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Embryonic Testis Development, Anatomy and the Role of Spermatogonial Stem Cells in Spermatogenesis

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 169 - 187, 30.08.2025

Vahit Ağır , Mustafa Numan Bucak

Abstract

Spermatogenesis is a highly coordinated process that ensures the continuous production of spermatozoa in adult males. This process originates from spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) located in the basal compartment of the seminiferous tubules. SSCs are unique among adult stem cells in that they not only maintain the stem cell pool through self-renewal but also give rise to differentiated germ cells that contribute genetically to the next generation. Spermatogenesis involves sequential stages of proliferation, meiosis, and morphological maturation, supported by Sertoli cells and regulated by endocrine signals from the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis.
In this context, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) play essential roles by acting on Sertoli and Leydig cells, respectively, to sustain the microenvironment required for germ cell development. Leydig cell-derived testosterone exerts its effects through classical and non-classical pathways, modulating gene expression and cellular interactions critical for spermatogenesis. Furthermore, spermatozoa undergo functional maturation during epididymal transit, acquiring motility and fertilizing capacity.
Understanding the biology of SSCs and the molecular and hormonal mechanisms controlling spermatogenesis has profound implications for reproductive medicine, infertility treatment, and the conservation of endangered species. Recent advances in SSC isolation, culture, and transplantation have highlighted their potential in both regenerative and reproductive applications, although significant challenges remain in maintaining their viability and purity during manipulation.

Keywords

Spermatogenesis Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) Testosterone Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Ethical Statement

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Thanks

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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Veterinary Sciences (Other)
Journal Section Review
Authors

Vahit Ağır 0000-0001-6271-6088

Mustafa Numan Bucak 0000-0002-2955-8599

Project Number Not applicable
Early Pub Date August 20, 2025
Publication Date August 30, 2025
Submission Date July 25, 2025
Acceptance Date August 14, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 10 Issue: 2

Cite

Vancouver Ağır V, Bucak MN. Embryonic Testis Development, Anatomy and the Role of Spermatogonial Stem Cells in Spermatogenesis. J Cumhuriyet Univ Health Sci Inst. 2025;10(2):169-87.
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The Journal of Sivas Cumhuriyet University Institute of Health Sciences is an international, peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Institute of Health Sciences.