for the Social Science 22). There was a statistically significant difference between departments in terms of state/trait anxiety, perceived stress and beck depression mean scores (p<0.05). It was determined that the state-trait anxiety and perceived stress scores of the students studying in dentistry were higher than the students studying in other departments (p <0.05). The dental prosthesis, oral health and nursing students were mildly depressed, while dentistry students were moderately. (p<0.05). A statistically significant difference was found between all scale scores according to the general knowledge perceived by the students about the Covid-19 pandemic, their level of knowledge about preventive practices, the concern of transmitting the virus to the patients they care for, to infect them from the patients, and to the people they live with (p <0.05). It can be said that there is awareness of Covid-19 infection among students studying in the field of health, especially in dentistry students who receive face-to-face training and those who perceive their knowledge inadequately, who are concerned about infecting patients, contaminating patients and communicating with people they live together, have high levels of anxiety, anxiety and depression.
References
- Abdelhafiz AS, Mohammed Z, Ibrahim ME, Ziady HH, Alorabi M, Ayyad M, Sultan EA (2020) Knowledge, perceptions, and attitude of Egyptians towards the novel coronavirus disease (COVID 19). Journal of Community Health 45: 881–890.
- Aşkın R, Bozkurt Y, Zeybek Z (2020) Covid-19 Pandemisi: Psikolojik Etkileri Ve Terapötik Müdahaleler. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Covid-19 Sosyal Bilimler Özel Sayısı 37: 304-318.
- Baltaş Z, Atakuman Y, Duman Y (1998) Standardization of the Perceived Stress Scale: Perceived stress in middle managers. Stress and Anxiety Research Society 19 the International Conference. Boğaziçi University, İstanbul, July 10-12.
- Beck AT (1961) An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 4(6): 561-571.
- Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, Han M, Xu X, Dong J, Zheng J (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 287, 112934. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934.
- Chen Q, Liang M, Li Y, Guo J, Fei D, et al (2020) Mental Health Care for Medical Staff in China During the COVID-19 Outbreak. The Lancet Psychiatry 7(4): e15-e16.
- Chesser A, Ham AD, Woods NK (2020) Assessment of COVID-19 knowledge among university students: implications for future risk communication strategies. Health Educ Behav 47(4):540-543.
- Cheung T, Fong TK, Bressington D (2020) COVID‐19 under the SARS Cloud: Mental Health Nursing during the Pandemic in Hong Kong. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12639.
- Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R (1983) A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 24: 385-396.
- Ghasempour M, Purabdollah M (2020) Necessity of Attention to Mental Health of the Front Line Nurses against COVID-19: A Forgotten Requirement. International Journal of Community Based Nursing & Midwifery.
- Hisli N (1989) Beck Depresyon Envanteri’nin Üniversite Öğrencileri için Geçerliği, Güvenirliği. Psikoloji Dergisi 6(23): 3-13.
- Huang JZ, Han MF, Luo TD, Ren AK, Zhou XP (2020) Mental health survey of 230 medical staff in a tertiary infectious disease hospital for COVID-19. Chinese journal of industrial hygiene and occupational diseases. 38: E001-E001. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn121094- 20200219-00063
- Ikhlag A, Bint-E-Riaz H, Bashir I, Ijaz F (2020) Awareness and attitude of undergraduate medical students towards 2019-novel corona virus. Pak J Med Sci. 36(COVID19-S4): 32-36.
- Jamdar K (2020) Attitude of students towards nursing profession during the COVID pandemic. UGC Care Journal 31(37): 347-352.
- Kaplan Yatğın S, Öztürk Tonguç M (2020) Covid-19 Pandemisinde Diş Hekimliği. Sdü Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi / Cilt 11 Sayı 3.
- Kıraner E, Terzi B, Türkmen E, Kebapçı A, Bozkurt G (2020) Türk yoğun bakım hemşirelerinin covid-19 salgınındaki deneyimleri. HEAD 17(3):284-6
- Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N et al (2019) Factors Associated with Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019. JAMA Network Open 3(3): e203976.
- Maridor M, Ruch S, Bangerter A, Emery V (2017) Skepticism toward emerging infectious diseases and influenza vaccination intentions in nurses. J Health Commun. 22(5):386-394. doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2017.1296509
- Meo SA, Abukhalaf AA, Alomar AA, Sattar K, Klonoff DC (2020) COVID-19 pandemic: impact of quarantine on medical students’ mental wellbeing and learning behaviors. Pak J Med Sci. 36(COVID19-S4): 43-48.
- Modi P, Nair G, Uppe A, Modi J, Tuppekar B, Gharpure A, Langade D (2020) COVID-19 Awareness among healthcare students and professionals in Mumbai metropolitan region: a questionnaire-based survey. Cureus 12(4): e7514.
- Öner N, Le Compte A (1985) Durumluk Sürekli Kaygı Envanteri El Kitabı. İstanbul, 2. Baskı, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları, No: 333.
- Pan R, Zhang L, Pan J (2020) The Anxiety Status of Chinese Medical Workers During the Epidemic of COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis. Psychiatry investigation 17(5): 475–480.
- Pappa S, Ntella V, Giannakas T, et al (2020) Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020. 05.026.
- Peng X, Xu X, Li Y, Cheng L, Zhou X, Ren B (2020) Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice. Int J Oral Sci 2(1):1–6. Available from: http://dx.doi. org/10.1038/s41368-020-0075-9
- Rahman A, Sathi NJ (2020) Knowledge, attitude, and preventive practices toward COVID-19 among Bangladeshi internet users. Electronic Journal of General Medicine 17(5): em245.
- Reger MA, Stanley IH, Joiner TE (2020) Suicide Mortality and Coronavirus Disease 2019 A Perfect Storm?. JAMA Psychiatry. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.1060.
- Sahu P (2020). Closure of universities due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Impact on education and mental health of students and academic staff. Cureus, (4), 4– 9. http://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7541.
- Santarone K, McKenney M, Elkbuli A (2020) Preserving mental health and resilience in frontline healthcare workers during COVID-19. Am J Emerg Med. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.04.030.
- Savaşır I, Şahin NH (1997) Bilişsel– davranışçı terapilerde değerlendirme: Sık kullanılan ölçekler. Türk Psikologlar Derneği yayınları, Ankara.
- Şenol Çelik S, Atlı Özbaş A, Çelik B, Karahan A, Bulut H, Koç G, Çevik Aydın F, Özdemir Özleyen Ç (2020) Covid-19 pandemi süreci: Türk Hemşireler Derneği. HEAD 17(3):279-83.
- Tomar BS, Singh P, Suman S, Raj P, Nathiya D, Tripathi S, Chauhan DS (2020) Indian community’s knowledge, attitude & practice towards COVID-19; Retrieved from https:// www.medrxiv.org/content/ 10.1101/ 2020.05.05.20092122.
- Vindegaard N, Eriksen BM (2020) COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: systematic review of the current evidence. Brain Behav. Immun. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.048.
- Viner R. M, Russell S. J., Croker H, Packer J, Ward J, Stansfield C., Booy R (2020). School closure and management practices during coronavirus outbreaks including COVID-19: a rapid systematic review. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 0(0), 1– 8. http://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30095-X.
- Wang C, Cheng Z, Yue XG, McAleer M (2020). Risk management of COVID-19 by universities in China. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 13(2), 36. http://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm13020036.
- WHO. (2020a). WHO | World Health Organization. https://www.who.int. WHO. (2020b). Coronavirus (COVID-19) events as they happen. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen.
- Yan YE, Turale S, Stone T, Petrini M (2015) Disaster nursing skills, knowledge and attitudes required in earthquake relief: Implications for nursing education. Int Nurs Rev 62(3):351-359. doi: 10.1111/inr.12175.
- Zhong BL, Luo W, Li HM, Zhang QQ, Liu XG, Li WT, Li Y (2020) Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among Chinese residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak: a quick online crosssectional survey. International Journal of Biological Sciences 16(10): 1745-1752.
Sağlık Alanında Okuyan Öğrencilerin Covid-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Durumluk Süreklilik Kaygı, Algılanan Stres ve Depresyon Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi
Abstract
Bu araştırma Covid-19 pandemisi sırasında sağlık alanında okuyan öğrencilerin durumluk süreklilik kaygı, algıladığı stres ve depresyon düzeylerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Tanımlayıcı türde yapılan bu araştırmanın evrenini bir üniversitenin yüz yüze eğitim yapan Tıp ve Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi, uzaktan eğitimle yürütülen Sağlık Yüksekokulu Hemşirelik bölümü, Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksekokulu Diş Protez ve Ağız Diş Sağlığı bölümü son sınıf öğrencileri oluşturmuştur. Ancak Tıp Fakültesi öğrencilerinden geri dönüş olmadığı için araştırma dışı bırakılmıştır. Araştırmada örneklem seçimine gidilmeyip, araştırmaya katılmayı kabul eden tüm öğrenciler araştırmaya dahil edilmiş ve örneklem 295 öğrenciden (katılım oranı %68,6) oluşmuştur. Veriler Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Durumluk-Süreklilik Kaygı Envanteri, Algılanan Stres Ölçeği ve Beck Depresyon ölçeği ile online olarak toplanmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin analizi IBM SPSS 22 (Statistical Package for the Social Science 22) istatistik paket programında yapılmıştır. Öğrencilerin durumluk/süreklilik kaygı, algılanan stres düzeyleri orta ve bölümlere göre ölçek puan ortalamaları arasındaki fark istatistiksek olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur (p<0,05). Diş Hekimliğinde okuyan öğrencilerin durumluk-süreklilik kaygı, algılanan stres puanlarının diğer bölümlerde okuyan öğrencilere göre yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır (p<0,05). Diş protez, ağız diş sağlığı ve hemşirelik bölümü öğrencileri hafif depresif iken diş hekimliği öğrencileri orta düzey depresif olduğu belirlenmiştir. (p<0,05). Öğrencilerin Covid-19 pandemisi hakkında algıladıkları genel bilgi düzeyi, önleyici uygulamalar hakkında bilgi düzeyi, bakım verdiği hastalara virüsü bulaştırma, hastalardan kendine bulaştırma ve birlikte yaşadığı kişilere bulaştırma endişesine göre tüm ölçek puanları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark bulunmuştur (p<0,05). Sağlık alanında okuyan öğrencilerde Covid-19 enfeksiyonu farkındalığı olduğu, özellikle yüz yüze eğitim alan diş hekimliği öğrencilerinde ve bilgi düzeyini yetersiz algılayan, hastalara bulaştırma, hastalardan bulaşma ve birlikte yaşadığı kişilere bulaştırma endişesi yaşayanlarda kaygı, anksiyete ve depresyon düzeylerinin yüksek olduğu söylenebilir.
References
- Abdelhafiz AS, Mohammed Z, Ibrahim ME, Ziady HH, Alorabi M, Ayyad M, Sultan EA (2020) Knowledge, perceptions, and attitude of Egyptians towards the novel coronavirus disease (COVID 19). Journal of Community Health 45: 881–890.
- Aşkın R, Bozkurt Y, Zeybek Z (2020) Covid-19 Pandemisi: Psikolojik Etkileri Ve Terapötik Müdahaleler. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Covid-19 Sosyal Bilimler Özel Sayısı 37: 304-318.
- Baltaş Z, Atakuman Y, Duman Y (1998) Standardization of the Perceived Stress Scale: Perceived stress in middle managers. Stress and Anxiety Research Society 19 the International Conference. Boğaziçi University, İstanbul, July 10-12.
- Beck AT (1961) An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 4(6): 561-571.
- Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, Han M, Xu X, Dong J, Zheng J (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 287, 112934. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934.
- Chen Q, Liang M, Li Y, Guo J, Fei D, et al (2020) Mental Health Care for Medical Staff in China During the COVID-19 Outbreak. The Lancet Psychiatry 7(4): e15-e16.
- Chesser A, Ham AD, Woods NK (2020) Assessment of COVID-19 knowledge among university students: implications for future risk communication strategies. Health Educ Behav 47(4):540-543.
- Cheung T, Fong TK, Bressington D (2020) COVID‐19 under the SARS Cloud: Mental Health Nursing during the Pandemic in Hong Kong. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12639.
- Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R (1983) A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 24: 385-396.
- Ghasempour M, Purabdollah M (2020) Necessity of Attention to Mental Health of the Front Line Nurses against COVID-19: A Forgotten Requirement. International Journal of Community Based Nursing & Midwifery.
- Hisli N (1989) Beck Depresyon Envanteri’nin Üniversite Öğrencileri için Geçerliği, Güvenirliği. Psikoloji Dergisi 6(23): 3-13.
- Huang JZ, Han MF, Luo TD, Ren AK, Zhou XP (2020) Mental health survey of 230 medical staff in a tertiary infectious disease hospital for COVID-19. Chinese journal of industrial hygiene and occupational diseases. 38: E001-E001. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn121094- 20200219-00063
- Ikhlag A, Bint-E-Riaz H, Bashir I, Ijaz F (2020) Awareness and attitude of undergraduate medical students towards 2019-novel corona virus. Pak J Med Sci. 36(COVID19-S4): 32-36.
- Jamdar K (2020) Attitude of students towards nursing profession during the COVID pandemic. UGC Care Journal 31(37): 347-352.
- Kaplan Yatğın S, Öztürk Tonguç M (2020) Covid-19 Pandemisinde Diş Hekimliği. Sdü Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi / Cilt 11 Sayı 3.
- Kıraner E, Terzi B, Türkmen E, Kebapçı A, Bozkurt G (2020) Türk yoğun bakım hemşirelerinin covid-19 salgınındaki deneyimleri. HEAD 17(3):284-6
- Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N et al (2019) Factors Associated with Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019. JAMA Network Open 3(3): e203976.
- Maridor M, Ruch S, Bangerter A, Emery V (2017) Skepticism toward emerging infectious diseases and influenza vaccination intentions in nurses. J Health Commun. 22(5):386-394. doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2017.1296509
- Meo SA, Abukhalaf AA, Alomar AA, Sattar K, Klonoff DC (2020) COVID-19 pandemic: impact of quarantine on medical students’ mental wellbeing and learning behaviors. Pak J Med Sci. 36(COVID19-S4): 43-48.
- Modi P, Nair G, Uppe A, Modi J, Tuppekar B, Gharpure A, Langade D (2020) COVID-19 Awareness among healthcare students and professionals in Mumbai metropolitan region: a questionnaire-based survey. Cureus 12(4): e7514.
- Öner N, Le Compte A (1985) Durumluk Sürekli Kaygı Envanteri El Kitabı. İstanbul, 2. Baskı, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları, No: 333.
- Pan R, Zhang L, Pan J (2020) The Anxiety Status of Chinese Medical Workers During the Epidemic of COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis. Psychiatry investigation 17(5): 475–480.
- Pappa S, Ntella V, Giannakas T, et al (2020) Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020. 05.026.
- Peng X, Xu X, Li Y, Cheng L, Zhou X, Ren B (2020) Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice. Int J Oral Sci 2(1):1–6. Available from: http://dx.doi. org/10.1038/s41368-020-0075-9
- Rahman A, Sathi NJ (2020) Knowledge, attitude, and preventive practices toward COVID-19 among Bangladeshi internet users. Electronic Journal of General Medicine 17(5): em245.
- Reger MA, Stanley IH, Joiner TE (2020) Suicide Mortality and Coronavirus Disease 2019 A Perfect Storm?. JAMA Psychiatry. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.1060.
- Sahu P (2020). Closure of universities due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Impact on education and mental health of students and academic staff. Cureus, (4), 4– 9. http://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7541.
- Santarone K, McKenney M, Elkbuli A (2020) Preserving mental health and resilience in frontline healthcare workers during COVID-19. Am J Emerg Med. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.04.030.
- Savaşır I, Şahin NH (1997) Bilişsel– davranışçı terapilerde değerlendirme: Sık kullanılan ölçekler. Türk Psikologlar Derneği yayınları, Ankara.
- Şenol Çelik S, Atlı Özbaş A, Çelik B, Karahan A, Bulut H, Koç G, Çevik Aydın F, Özdemir Özleyen Ç (2020) Covid-19 pandemi süreci: Türk Hemşireler Derneği. HEAD 17(3):279-83.
- Tomar BS, Singh P, Suman S, Raj P, Nathiya D, Tripathi S, Chauhan DS (2020) Indian community’s knowledge, attitude & practice towards COVID-19; Retrieved from https:// www.medrxiv.org/content/ 10.1101/ 2020.05.05.20092122.
- Vindegaard N, Eriksen BM (2020) COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: systematic review of the current evidence. Brain Behav. Immun. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.048.
- Viner R. M, Russell S. J., Croker H, Packer J, Ward J, Stansfield C., Booy R (2020). School closure and management practices during coronavirus outbreaks including COVID-19: a rapid systematic review. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 0(0), 1– 8. http://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30095-X.
- Wang C, Cheng Z, Yue XG, McAleer M (2020). Risk management of COVID-19 by universities in China. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 13(2), 36. http://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm13020036.
- WHO. (2020a). WHO | World Health Organization. https://www.who.int. WHO. (2020b). Coronavirus (COVID-19) events as they happen. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen.
- Yan YE, Turale S, Stone T, Petrini M (2015) Disaster nursing skills, knowledge and attitudes required in earthquake relief: Implications for nursing education. Int Nurs Rev 62(3):351-359. doi: 10.1111/inr.12175.
- Zhong BL, Luo W, Li HM, Zhang QQ, Liu XG, Li WT, Li Y (2020) Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among Chinese residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak: a quick online crosssectional survey. International Journal of Biological Sciences 16(10): 1745-1752.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Health Care Administration |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | August 30, 2021 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2021 |
